Effect of long-term feeding of graded levels of deoxynivalenol on performance,nutrient utilization,and organ health of grower-finisher pigs (35 to 120 kg)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term feeding of graded levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) on performance, nutrient utilization, and organ health of grower-finisher pigs. A total of 240 mixed-sex grower-finisher pigs (35.9 ± 1.1 kg initial body weight, BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 10 pens/treatment) for 77 d. Diets consisted of a control diet without DON (CONT) and diets containing 1, 3, or 5 ppm DON (DON1, DON3, or DON5). Nitrogen-balance was determined in 1 pig/pen during weeks 6 and 12 of the study. Growth performance measures were taken weekly for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (GF) until day 77. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 42, 56, and 84 from 1 pig/pen for analysis of indicators of liver and kidney function. On day 7, ADG and ADFI for pigs fed DON3 and DON5 diets were lower (P < 0.05) compared with DON1- and CONT-fed pigs. Overall, ADG and ADFI (days 0 to 77) were lower in DON3- and DON5-fed pigs compared with CONT and DON1 pigs (P < 0.05), with no difference in GF (P > 0.05). Final BW was reduced in DON3- and DON5-fed pigs (P < 0.05) compared with CONT and DON1, which were not different (P > 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) treatment effects were observed on carcass characteristics. In the grower-phase, protein deposition (PD) was reduced in DON3 and DON5 pigs compared with CONT and DON1 pigs (P < 0.05). In the finisher phase, PD was not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). There was no effect of dietary treatment on the majority of selected serum chemistry (P > 0.05). In summary, pigs exposed to diets containing > 1 ppm DON had reduced growth performance with little or no effect on nitrogen utilization, organ health, or carcass characteristics, suggesting that the negative effects of DON may be largely due to depressed feed intake.     

The effect of feeding system at weaning on performance,health and feeding behaviour of pigs of different sizes

Abstract

Pigs weaned at 31 to 34 days of age (n=280) were mixed into groups of 10 and fed from either feeders (2 feeding places per pen) or troughs (10 feeding places per pen). Analyses on performance, diarrhoea scores and feeding behaviour were made separately on small-, medium- and large-sized pigs, defined as their relative size in the group. During the second week after weaning, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for pigs fed from feeders. Trough feeding resulted in lower total diarrhoea scores for small (p=0.002) and large (p=0.04), and higher scores for medium pigs (p=0.03). Small pigs had lower scores on individual days around the peak on day 6. All three size categories of pigs spent a numerically higher amount of time feeding when fed from a trough. Feeding bouts were longer in pigs fed from a trough (p=0.0002 – 0.05).     

Effect of feeding different sources of selenium on growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different sources of selenium (Se) on breast and liver tissue deposition, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers, measured as Se content in liver and breast tissues and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, when used in 0–35 d broiler chicken diets.

2. A total of 200 male Ross 308 broilers were used in the feeding trial, which comprised two dietary phases, a starter from 0 to 21 d and finisher from 21 to 35 d of age. Four treatments with 10 replications each were used. A control diet (C) was formulated that was sufficient in protein and energy (230 and 215 g/kg of crude protein and 12.67 and 13.11 MJ/kg of metabolisable energy, respectively), for both phases, but contained background Se only from the feed ingredients. Diet 2 (IS) was supplemented with 10.35 g/t inorganic, elemental source of Se. Diet 3 (SY) was supplemented with 136.36 g/t selenised yeast, an organic source derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diet 4 (SS) was supplemented with 0.666 g/t sodium selenite, an inorganic source.

3. Birds fed the SY diet consumed less and weighed less than those fed IS or C (P < 0.05; 0–35 d of age), but there was no difference compared to birds fed SS diets. There were no differences in FCR or dietary AME between broilers fed different Se sources. All diets containing supplementary Se increased concentrations in the liver and breast muscle, and for GSH-Px levels in blood compared to birds fed the C diet (P < 0.001). Birds fed SY diets had greater Se levels in liver and breast tissues compared to birds fed any of the other diets (P < 0.001).

