H5NI型禽流感病毒纳米量子点快速检测方法的建立

本文介绍了一种用CdSe量子点标记技术用于H5NI型禽流感病毒检测的方法。采用CdSe量子点标记鸡抗AIVIgG,并对标记的抗体量子点复合产物进行了纯化。H5N1型禽流感病毒单克隆抗体作为包被抗体,CdSe量子点标记的鸡抗AIVIgG作为检测抗体,建立了纳米量子点应用于禽流感病毒快速检测的方法。此方法的最佳检测组织为气管和肺,整个检测过程只需3小时。实验结果表明,对已知的阳性样品其敏感性比血凝试验要高出4倍以上,与新城疫病毒、鸭瘟病毒和鸭肝炎病毒等无交叉反应。对65份病料进行检测,结果有5份阳性病例,60份阴性病例,与鸡胚分离法作为比对,结果符合率为98.46%,说明此方法具有较好的特异性和灵敏度,该方法操作简单、检测快速快,在进出口检疫方面有良好的应用前景。     

A longitudinal study of a novel dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of avian influenza virus

A monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed that detected the epitopes specifically associated with avian influenza virus (AIV). The dot-ELISA detected the antigens of AIV directly from clinical and field specimens. Data obtained from experimentally AIV-infected specific-pathogen-free chickens and also the 2001/02 AIV outbreak of serotype H7N2 positive flocks in Pennsylvania indicated that the mean sensitivity (Se) of the dot-ELISA ranged between 45% and 68% and the mean specificity (Sp), between 85% and 90%. The values were derived from various clinical and field specimens when compared with virus isolation with embryonating chicken eggs. On routine AIV surveillance samples, the dot-ELISA achieved a 92%-100% Sp on the basis of resting over 1500 AIV surveillance samples that were confirmed negative by virus isolation. The dot-ELISA detected AIV antigens with a 5-microl allantoic fluid sample that contained a concentration of 0.4 hemagglutinating units. Furthermore, the dot-ELISA retained its specificity for AIV because no cross-reactions were obtained with various other avian viruses. The findings in this study indicated that the dot-ELISA was highly sensitive and specific and comparable with the commercial Directigen test in the detection of AIV obtained from clinical and field specimens.     

H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种同时检测H4、N2和所有亚型禽流感的方法,分别针对H4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N2亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因保守序列,设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,对三重反应体系进行特异性和敏感性验证,建立了H4、N2和所有亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法,并用该法对临床样品进行检测。建立的方法能特异性扩增H4、N2和所有亚型AIV,与其他禽病病原体不发生交叉反应;对H4、N2和所有亚型AIV至少能检测到6 pg/μL。在185份临床样品的检测中,检出4份H4、10份N2和19份AIV阳性。所建立的三重RT-PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为快速检测H4、N2和所有亚型AIV提供了有效的方法。     

检测禽流感病毒抗体的重组核蛋白间接ELISA方法的建立

以大肠杆菌系统表达的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）核蛋白（NP）为抗原，建立了禽流感间接酶联免疫吸附试验抗体检测技术（NP—ELISA）。对263份待检血清（包括临床收集的243份血清和20份H9N2亚型AIV免疫鸡阳性血清）进行检测，NP—ELISA与琼脂免疫扩散试验（AGP）的总符合率为83．3％，与血凝抑制试验（HI）的总符合率为92％。特异性试验表明，NP—ELISA方法可以检测H5、H7和H9亚型AIV特异性抗体，检测为阳性的血清样品能够被阳性鸡胚尿囊液阻断。敏感性试验证实，NP—ELISA最早可以检测鸡感染后7d的血清样品，并于感染后10d确定100％血清阳性，而AGP检测直到首免后21～28d才出现部分血清阳性，HI检测直到10～14d才出现部分血清阳性，并且NP-ELISA要比HI敏感4～40倍。试验证明，NP—ELISA是检测AIV血清型特异性抗体的一种特异、敏感、快速、经济的血清学检测技术。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒间接免疫荧光快速诊断方法的建立

