饥饿后再投喂对星斑川鲽生长、摄食的影响

采用饥饿不同时间后再恢复投喂相同时间的方法,在温度(19±1)℃、盐度32±1的条件下,对相同规格的星斑川鲽[(26.02±0.30)g]的生长、摄食进行了研究。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂20 d后鱼体质量超过对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了超补偿生长;饥饿10d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量接近对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了完全补偿生长;饥饿15 d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量未能达到对照组水平,差异显著(P<0.05),获得了部分补偿生长。饥饿后再投喂处理对星斑川鲽的体质量、全长、特定生长率、比肝质量等生长指标均有显著影响;对总摄食量、平均摄食量、食物转化率、摄食率、吸收率、排粪率的影响亦比较明显。结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂后生长最快,表现出很强的补偿生长能力。     

饥饿与再投喂及投喂频率对条石鲷幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响

研究了饥饿与再投喂及不同投喂频率对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响.饥饿与再投喂的实验结果表明:条石鲷幼鱼体质量、蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶)与脂肪酶活力随着饥饿时间的延长均呈现明显的下降趋势,体质量与蛋白酶活力在饥饿6d后与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),脂肪酶活力在饥饿9d后才与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),而淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈波动性变化;恢复投喂后,除饥饿3d的幼鱼体质量、特定生长率与对照组无明显差异外,其他各处理组均明显低于对照组;蛋白酶与脂肪酶活力在恢复投喂后均有明显回升,且蛋白酶活力与对照组相比已无显著性差异,但较长时间的饥饿处理(9～12 d)并未使脂肪酶活力恢复至对照组水平.投喂频率实验的研究结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率呈上升趋势,在投喂频率达到投喂2次/d后,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、消化酶活力及肝体指数差异均不显著.结论认为,在本实验条件下,饥饿3d后再经投喂,条石鲷幼鱼具有完全补偿生长效应,但随着饥饿时间的延长补偿生长的效应逐渐降低.对条石鲷幼鱼而言,选择日投喂两次最合适.     

饥饿与再投喂对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在室内水温23～26℃的条件下,将中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼分装于6个饲养桶中,试验设计分为两组,每组3个平行,并依次编号为A、B、C、D、E、F,将两组同时饥饿20 d,分别在饥饿0、3、5、10、15、20 d对A、B、C取样。而D、E、F饥饿20 d后进行16 d的恢复投喂,并在再投喂3、7、12、16 d进行取样,分别测定其体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数以及肝胰脏、前后肠消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶)活性的变化。结果表明:(1)在饥饿过程中,中华倒刺鲃幼鱼体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数均呈下降趋势;恢复投喂后,三者均有不同程度的恢复。(2)肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在饥饿过程中呈下降趋势,并在20 d降到最低,恢复投喂后其活性逐步回升到正常水平;而肠蛋白酶活性饥饿过程中先升高,并在5 d达到最高值而后呈下降趋势,恢复投喂后达到正常水平。(3)饥饿过程中,肝胰脏和前后肠脂肪酶活性迅速升高,在10 d达到最值,并显著高于饥饿前的水平,而后逐步下降,恢复投喂后脂肪酶活性仍持续维持在较高的水平。(4)肝胰脏和前后肠淀粉酶活性在饥饿过程中逐步下降,恢复投喂后其活性恢复至正常水平。     

饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能和生化组成的影响

选用体重196.77±7.60g的白斑狗鱼（Esox Lucius Linnaeus）为研究对象,试验设置饥饿14d、21d、28d、35d、42d组和正常投喂对照组,各组饥饿结束后恢复饱食投喂,试验周期为56d,水温为22～26℃,研究了饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼生长性能、体生化组成和肌肉、肝脏RNA/DNA比值的影响。结果表明：饥饿再投喂后各处理组均出现补偿生长现象,在恢复生长结束后,饥饿14d组体重显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,其他各饥饿处理组体重与对照组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;随着饥饿时间的延长,饥饿各处理组肌肉的脂肪含量显著下降（P＜0.05）,水分含量显著升高（P＜0.05）,恢复投喂结束时各饥饿处理组蛋白质和水分含量恢复到对照组水平;在恢复投喂初期各处理组的特定生长率、摄食率和食物转化效率显著高于对照组水平（P＜0.05）,随着恢复生长时间的延长,逐渐恢复到对照组水平（P＞0.05）;肌肉和肝脏的RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势,在恢复投喂结束时,RNA/DNA比值均在饥饿28d组达到最大值。由此表明饥饿14d组的白斑狗鱼在恢复生长过程中出现了超补偿生长效应,21d组、28d组、35d组和42d组出现了完全补偿生长效应,该补偿效应是由摄食率和食物转化效率升高共同作用的结果。     

饥饿和再投喂对锦鲤幼鱼几种消化酶活性的影响

研究了饥饿和再投喂时间对锦鲤(Cryprinus carpiod)主要消化酶活性(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶)的影响。结果表明:饥饿使锦鲤消化酶活性短时间内降低,但恢复投喂后直至实验结束,各消化酶活性又逐渐恢复接近甚至超过对照组水平。锦鲤的补偿生长效应可视为通过调整自身消化酶活性,从而提高食物吸收率来实现的。     

饥饿和再投喂对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、生化组成和行为的影响

以点带石斑鱼幼鱼为试验动物,进行短期饥饿和再投喂对其生长、生化组成及行为的影响试验。对照组(S0)持续投喂30 d,饥饿组S2、S4、S6、S8和S10分别饥饿2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d和10 d后再分别恢复投喂28 d、26 d、24 d、22 d和20 d,试验设3平行。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,点带石斑鱼幼鱼全长、湿重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的含量和能值均逐渐减少,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对损失率顺序为糖类>粗脂肪>粗蛋白。再投喂后,S2湿重超过S0(P>0.05);各试验组粗蛋白含量除S10外,均与S0差异不显著(P>0.05);S2粗脂肪含量超过S0组,且差异显著(P<0.05),S4粗脂肪含量与S0组差异不显著(P>0.05);S2糖类含量达到了S0组(P>0.05)。再投喂期间,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对增加率顺序为粗脂肪>糖类>粗蛋白。粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的质量分数和能值的变化与饥饿时间呈负相关关系,与再投喂时间呈正相关关系;粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的质量分数变化与能值呈正相关关系;认为蛋白质是影响点带石斑鱼幼鱼肌肉能值变化的主要的含能物质。饥饿幼鱼行为变化表现为集群觅食、反应迟钝和外部形态变化并均匀静伏底。     

饥饿胁迫和恢复投喂对金鱼主要生长指标影响的研究

在(21.0±1.0)℃水温范围下,对金鱼采取了不同饥饿时间处理及再投喂实验,测定其主要生长指标,探讨其补偿生长情况和机制.实验结果表明,金鱼的补偿生长的类型属于完全补偿生长.从摄食率和食物转化率的测定来看,饥饿恢复投喂后金鱼既增加了摄食量又提高了食物转化率.短时间(5d)的饥饿后恢复投喂,金鱼主要以增加摄食量为主;长...     

饥饿再投喂对缢蛏消化酶活力和抗氧化能力的影响

在海水温度8～11℃,盐度20～22,pH7.4～7.9的条件下,将采自福建宁德的5种规格缢蛏(平均壳长0.7cm、1.4cm、2.0cm、4.0cm、6.0cm分别记为N1、N2、N3、N4、N5,其中N1、N2、N3为稚贝)饥饿6d后投喂单胞藻5d,以淀粉酶活力、纤维素酶活力、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力为指标,研究了饥饿再投喂期间不同规格缢蛏消化能力和抗氧化能力的变化过程,对缢蛏的补偿生长进行了初步探索。结果显示,缢蛏淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力有随个体增大而下降的趋势,总抗氧化能力随个体增大而升高。饥饿阶段:N1组消化酶活力迅速大幅下降,N2、N3、N4组不同程度升高后下降,N5组在饥饿期间无明显变化;丙二醛含量显著(除N3)降低(P<0.05),2～3d时降至最低,此后开始上升。恢复投喂后各组消化酶活力分别在1～4d升至显著高于饥饿前水平(P<0.05)。恢复投喂3d后N1、N4、N5组丙二醛含量降至显著小于饥饿前水平(P<0.05)。试验期间各规格缢蛏总抗氧化能力无显著变化(P>0.05)。试验结果表明饥饿再投喂对缢蛏抗氧化能力无显著影响但可提高其消化能力,说明可设置合理的饥饿再投喂模式使缢蛏发生补偿生长。     

