桂花幼胚培养及愈伤组织增殖诱导

采用不同培养基对桂花胚的培养进行了试验研究,结果表明:MS 1-1.5 mg.L-16-BA有利于桂花幼胚的萌发;MS 2 mg.L-16-BA 0.3 mg.L-12,4-D有利于幼胚苗的幼叶愈伤组织的诱导,诱导率高,且质地致密;B5 1.5 mg.L-16-BA 0.05 mg.L-1NAA有利于幼胚苗基部产生的愈伤组织的增值诱导,所形成的新愈伤组织呈淡绿色,且质地致密,生长很好,并能分化出根。     

花曲柳体胚发生和植株再生

以花曲柳合子胚的单片子叶为外植体成功诱导出体胚并获得再生植株。未成熟合子胚的子叶在添加400mg·L-1水解酪蛋白、0.25mg·L-16-BA、1.5mg·L-1NAA、70g.L-1蔗糖和6g·L-1琼脂的MS1/2培养基上可以成功诱导产生体胚,诱导率达到34.7%,每个外植体上体胚数量为2～9个。成熟合子胚的子叶在添加0.25mg·L-16-BA、2mg·L-1NAA的MS1/2培养基(其他成分同上)上可以成功诱导产生体胚,诱导率为10.0%。体胚在MS1/2培养基上经过成熟培养后可以正常萌发,萌发率87.6%。萌发的体胚植株在MS1/2+0.01mg·L-1NAA培养基上生长较好,具备实生幼苗的外观特征。经炼苗后的体胚苗移植到栽培基质(草炭土:蛭石:珍珠岩体积比为5:4:1)中可以正常生长,成活率为75.0%。     

丹红杨愈伤组织诱导与器官再生的影响因子分析

采用正交设计,首次建立了丹红杨离体培养技术体系.结果表明:丹红杨叶片最佳胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D0.20 mg/L+6-BA1.00 mg/L,诱导率为57.50%;叶柄、无芽茎段最佳胚性愈伤组织培养基诱导为MS+6-BA0.30～0.80 mg/L+ZT0.30～0.80 mg/L+NAA0.02～0.05 mg/L,诱导率为82.26%;根最佳胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA1.00 mg/L+KT0.50～1.00 mg/L+NAA0.50～1.00 mg/L.胚性愈伤组织增殖最佳培养基为MS+BR0.10 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L.胚性愈伤组织分化不定芽最佳培养基为WPM+6-BA0.20 mg/L+TDZ0.001～0.003 mg/L+KT0.50 mg/L+NAA0.05～0.10 mg/L.     

黄金宝树组培育苗技术研究

以黄金宝树基部半木质化萌芽条为外植体,MS为基本培养基,探讨6-BA、KT、NAA对黄金宝树组培育苗的影响,试验结果表明,黄金宝树组培育苗最佳培养基配方分别为:初代培养基MS+6-BA 0.3 mg.L-1+KT 0.5 mg.L-1+NAA 0.3mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1+卡拉胶8 g.L-1、增殖培养基MS+6-BA 0.5 mg.L-1+KT 0.3 mg.L-1+NAA 0.3mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1+卡拉胶8 g.L-1、生根培养基1/2 MS+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1+蔗糖20 g.L-1+卡拉胶8 g.L-1。初代培养诱导率达80%以上,有效芽条增殖率达3倍以上,生根率达95%以上,移栽成活率达90%以上。     

蒙花1、2号金银花的组织培养与快速繁殖

研究了蒙花1、2号金银花带芽茎段的丛芽诱导和快速繁殖技术.结果表明:初代培养以MS为基本培养基,附加6-BA1.0 mg·L-1 NAA0.2 mg·L-1诱导腋芽能得到理想的效果;在继代培养中,通过6-BA和NAA的组合试验,④号MS BA1.5 mg·L-1 NAA0.02 mg·L-1和⑥号MS BA1.5 mg·L-1 NAA0.05 mg·L-1及⑧号MS BA2.0 mg·L-1 NAA0.05 mg·L-1的诱导丛芽效果都较好;将无菌苗置于(1/2)MS NAA1.0 mg·L-1的培养基诱导生根,诱导率达92%.     