本研究以当前严重威胁我国养禽业的高致病性禽流感H5亚型病毒为研究对象，病毒在犬肾细胞（MDCK）上培养增殖，经蔗糖梯度离心对病毒进行纯化，免疫清洁级的新西兰公兔，高免血清经辛酸-硫酸铵法和葡聚糖G50柱纯化，制得第一抗体。以FITC标记的山羊抗兔IgG为第二抗体，通过反应条件的优化，建立了间接免疫荧光快速诊断方法。本法的最佳检测组织为心肌和胰腺，检测时间只需3小时，本法可检出人工感染后36小时尚未表现出临床症状鸡只中的病毒，对禽流感H7亚型、H9亚型病、新城疫、传染性支气管炎和传染性喉气管炎禽出败等病料进行特异性检验结果均为阴性。运用本方法对69个禽场的临床病料进行了检测，检测结果与鸡胚分离法进行比对，9个阳性场（广东省2004年9个原疫点的病料）的9份病料中，检出8份阳性；而鸡胚分离法阴性样品，本法检测结果与之完全相符。本法用于禽流感H5亚型病毒的快速诊断具有快速、简便、敏感、特异、费用低廉和不存在交叉污染等优点，在当前流行的H5亚型高致病性禽流感快速诊断中具有良好的应用前景。     

Immuno-PCR for one step detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using magnetic gold particles as carriers

Detecting avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at low concentrations from tracheal and cloacal swabs of avian influenza- and Newcastle disease-infected poultry was carried out using a highly sensitive immunological-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-PCR) method. Magnetic gold particles were pre-coated with a capture antibody, either a monoclonal anti-AIV/H5 or monoclonal anti-NDV/F and viruses serially diluted ten-fold from 10(2) to 10(-5)EID(50)/ml. A biotinylated detection antibody bound to the viral antigen was then linked via a streptavidin bridge to biotinylated reporter DNA. After extensive washing, reporter DNA was released by denaturation, transferred to PCR tubes, amplified, electrophoresed and visualized. An optimized immuno-PCR method was able to detect as little as 10(-4)EID(50)/ml AIV and NDV. To further evaluate the specificity and the clinical application of this IPCR assay for AIV H5N1 and NDV, the tracheal swab specimens, taken from chickens which were infected with H5N1/AIV, H9N2/AIV, H7N2/AIV, NDV, IBDV, IBV/H(120), were detected by IPCR. Our data demonstrated that this monoclonal antibody-based immuno-PCR method provides a platform capable of rapid screening of clinical samples for trace levels of AIV H5 and NDV in one step.     

野生鸟类禽流感病毒感染情况的调查

为了解野生鸟类禽流感病毒(AIV)的携带感染情况,2006年～2010年,本研究在湖南省主要候鸟迁徙地收集115只野鸟组织或拭子样品、75份野鸟的新鲜粪便样品和72份血清样品。组织或拭子样品采用RT-PCR方法检测和鸡胚接种病毒分离鉴定,血清样品分别进行H5(含Re-5和Re-4)、H6、H7、H9、H10和H11抗体检测。结果表明,从斑鸠和绿头鸭组织中分别分离到H5N1亚型和H3N2亚型AIV;72份血清中有17份抗体为阳性,其中H5(Re-5)亚型5份、H5(Re-4)亚型1份、H6亚型1份、H7亚型2份和H9亚型8份,阳性率分别为6.94%、1.39%、1.39%、2.78%和11.11%。H10和H11亚型未检测到抗体阳性。     

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Mute swans in the Czech Republic

In order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild birds in the Czech Republic extensive surveillance was carried out between January and April 2006. A total of 2101 samples representing 61 bird species were examined for the presence of influenza A by using PCR, sequencing and cultivation on chicken embryos. AIV subtype H5N1 was detected in 12 Mute swans (Cygnus olor). The viruses were determined as HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) and the hemagglutinin sequence was closely similar to A/mallard/Italy/835/06 and A/turkey/Turkey/1194/05. Following the first H5N1 case, about 300 wild birds representing 33 species were collected from the outbreak region and tested for the presence of AIV without any positive result. This is the first report of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 in the Czech Republic. The potential role of swan as an effective vector of avian influenza virus is also discussed.     