患白云病加洲鲈的同工酶分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对感染致病菌后的加洲鲈5种组织中5种同工酶系统的酶谱表型及活性进行分析。证实在5种酶的4种组织中出现明显的紊乱现象,表明病鱼的病理机制与代谢异常有关,其特异性变化可以作为疾病早期诊断及病理分析的生化辅助指标。     

Effects of Methyltestosterone on Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

The effectiveness of 30 or 50 mg of 17 ∝-methyltestosterone/kg diet for periods of 4, 6, or 10 weeks starting when the fish were 25 mm TL for sex-reversal of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, was evaluated. Fish were subsequently dissected to determine gonadal morphology and histology. Five of the six trials produced significantly (P < 0.05) altered sex ratios based on gonadal differentiation. Data with two-year-old largemouth bass indicated a low number of spermiating individuals among methyltestosterone- treated fish.     

Effect of catch-and-release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Catch‐and‐release angling is popular in many parts of the world and plays an increasingly important role in management of recreational fisheries. Although the magnitude of catch‐and‐release mortality is well documented for many species, potential sublethal effects have been little studied. An experiment was conducted to assess directly the effects of catch‐and‐release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède. Angling mortality was 0.00 ± 0.092% for largemouth bass caught on plastic grubs. There was no difference (P = 0.57) in weight gain between caught and uncaught fish over a 40‐day angling and recovery period. Although catch‐and‐release angling appears to have no effect on largemouth bass growth, previous studies documented sublethal effects on growth and reproduction in other species, suggesting that the occurrence and magnitude of sublethal effects vary among species.     

Dietary Protein and Lipid Requirements for Juvenile Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate dietary protein and lipid requirements for juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A 4 × 2‐factorial layout included four protein (420, 450, 480, and 510 g/kg) and two lipid (80 and 120 g/kg) levels. Fish (initial weight 8.7 g) were fed the test diets for 8 wk. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and body composition were dependent on dietary protein level. Nitrogen retention efficiency was independent of dietary protein level, lipid level, and their interaction. Weight gain was higher in fish fed the diet containing 480–510 g/kg crude protein than in fish fed the diet containing 420–450 g/kg crude protein at two dietary lipid levels. The feed intake and weight gain were higher in fish fed the diet containing 484 g/kg crude protein and 115 g/kg crude lipid than in fish fed the diet containing 478 g/kg crude protein and 77 g/kg crude lipid. This study indicated that the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for largemouth bass are 480–510 g/kg and 120 g/kg, respectively.     