4. Diets supplemented with Se had variable effects on broiler growth performances and antioxidant status. Feeding Se from a yeast source has higher transfer into breast tissues. Feeding different sources and levels of Se to birds in a more challenging situation to induce oxidative stress may bring more conclusive results.     

酵母培养物降低黄曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素对猪生长性能、器官健康和免疫状态影响的研究

文章旨在评估酵母培养物对饲喂毒素污染日粮断奶猪生长性能、器官健康和免疫状态的影响。试验选择体重为(8.75±0.38)kg,28 d断奶的三元杂交猪500头,随机分为5组,每组5个重复(20头/重复),试验共开展42 d。对照组为未加毒素污染原料,处理1组含150μg/kg黄曲霉B1毒素+1100μg/kg呕吐毒素,处理2组在处理1组中添加2 mg/kg蒙脱石,处理3组在处理1组中添加1.0 mg/kg蒙脱石和0.5 mg/kg酵母培养物复合物,处理4组在处理1组中添加0.5 mg/kg蒙脱石和0.5 mg/kg酵母培养物复合物。结果显示:日粮污染降低了仔猪日增重,通过增加单核细胞和免疫球蛋白来改变免疫系统。霉菌毒素可引起肝、胆管增生和核肿大等组织损伤。毒素污染日粮添加2 mg/kg蒙脱石或1.0 mg/kg蒙脱石和0.5 mg/kg酵母培养物复合物降低了霉菌毒素对免疫系统和肝脏的影响,改善了仔猪生长性能。结论:日粮添加2 mg/kg蒙脱石或1.0 mg/kg蒙脱石和0.5 mg/kg酵母培养物复合物对饲喂毒素污染日粮猪的健康和生长性能具有改善作用。     

Effects of space allocations and energy levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of different space allocations and different dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 84 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.10 ± 1.60 kg were used in a 5‐week trial. Pigs were blocked based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.60 or 0.80 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,400 or 3,550 kcal/kg ME of diets. In experiment 2, a total of 84 finishing pigs with an initial BW of 67.43 ± 1.97 kg were used in a 10‐week trial. Pigs were allotted based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.81 or 1.08 m²/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,300 or 3,450 kcal/kg ME of diet. In experiment 1, high ME diet improved gain‐to‐feed ratio (G:F) in pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs in high space allocation (p < .05). Additionally, high ME diet increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen in low space allocation but decreased ATTD of nitrogen in high space allocation (p < .05). In experiment 2, high ME diet improved average daily gain (ADG) and G:F in early‐finishing pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs with high space allocation (p < .05). In conclusion, the provision of high ME diets was not enough to overcome the reduction in growth performance due to low space allocation but can improve feed efficiency in growing pigs and daily gain and feed efficiency early‐finishing pigs.     

Effects of grass forage species and long‐term period of low quality forage diet feeding on growth performance,nutrient utilization and microbial nitrogen yield in growing wether lambs

Six growing lambs were used to evaluate the feeding value of two forage‐based diets in a long‐term feeding period by measuring body weight (BW) gain, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N (MBN) yield. The animals were fed imported low‐quality timothy hay (TH) with concentrate diet (THD) or imported low‐quality Italian ryegrass straw (IR) with concentrate diet (IRD) for 9 months. The forages were offered at 2% BW, and concentrate was fed at 40% of forage intake. The BW gain averaged 82.6 and 66.2 g/day for THD and IRD, respectively, without showing significant difference. Average forage intake (% BW) was significantly greater for IR than for TH, although it was not affected by feeding periods. The digestibility did not differ between diets or periods. The numerically greater (P = 0.06) ratio of retained N to absorbed N for IRD than that for THD was prominent. Neither diet nor period had significant effect on MBN supply and efficiency of MBN synthesis. The results suggest that the IR‐based diet can be also used for long‐term periods of feeding to growing ruminant animals as a grass hay‐based diet without any detrimental effects on nutrient utilization and growth performance.     