Commercial immunoassay kits for the detection of influenza virus type A: evaluation of their use with poultry

Five antigen capture immunoassay test kits, Directigen Flu A (Becton Dickinson), QuickVue Influenza test kit (Quidel), FLU OIA (ThermoBiostar), Zstat Flu (ZymeTx, Inc.) and NOW FLU A Test (Binax) were used to detect avian influenza virus (AIV) in clinical specimens as per manufacturers' protocols. Each kit was shown to be specific for AIV propagated in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE); other respiratory viruses of poultry tested gave negative results. The Directigen Flu A kit proved to be 10-fold more sensitive than the other kits, capable of detecting 10(4.7) mean embryo lethal dose (ELD50)/ml in allantoic fluid; this is more sensitive than the hemagglutination test using chicken erythrocytes. None of the kits proved to be sufficiently sensitive to reliably detect AIV in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs collected from chickens experimentally infected with AIV subtype H6N2. In two different experiments, individual swabs and pools of five or six swabs were tested. By virus isolation, 39 individual oropharyngeal swabs tested positive for AIV, but Directigen and Flu OIA only detected 2/39 and NOW FLU A 1/39. Zstat and QuickVue did not detect any. Five individual cloacal swabs positive by virus isolation were negative with all five kits. In a second experiment using pools of five swabs, 26 swab pools were positive by virus isolation and 5/26 were positive by Directigen, the only kit to provide any positive results. Five cloacal swab pools were also positive by virus isolation and 1/5 was positive by Directigen; all other test kits were negative. All of these experiments were performed using the H6N2 subtype of AIV. The results are disappointing, as the kits have proven to be insensitive for detecting AIV when compared with the gold standard, virus isolation. This limits their use in diagnostic field investigations. Individual or groups of chickens could be assumed to be positive for AIV if positive by any of the kits, but a negative result with any of the kits would not prove that birds were AIV free.     

不同禽流感病毒含量的新-流二联灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡后抗体水平的监测

将未浓缩的新城疫抗原分别与未浓缩的、浓缩3倍、浓缩6倍的禽流感抗原混合,并制备成三组鸡新城疫、禽流感（H9N2 HP株）二联灭活疫苗（简称新-流二联灭活疫苗）,分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡,每羽0.3 mL,同时设置未免疫的空白对照组,免疫组与对照组均在免疫前及免疫后7、14、21、28、35 d进行采血,检测新城疫和禽流感抗体。结果发现,各免疫组在免后不同日龄的新城疫抗体基本一致,禽流感病毒抗原浓缩倍数越高（即禽流感病毒含量越高）的新-流二联灭活疫苗,免后14、21 d的抗体也越高;从免后21 d开始,各免疫组的禽流感抗体水平差异逐渐减小,免疫后禽流感抗体水平的高低可以反映该疫苗的免疫效果。试验结果表明,该疫苗可以通过浓缩提高抗原病毒含量的方法来提高免后早期抗体水平,取得良好的早期免疫效果。     

基于马赛克HA序列的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效力分析

H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。     

一株H9亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物特性研究

2013年中国吉林某养鸡场发生疑似H9亚型禽流感疫情,采集该发病鸡场病料接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,分离得到一株病毒。经血凝(HA)试验、血凝抑制(HI)试验、测序分析,鉴定该毒株为H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)。对本试验分离株HA基因进行测序及序列分析,结果显示分离株HA基因的裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的基因特征;HA肽链具有9个潜在糖基化位点,与近些年H9亚型AIV分离株的潜在糖基化位点相同;具有8个受体结合位点,其中234位受体结合位点由谷氨酰胺(Q)变异成苏氨酸(T);HA基因系统进化树结果显示本试验分离株属于欧亚进化分支,与中国最早分离株A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)亲缘关系较远,与2007年后中国H9亚型AIV主要流行分支的代表株A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)亲缘关系较近。将该毒株制成油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后第21天免疫鸡血清抗体高达10log2,表明本试验分离株具有很好的免疫原性。     

Isolation and Identification of one Strain of H9 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus and Study on its Biological Characteristics

In 2013,one case of suspected H9 subtype avian influenza occurred in a chicken farm of Jilin povince.Clinical samples were collected from the diseased farm,inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 9-day-old SPF chicken embryo,and then one strain of virus was isolated.The results of HA test,HI test and molecular biology test all showed that the isolate belonged to H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV).The HA cleavage site of the isolate was RSSR↓GLF,which was consisted with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV.The HA peptide chain had 9 potential glycosylation sites which were same as other isolates of recent years.The isolate had 8 receptor binding sites,including 234 receptor binding site by glutamine (Q) mutating into threonine (T).The phylogenetic tree revealed the isolate belonged to Eurasian lineages and it had far genetic relationship with the earliest domestic isolate (A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(H9N2)),but had close genetic relationship with the representative strain (A/Chicken/Guangxi/55/2005(H9N2)) of major epidemic branch since 2007.We prepared an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine of the isolate,and then vaccinated SPF chicken.21 days after vaccination,the HI titer of chicken serum antibody reached up to 10log2.The result suggested the isolate had good immunogenicity.     