酸化剂对大口黑鲈生长、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料添加酸化剂对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的酸化剂,配制5组等氮等脂的实验饲料,分别投喂初始体重为(21.31 ± 0.18)g的大口黑鲈64天。结果显示,大口黑鲈增重率和特定生长率随着饲料中酸化剂添加量的提高呈先升后降的变化,在0.15%组均达到最大值。与对照组相比,饲料添加0.10%-0.15%的酸化剂显著降低了大口黑鲈饲料系数,显著提高了大口黑鲈全鱼粗脂肪含量和蛋白质沉积率以及对饲料干物质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率(P<0.05)。在饲料酸化剂添加量为0.15%时,大口黑鲈肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。相比于对照组,0.15%组的甘油三酯含量和0.10%组的总胆固醇含量显著提高,0.10%组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05)。饲料中酸化剂添加量在0.10%-0.15%时,大口黑鲈血清总抗氧化能力以及肠道总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清谷草转氨酶活性和肝脏丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。0.15%组肠道绒毛长度、绒毛宽度、肌层厚度均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.15%的酸化剂显著上调了大口黑鲈肠道抗氧化相关基因(Nrf2、CAT和Cu/Zn-SOD)的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),显著上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),饲料中添加0.20%的酸化剂显著下调了促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)基因的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05)。以增重率和饲料系数为评价指标,基于折线模型结果表明大口黑鲈饲料中酸化剂适宜添加量为0.148%-0.152%。总结,饲料中添加0.15%的酸化剂能够促进大口黑鲈的生长,提高抗氧化能力,降低肠道炎症水平以及维持肠道健康。     

高脂或低蛋白日粮中添加发酵桑叶对大口黑鲈生长、代谢与抗氧化能力的影响

为研究发酵桑叶对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长、代谢与抗氧化能力的影响,选用初始体重为11 g的大口黑鲈,随机分成3组,每组4个重复。分别饲喂基础饲料、含10%桑叶高脂饲料和含10%桑叶低蛋白饲料8周。试验结果表明:同基础饲料相比,饲料中添加发酵桑叶显著抑制低蛋白组大口黑鲈的生长,而不影响高脂组大口黑鲈的生长性能。基础饲料组大口黑鲈血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著高于低蛋白组,与高脂组无显著差异,同时,低蛋白组血清中HDL-C/CHO和HDL-C/LDL-C比值显著高于基础饲料组和高脂组。试验组大口黑鲈血糖含量显著低于基础饲料组(P0.05)。饲料中添加发酵桑叶显著提高大口黑鲈血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及CAT/SOD比值。各组鱼体的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异。由此可见,饲料中添加发酵桑叶会降低大口黑鲈血脂、血糖,增强其机体的抗氧化作用。     

Effects of Graded Levels of Carbohydrate on Growth and Survival of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

Excessive carbohydrates (CHO) in diets for largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, are suspected of accumulating glycogen in hepatocytes, which may result in liver dysfunction. This study evaluated the effect of graded levels of dietary CHO on growth, survival, and liver histology of LMB. One hundred feed‐trained advanced fingerling LMB (128.5 ± 21.5 g) were stocked into each of nine 3400 ‐ L polyethylene tanks. Tanks were randomly assigned one of three experimental diets containing different CHO levels (13, 19, or 25% of diet). The extruded diets were approximately isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isocaloric (3 kcal/g energy). There were three replicate tanks per dietary treatment. Bass were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 148 d. Survival was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (89 and 90%, respectively) compared to those fed the 25% CHO diets (82%). Average harvest weight of fish fed the 13% CHO diet (380 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed other diets. Average harvest weight of fish fed the 19% CHO diet (347 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed the 25% CHO diet (310 g). Specific growth rates (%/d) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets than in fish fed 25% CHO diet. Feed conversion ratios for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (2.3 and 2.4, respectively) were both significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (3.6). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, or liver glycogen concentration among fish fed the different experimental diets. Overall, mean blood glucose levels in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (61.0 and 71.2 mg/dL, respectively) were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (87 mg/dL). Histopathological examination of livers from fish fed the three diets was used to score the degree of vacuolization of hepatic tissues (0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe). Regression of vacuolization scores on dietary CHO levels was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and indicated a direct positive relationship between liver vacuolization and dietary CHO level (R² = 0.57). These data indicate that LMB grow faster and use feeds more efficiently when CHO are maintained at <20% of diet. CHO levels >20% negatively impacted liver histology, but a liver tissue analyses did not document glycogen accumulation.     