Effect of complete feed block with tree leaves rich in hydrolysable and condensed tannins on nutrient utilization,rumen fermentation and growth performance of lambs

Thirty lambs (Avishaan genotype, 10 weeks old, 14.0 ± 0.2 kg live weight) were randomly assigned into three equal treatment groups to study the effect of complete feed blocks (CFB; concentrate and roughage at 70:30 ratio) with three different tanniniferous tree leaves on intake and utilization of nutrients, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and growth performance. The treatments were T1 (Control), CFB1 with Vigna sinensis hay; T2, CFB2 with Acacia nilotica leaves rich in hydrolysable tannins (HT); and T3, CFB3 with Ziziphus nummularia leaves rich in condensed tannins (CT). The three CFBs were fed ad libitum to the respective groups of lambs for a period of 12 weeks. There was lower (p < .05) intake of dry matter (DM), total carbohydrates (TCHO) and fibre components in T2 compared with T1 and T3. However, the digestibility of nutrients except crude protein (CP) was higher in T2. Diet had no effect (p > .05) on the LW gain in lambs. Amongst the three groups, T3 showed enhanced N utilization with a comparable microbial protein synthesis, the lowest being in T2. The T2 group of lambs had higher propionate and lower non-glucogenic: glucogenic short-chain fatty acids ratio. It may be concluded that tanniniferous tree leaves at 30% of total mixed ration can meet the requirement of nutrients for desired post-weaning growth.     

青海省海晏县放牧牦牛体重及血清生化指标的全年监测

本试验旨在探明青海省主要牦牛饲养区海晏县牦牛的营养状况,为制定添补措施提供科学依据。于2015-09—2016-08跟踪测定了青海省海晏县牧户草场天然牧草产量以及牦牛干物质采食量、体重和血清生化指标,同时分析平均日增重与血清生化指标的相关性。结果表明:天然牧草可食草产量7月份高于其他月份;春季牦牛干物质采食量显著高于秋、冬季(P0.05),秋季显著低于其他季节(P0.05);1月份、2月份、3月份、10月份、11月份、12月份牦牛平均日增重呈现负增长,4月份后逐渐上升,6月份、7月份显著高于其他月份(P0.05);血清葡萄糖(GLU)的含量7月份显著高于除6月份、10月份外的其他月份(P0.05);2月份、3月份血清尿素氮(UN)含量及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性低于其他月份;由相关性分析可知,平均日增重与血清UN含量呈显著的正相关(P0.05)。综合得出,青海省海晏县10月份至次年3月份为饲草供给不足,牦牛平均日增重呈现负增长,4月份后平均日增重逐渐上升,因此,建议轮牧的放牧形式下,10月份至次年3月份,采用天然草场配合补饲饲料的饲养方式。     

Effect of feeding higher concentrations of limiting amino acids on performance,slaughter variables and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken fed graded levels of toasted guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal

ABSTRACT

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing higher concentrations (100% vs. 110%) of critical amino acids (CAA) on performance (body weight gain – BWG, feed efficiency – FE), slaughter variables and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken (1–6 weeks of age) fed graded levels of toasted guar meal (TGM) as a protein source in diets.

2. The TGM was included at five graded concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg) in iso-caloric and iso-protein diets with either the recommended concentration (100%) of CAA (lysine, total sulphur amino acids, threonine, tryptophan and valine) or at 10% higher (110%) concentration. A metabolism trial of 3-day duration was conducted during 6th week of age to study nitrogen retention.

3. The TGM levels and CAA concentration at 21 or 42 d of age did not influence BWG, FI and FE. BWG was not affected with inclusion of TGM up to 100 g/kg in starter and overall production (1–42 d of age) phases. The FE improved with TGM supplementation during starter phase, while at the end of experiment (42 d), FE was depressed by inclusion of TGM in dose dependant manner. All performance variables improved with increase in concentration of CAA from 100% to 110%.