H5亚型虎源流感病毒血凝素单抗制备及胶体金试纸条的研制

以H5N1亚型虎源流感病毒免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0融合,用间接ELISA试验检测细胞培养上清,获得2株阳性杂交瘤细胞克隆株,命名为3A13和1B8.分别制备腹水后进行纯化,获得了抗H5亚型虎源流感病毒血凝素的单克隆抗体,用制备的单克隆抗体结合胶体金免疫层析技术,制备了H5亚型虎源流感病毒免疫胶体金快速诊断试纸条.该试纸条对H5N1虎源流感病毒鸡胚培养毒、H5亚型禽流感病毒标准抗原,以及24份虎疑似感染H5N1亚型虎源流感病毒感染病料和小鼠模型病料等检测结果为阳性,同时对H7和H9亚型禽流感病毒标准抗原及传染性支气管炎、新城疫抗原等检测结果为阴性;与HA-HI和RT-PCR的平行对比试验表明,试纸条检测敏感度与血凝试验和血凝抑制试验的敏感性相符.本试验所研制的免疫胶体金诊断试纸条可用于H5亚型虎源流感病毒的特异诊断和流行病学调查,为开发成品化检测试纸条奠定基础.     

广西玉林市规模化禽场禽流感病毒检测

为了解广西玉林市2020年规模禽场禽流感病毒感染状况,采用荧光RT-PCR方法,对广西玉林市7个县(市、区)42个规模化禽场采集的1260份禽喉/泄殖腔棉拭子样品进行了通用型禽流感病毒核酸检测(荧光PCR),并对检测为阳性的样本进行H5、H7亚型(双重荧光PCR)和H9亚型(荧光PCR)分型鉴定.结果显示:在42个规模...     

上海地区活禽批发市场H9亚型禽流感病毒调查

为弄清上海地区活禽批发市场中H9禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的流行情况及鸡群的免疫情况,2009年对上海三大活禽批发市场进行了采样监测。采用HI试验检测H9 AIV抗体、荧光RT-PCR试验和鸡胚接种分离鉴定病毒。共采集110批次1 646份血样和喉头泄殖腔棉拭样品,平均抗体合格率为60.27%,分离到H9病毒134株,其中4-6月和9-11月为全年中病毒分离的2个高峰期（样品带毒率均超过了10.00%）,明显比其它月份要高（其他月份均低于5.00%）,样品带毒率平均为8.14%。不同市场、不同地区采集的样品其抗体合格率和样品的带毒率也存在一定的差异。在30批分离到病毒的样品中,13批次已免疫H9N2油乳剂灭活苗且抗体合格率均大于70.00%的样品中分离到45株病毒（45/195）,其中6批次抗体合格率达到100%的样品中也分离到了病毒（8/90）,但带毒率明显比未经疫苗免疫的样品（79/255）低。调查结果表明养殖户对肉鸡群H9N2油乳剂灭活苗免疫重视程度不够,鸡群中带毒现象较普遍。疫苗免疫后能产生较高的免疫抗体,且抗体能减轻临床症状,降低带毒率,但不能完全阻止病毒复制,存在高抗体下带毒现象。     

云南2株H4N6亚型禽流感病毒株的分离与鉴定

采集家禽喉气管作为检测样品,用甲型流感病毒M基因检测引物进行RT-PCR检测,确定样品为甲型流感病毒感染。用已建立的PCR法检测H5、H9亚型及新城疫结果为阴性。在9日龄鸡胚中进行病毒分离培养,收集48 h后死亡鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝和血凝抑制试验,有血凝效价但不能被H5、H7、H9和新城疫阳性血清抑制。为进一步确定病毒的亚型,用甲型流感病毒血凝素基因通用引物进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及测序,将测得的HA基因序列与血凝素亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为34.9%～87.3%,与H4亚型的同源性为87.3%;设计神经氨酸酶基因测序引物,将所测序列与神经氨酸酶亚型标准序列进行比对,同源性为47.7%～90.8%,与N6亚型的同源性高达90.8%。通过进行HA和NA基因序列比对,可以确定试验所分离到的2株甲型流感毒株为H4N6亚型禽流感病毒。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株的分离鉴定和免疫原性评价

2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID₅₀）为10^9.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。