大口黑鲈内含子1上SNP G208A的CRS-PCR检测方法

创造限制酶切位点PCR法是应用引物错配技术结合单核苷酸多态性（SNP）而配合成一个酶切位点,使SNP可用于PCR—RFLP分析的一种方法。应用CRS—PCR技术检测了大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）IGF—I基因内含子1上SNPG208A的多态性,并详述了CRS—PCR错配引物的设计方法,CRS—PCR引物设计和应用的注意事项,以促进CRS—PCR单核苷酸多态检测方法在水产动物研究领域的应用。     

Effects of Pond Volume Manipulation on Production of Fingerling Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

Hatchery ponds were manipulated by timing of filling to increase the efficiency of production of fingerling largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. The effects on pond productivity of fertilizing with chicken manure versus plant meals (consisting of equal parts by weight of cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and wheat shorts) were also examined. When ponds were filled in stages, more favorable water temperatures for largemouth bass were achieved, and desirable dissolved oxygen concentrations were maintained. Chlorophyll a levels and plankton community respiration rates were higher in ponds that were fertilized with the plant meals than in ponds fertilized with chicken manure (25% dry matter). Secchi disk visibility was relatively greater in chicken manure ponds than in ponds fertilized with the plant meals; however all differences were not significant. Zooplankton densities were comparable among treatments. Filling ponds in stages had no significant effects on chlorophyll a, plankton community respiration rate, Secchi disk visibility, or zooplankton abundance and population dynamics. Daily production of largemouth bass was greater in ponds filled in stages and fertilized with plant meals than in other treatment ponds. Yield was highest in stage-filled ponds fertilized with plant meals and lowest in full ponds fertilized with chicken manure. Filling ponds in stages reduced the fertilizer cost per kilogram of largemouth bass by 50% in ponds fertilized with plant meals and by 65% in manure-fertilized ponds.     

大口黑鲈GHRH基因启动子区域序列分析及其活性检测

生长激素释放激素(growth hormone releasing hormone,GHRH)是下丘脑弓状核合成和分泌的小分子多肽,其主要功能是调节垂体细胞合成和释放生长激素。为研究大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)GHRH基因5’侧翼启动子区域的活性和该区域中潜在的转录因子对GHRH基因表达的调控作用,对该基因5’端启动子区域约1400 bp长度的片段进行序列分析,预测顺式作用元件,获得了Oct-1、SP1、NF-1、C/EBPalp和C/EBP等多个潜在的调控GHRH基因表达的调节因子结合位点序列。在包括外显子1和内含子1的GHRH基因5’侧翼区两侧加入两个限制性酶切位点Xho I和Bam H I,对其进行改造,并将该片段插入红色荧光蛋白报告基因载体p DsRed2-1,构建了重组表达质粒pGHRH1-RFP。同时,用不含有外显子1和内含子1的GHRH基因5’侧翼区构建重组表达质粒p GHRH-RFP。将质粒pGHRH1-RFP和p GHRH-RFP转染鲤(Cyprinus carpio)上皮细胞(epithelioma papillosum cyprinid,EPC)。经过48 h的培养,在pGHRH1-RFP转染的部分细胞中检测到红色荧光蛋白表达。又将pGHRH1-RFP或p GHRH-RFP质粒注射到斑马鱼(Danio rerio)一细胞或二细胞期的胚胎中,注射了pGHRH1-RFP的胚胎在受精后48 h约有22.5%能检测到有红色荧光蛋白表达,受精后72 h约有29%的仔鱼检测到红色荧光蛋白表达。实验结果表明,目前分离到的GHRH基因5’侧翼序列具有启动基因表达的活性,且该基因的内含子1和外显子1是启动子的活性所必需的。另外,pGHRH1-RFP质粒注射的斑马鱼胚胎只能在胚胎和仔鱼的脊椎和肌肉中检测到RFP的表达,而在脑中没有检测到表达。推测扩增到的大口黑鲈GHRH启动子序列1407 bp(-1043 bp~362 bp)只是起到了驱动RFP脊椎和骨骼肌表达的作用,而不包括驱动在脑组织中特异性表达的启动子,本研究为GHRH基因功能的深入分析奠定了基础。