紫毛野牡丹组织培养与快速繁殖研究

以紫毛野牡丹茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,通过不同的激素种类和浓度配比,对紫毛野牡丹组培快繁体系建立进行了研究。结果表明,外植体表面消毒用70%乙醇浸泡30s,无菌水冲洗2遍,0.1%升汞浸泡5-7min,无菌水冲洗5遍消毒效果最好,污染率仅为21%;最佳初代培养基配方是MS+6-BA1.0mg.L-1+NAA0.5mg.L-1;继代培养最佳配方为MS+6-BA1.0mg.L-1+NAA0.1mg.L-1,平均增殖率达到3.4;最佳生根配方为1/2MS+NAA(IBA)0.1-0.2mg.L-1;生根苗移栽于黄心土以及混合基质中,成活率达到80%。     

四倍体刺槐的组织培养快繁技术研究

以MS为基本培养基,取四倍体刺槐茎段作外植体进行组织培养研究,结果表明,MS基本培养基+6-BA 0.25mg.L-1+NAA0.05 mg.L-1可有效诱导四倍体用材型刺槐单芽茎段上的腋芽萌发并抽生成嫩梢,腋芽的萌发率为100%;转入MS基本培养基+6-BA1.0mg.L-1+NAA0.2mg.L-1或MS基本培养基+6-BA2.0mg.L-1+IBA0.5mg.L-1培养,可有效诱导丛生芽的增殖,繁殖系数可达93.8%~100%;MS基本培养基+NAA0.2mg.L-1,可诱导试管嫩梢100%生根,而且根系愈伤组织很小;并且成功地进行了试管苗的移栽,成活率达95%以上。     

高精油互叶白千层组培快繁技术

以高精油含量的互叶白千层优良单株(H21、H35、H38)为试验材料,通过茎段离体培养,开展不同单株的组培快繁技术研究。结果表明,3个单株在诱导培养基MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+0.05mg·L-1NAA上均取得较高的诱导率,但单株间诱导率存在极显著差异;H21、H35、H38在最佳增殖培养基(B1+1.5mg·L-16-BA+0.01mg·L-1NAA)上增殖培养40d,其增殖倍率分别为4.1、5.3、5.6,有效芽苗率高达90%以上;H21、H35、H38在培养基1/2B1+0.5mg·L-1ABT+0.5mg·L-1NAA诱导生根,生根率分别为65%、96%、93%,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+0.5mg·L-1ABT+0.5mg·L-1NAA;以纯黄心土为移栽基质,炼苗30d,3个无性系平均移栽成活率高达84.8%。     

印楝快繁技术的研究

试验以印楝实生苗的嫩枝为材料,对印楝的初代培养、丛生芽诱导和生根、再生植株炼苗等进行系统研究,通过单因素和正交试验筛选出各阶段的最适培养条件:(1)初代培养基为MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.05 mg/L 蔗糖30 g/L;(2)丛生芽诱导培养基为MS改 6-BA 0.4~1.0 mg/L KT 0.5~1.5 mg/L NAA 0.05~0.2 mg/L 蔗糖30 g/L;(3)生根培养基为1/2 MS IBA 0.3 mg/L PG 3μmol/L 糖20 g/L。     

齿瓣石斛组织培养技术研究

以齿瓣石斛蒴果为外植体进行胚培养的试验表明,初始萌发培养基为1/2MS;原球茎萌发培养基为3/4MS+10%马铃薯汁+5%香蕉汁+6-BA0.2mg·L-1+NAA0.05mg·L-1+0.05%AC;继代增殖培养基为MS+10%马铃薯汁+10%香蕉汁+6-BA0.5mg.L-1+NAA0.2mg.L-1+0.1%AC;壮苗生根培养基为1/2MS+10%香蕉汁+5%马铃薯汁+6-BA0.2mg·L-1+NAA1.0mg·L-1+0.1%AC,生根诱导率达100%,成活率达90%以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.