4. Breast meat weight improved and abdominal fat weight reduced with higher levels of CAA in diet. Retention of nitrogen reduced with increase in level of TGM in broiler diet. Increasing concentrations of CAA in diet improved nitrogen retention.

5. It was concluded that TGM could be incorporated up to 100 g/kg with 100% CAA and up to 150 g/kg with 110% CAA without affecting performance. Increasing CAA concentration (110%) in diets significantly improved BWG and FE (21 and 42 d), breast meat weight and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken.     

Effects of different dl‐selenomethionine and sodium selenite levels on growth performance,immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers

This trial was conducted in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different dl ‐selenomethionine (dl ‐Se‐Met) and sodium selenite (SS) levels on growth performance, immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers. A total of 840 Ross 308 broilers (7 days old) were allocated by body weight to seven treatments (three replicates of 40 birds each treatment) including (1) basal diet (containing 0.04 mg of selenium (Se)/kg; control) without supplementary Se; (2, 3 and 4) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as SS; (5, 6 and 7) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as dl ‐Se‐Met. The experiment lasted 42 days. The results revealed that dietary Se supplementation improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, immune organ index, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and triiodothyronine (T₃) concentrations and decreased (p < 0.01) thyroxine (T₄)/T₃ ratio in serum compared with the control. Broilers receiving the dl ‐Se‐Met‐supplemented diets had higher (p < 0.05) feed efficiency, thymus index, the amounts of IgA, IgG, IgM and T₃ as well as lower (p < 0.05) serum T₄ concentrations and T₄/T₃ ratio than those consuming the SS‐supplemented diets. Serum IgA and IgM levels of broilers fed 0.15 mg Se/kg were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of broilers fed 0.05 or 0.25 mg Se/kg. In summary, we concluded that dl ‐Se‐Met is more effective than SS in increasing immunity and promoting conversion of T₄ to T₃, thus providing an effective way to improve the growth performance of broilers. Besides, based on a consideration of all experiment indices, 0.15 mg Se/kg was suggested to be the optimal level of Se supplementation under the conditions of this study.     

日粮纤维素水平及饲养环境对断奶猪生长性能、养分消化及肠道健康的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的纤维素及不同饲养环境对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及小肠绒毛形态的影响.试验将1296头24?d断奶、平均体重无显著差异的仔猪随机分为4组,每组324头,每组6个重复(54头/重复).将T1和T2组断奶仔猪饲养在环境条件良好的圈舍中,在断奶后前2周分别饲喂纤维素水平为0％和2％的日...     

日粮添加不同水平普鲁兰酶对临武鸭生长性能、养分利用率和器官指数的影响

为研究日粮不同普鲁兰酶水平对3~28日龄雌性临武鸭生长性能、养分利用率和器官指数的影响,试验选取体重接近的健康3日龄雌性临武鸭480只,随机分为6个处理,处理Ⅰ为饲喂基础日粮的对照组,处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和处理Ⅵ则分别在基础日粮基础上添加100、150、200、250 g/t和300 g/t酶制剂,每处理设5个重复,每重复16只鸭,试验全期为25 d。结果表明:(1)日粮不同普鲁兰酶添加水平对3~28日龄临武鸭生长性能各指标均无显著影响(P>0.05),添加100 g/t和150 g/t普鲁兰酶的2个试验处理试鸭平均日增重较对照处理Ⅰ分别高出2.15%和0.87%。另外,处理Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ试鸭的料重比均低于对照处理Ⅰ。(2)日粮添加不同水平普鲁兰酶对临武鸭干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维的表观利用率均无显著性影响(P>0.05),处理Ⅱ试鸭的表观代谢能最高,分别较对照处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ提高了0.24%、8.09%、17.59%(P<0.05)、6.45%、26.62%(P<0.05)。(3)日粮添加不同水平普鲁兰酶对28日龄临武鸭的脾脏、法氏囊、胰腺、肝脏、心脏、腺胃、肠道指数及肠道长度指数均无显著影响(P>0.05),而处理Ⅳ试鸭的肌胃指数最高,且显著高于处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ(P<0.05)。综合表明,以生长性能、养分表观利用率和器官指数作为评价指标,本试验条件下,3~28日龄临武鸭日粮普鲁兰酶添加水平在100~200 g/t为宜。     

植物提取物对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、猪肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究植物提取物对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质及猪肉抗氧化能力的影响。选用20头体重相近[(83.75±5.83 kg)]的PIC猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)和试验组(基础日粮中额外添加0.04%植物提取物),每个处理5个重复,每个重复2头猪。结果表明,两组间育肥猪采食量、日增重、料肉比和胴体性状差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组肉色a*45min值显著提高(P<0.05),L*96 h值极显著降低(P<0.01);4℃下储存0、3 d和7 d猪肉,试验组肉样中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05)。因此,饲粮中添加植物提取物有利于储存中猪肉品质的改善。     

Selenium‐enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves growth,antioxidant status and selenoprotein gene expression in Arbor Acres broilers

One hundred and fifty 7‐day‐old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned into five groups: group 1 served as a control that was fed a basal diet without selenium (Se) supplementation; groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.15, 0.5 and 1.5 mg Se as Se‐enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SSC) per kg of diet; and group 5 was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.15 mg per kg of Se as sodium selenite (SS). Growth performance, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in plasma and liver, and cellular glutathione peroxidase (GP_X‐1) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GP_X‐4) mRNA levels in liver were determined. Compared with group 1, groups 2–4 exhibited higher body weights (p < 0.05), lower feed/gain ratios, and higher GP_X activities in plasma (p < 0.05) and GP_X and SOD activities and GP_X‐1 and GP_X‐4 mRNA levels in liver (p < 0.05). Compared with group 5, group 2 exhibited higher GP_X activity in plasma on day 21 (p < 0.05). Compared with group 2 and 5, group 3 exhibited lower MDA content in plasma on day 7 (p < 0.05), higher GP_X activity in plasma, SOD activity and GP_X‐1 mRNA levels in liver on day 14 and 21 (p < 0.05), and higher GP_X‐4 mRNA levels on day 14 (p < 0.05). Compared with group 4, group 3 exhibited lower MDA contents in plasma on day 14 (p < 0.05) and in liver on day 21 (p < 0.05), higher T‐AOC in plasma and higher GP_X‐1 mRNA levels on day 14 and 21 (p < 0.05), and higher SOD activity in plasma and higher SOD and GP_X activities in liver on day 21 (p < 0.05). Thus, SSC improves growth and antioxidant status of broilers; the short‐term bioavailability of SS was faster than that of SSC, but the long‐term bioavailability of SSC was greater than SS.     

日粮纤维水平对猪生长性能、养分消化和磷代谢的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平的纤维素对猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和磷损失的影响.试验将平均初始体重为(48.68±0.29)kg的320头生长猪随机分为4组(T1～T4),每组4个重复,每个重复20头.各组饲喂不同纤维素水平的无磷日粮,纤维素水平分别为0、30、60和90?g/kg,试验共开展21?d.结果:不同纤维日...     

Effect of Immunization against Somatostatin (SS) in Cattle: A Review of Performance,Carcass Composition and Possible Mode of Action

Abstract

A review of the effects of immunization against somatostatin in cattle is given. In most experiments (8 out of 9; no information in 2), significant antibody formation was reported in immunized animals but antibody formation may vary between individuals. Only a few have reported data on antibody affinity, but available data indicate that the antibodies formed may act to neutralize SS rather than function as binding proteins. Meta-analysis on weighted group averages showed that anti-SS animals consumed 4.2 ± 1.4% more feed (P = 0.03), had a 11.4 ± 2.3% higher daily gain (P < 0.001) and had a 4.7 ± 2.1% lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.06), indicating improved feed efficiency. Increased fat deposition has been observed following immunization against SS, but more studies are needed in order to quantify the changes. Immunization does not seem to affect dressing percentage or carcass conformation score. The mode of action of immunization against SS seems to be associated with IGF-I and not GH, but more studies are needed to clarify fully the mechanisms by which immunization modifies performance in cattle.     

Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood characteristics and meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs

One hundred pigs (BW = 50.7 ± 1.89 kg) were used to investigate the effects of fermented garlic powder (FGP) in growing‐finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted to one of five treatments, included: (i) NC (basal diet); (ii) PC (NC + 44 mg/kg of Tylosin); (iii) FGP1 (NC + 1 g/kg FGP); (iv) FGP2 (NC + 2 g/kg FGP); and (v) FGP4 (NC + 4 g/kg FGP). Supplemental FGP increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed ratio compared with those fed NC diet throughout the experiment (P < 0.05, linearly). Dietary PC treatment increased the ADG and average daily feed intake during the first 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The inclusion of FGP2 and FGP4 treatments had higher apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen (P < 0.05) than those in the NC treatment. Dietary NC treatment exhibited lower (P < 0.05) lymphocyte count (6 and 12 weeks) and immunoglobulin G (12 weeks) than those in the other treatments. Marbling scores were higher (P < 0.05) in FGP treatment groups than the NC treatments. Pigs fed on FGP2 and FGP4 diets evidenced lower 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (P < 0.05) than those in the NC and PC treatments. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the administration of FGP at a level of 2 or 4 g/kg improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs.     

Effect of feeding forest foliages, rice straw and concentrate-based total mixed ration on nutrient utilization and growth in mithun (Bos frontalis)

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding Borrena hirticulata (BH), Ficus hirta (FH), rice straw (RS) and concentrate-based total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and growth in mithun. Growing male mithun calves were randomly allotted to 2 feeding groups (6 in each), TMR₁ and TMR₂. The TMRs consisted of RS 300 g kg^− 1, concentrate 400 g kg^− 1 and BH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₁) or FH 300 g kg^− 1 (TMR₂) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Both TMRs were fed ad libitum to the animals for 121 d and a digestibility study was conducted during the last 7 d of the experiment. To assess rumen fermentation, rumen fluid was collected at 2 h interval for 24 h. Apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) did not differ significantly between the TMRs. Nevertheless, apparent digestibility of ether extract was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) greater in TMR₂ (0.59) compared to TMR₁ (0.54). Body weight gain (BWG; g d^− 1), DM intake (kg d^− 1), CP intake (g d^− 1) and feed efficiency (kg feed kg^− 1 gain) were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater in TMR₁ (548, 5.14, 713 and 9.28) compared to TMR₂ (496, 4.91, 703 and 10.03). An insignificant positive association (r = 0.35) between DM intake and BWG, but a significant (P < 0.01) positive association (r = 0.74) between CP intake and BWG were evident. Rumen pH (5.71 to 7.18) and ammonia-nitrogen (8.0 to 25.0 mg/dl) did not differ significantly between the TMRs, but differed significantly (P < 0.01) at different h post-feeding. In contrast, rumen total volatile fatty acid (42 to 105 mM) and total nitrogen (40.4 to 90.3 mg/dl) differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the TMRs and at different h post-feeding. The study revealed that BH, FH, RS and concentrate-based TMRs may be fed to mithun for satisfactory growth.     

饲料中添加不同水平的发酵豆渣对育肥猪生长性能、屠宰性能及经济效益指标的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同水平的发酵豆渣对育肥猪生长性能、屠宰性能及经济效益指标的影响,采用单因素随机设计试验,选择体重相近的健康育肥猪80头随机分成4组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组分别在基础日粮中添加5％、10％、15％发酵豆渣,预试验7 d,试验期56 d.结果表明:(1)试...