国外社区林业发展新动态

对世界社区林业的发展历程作了较为系统的论述。林业技术是社区林业发展的基础性工作，结合社区林业的特点提出了林业技术推广的主要原则。社区林业属于广大社区居民参与性活动，分析了不同类型参与的特点以及参与式管理的优势与不足。在社区林业管理的过程中存在各种各样的冲突，如何协调冲突成为社区林业发展的关键性问题之一，对冲突产生的原因以及解决方法提出了建议。     

盗伐、盗窃、故意损坏林木案件几个问题的研究和思考

盗伐、盗窃、故意损坏林木案件是林业行政执法中最常见的三种类型，本文对这三种林业行政案件的异同进行分析，通过对这三种不同案件的处罚种类和主体进行比对，查找出存在的冲突及矛盾，进而围绕这些矛盾和冲突提出在我国《森林法》中确立林木生长权，加大对盗伐林木行为的处罚强度及规范执法主体的思路和见解，以供执法者和立法者在“加强林业法制建设”工作中予以参考。本文中所研究的盗伐、盗窃、     

天保地区森林资源保护与社会经济发展的冲突及其成因

天保工程的实施对天保地区的生态、经济与社会产生了综合影响，同时与利益相关者也产生了一些矛盾和冲突，主要表现在：天然林保护与森林经营者之间，天然林保护与林业管理体制之间，天然林保护与林区干部、职工、林农观念之间等。形成这些冲突的原因是错综复杂的。但从主要层面分析，天然林保护的外部性是冲突产生的客观原因，天然林保护理念的绝对化是冲突产生的根源，国家采取的强制性制度变迁是冲突产生的制度原因。此外，林业管理体制僵化和产权交易机制不健全则分别是国有和集体天然林地区冲突产生的关键。     

桂东丘陵生态林业经营模式选择研究

根据桂东地区自然地貌和林业生产的特点，在苍梧县建立了4种生态林业复合模式类型20个经营模式，通过对这些经营模式的结构。功能和效益等方面的综合评价，筛选出了10个较佳的生态林业经营模式，并提出了配套的经营技术和适宜推广应用地域，为试验区的林业可持续发展和高效生态林业工和建设提供了科学依据和技术支撑。     

对贵州林业可持续发展的若干构想

本文对林业可持续发展作了定义和解释，结合可持续发展的理论分析了贵州省林业可持续发展的形势，对贵州林业可持续发展提出了完善“两大”体系、实施“六大”工程，建设贵州可持续发展林业生态示范园区，树立多元主体、强调高效林业、弘扬森林文化、促进农民增收的四种林业发展思想，建立生态补偿、资产化管理、市场竞争、社会参与、国际合作等五种森林资源经营机制的构想。     

关于林业可持续发展的探讨──浅谈林业分类经营

当前林业面临的重要课题就是如何实现可持续发展。1995年林业部制定的《中国21世纪议程林业行动计划》明确指出：走林业可持续发展的道路，是中国可持续发展的必然选择。由于林业肩负着优化环境与促进发展的双重使命，在可持续发展中具有不可替代的作用，林业的可持续发展在国民经济中所处的地位相当重要。森林资源是林业可持续发展的基础，森林功能的多重性不可避免地提出了实行林业分类经营的要求。1林业分类经营的概念林业分类经营是指在社会主义市场经济条件下，根据林业可持续发展的需要，按照林业多功能及效能主导作用的不同，将林业…     

哈溪林区森林资源现状与可持续发展对策探讨

林业可持续发展在国民经济的发展中起着不可替代的作用，文章着眼于区域森林资源管理和发展现状，提出了实现林业可持续发展的思路与对策，为区域林业可持续发展提供参考和建议。     

关于目前林业可持续发展及生产措施探析

分析了林业生产与林业可持续发展的关系，探讨了强化林业可持续发展的措施，以促进我国林业的可持续发展。     

辽宁林业科技发展现状与对策

林业可持续发展水平，直接影响着国民经济的发展水平。随着经济、社会迅猛发展，林业的地位日益上升，其作用也愈来愈被人们所认识，林业的可持续发展引起了全社会的普遍关注。林业科技如何适应新世纪生态建设和现代林业发展的需要，已成为关系林业科研部门生存与发展的一个重要课题。该在分析辽宁省林业科技发展现状的基础上，提出了相应的对策。建国以来，特别是改革开放以来，辽宁省林业科研院所紧紧围绕辽宁林业建设中全局性、关键性的技术问题开展科技攻关，取得了一大批对林业及生态建设产生较大影响的科研成果，对辽宁省经济、生态和社会的发展起到了显的促进作用，为我省林业发展、山区经济振兴和农民脱贫致富作出了突出贡献。目前，辽宁省林业院所在内部研究部门设置、研究方向等方面重叠，科研力量分散，科研在低水平上重复，内部无序竞争，造成资源和人力的浪费，林业科技投入的整体水平很低。     

浅谈林业的可持续发展

指出了林业的可持续发展战略是当前发展现代林业的根本指导思想。从林业可持续发展的内涵入手，探讨了影响林业可持续发展的问题，并提出了对策，以期为我国林业发展提供参考。     

森林经营方案编制中的冲突与协调

阐述了在编制森林经营方案过程中遇到的冲突问题,通过分析冲突的起因和表现,指出我国森林经营方案编制中没有或较少有公众参与,各相关利益者之间缺少交流与沟通。通过对冲突中相关利益者的分析,提出了一套基于森林经营方案编制的公众参与程序,指出公众参与森林经营方案编制可协调冲突并能提高经营方案的质量和实践性。     

Stakeholder perceptions,management and impacts of forestry conflicts in southern Sweden

ABSTRACT

Forests are under increasing pressure with increasing risk of conflicts between stakeholder groups with different interests in sustainable forest management (SFM). This study investigated the different dimensions of conflict as perceived by private forest owners and other stakeholders, and the likely impact of these pressures on SFM in a southern Swedish context. Data were collected through a mixed methods approach using qualitative in-depth individual semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and a quantitative survey (n?=?6–161), with questions on present and past conflicts, actors, drivers, acting, management and solutions. Stakeholders felt that in the past the conflicts were more about technical dimensions of forestry practice, and today more about the political and cultural dimensions of forestry issues. The most frequently mentioned reason for forest conflict was forest protection, especially woodland key habitats. In all conflicts, forest owners emphasised the importance of knowledge, responsibility and emotions. Other stakeholders did too, but with emotions less emphasised. In managing conflict, meetings, adaptation and education were stressed by stakeholders. Dialogue arenas on different levels are needed for all stakeholders. Governing bodies also need to realise the implication different approaches and strategies have on forest owners management.     

瑞典北部地区林地使用权属冲突解决的磋商程序分析

瑞典北部林地为营林业和驯鹿业复合使用,2个行业的发展对对方都构成不利影响。文中描述了营林业和驯鹿业共同使用林地的情况以及存在的权属冲突表现形式与成因,分析了瑞典《森林法》规定的磋商程序及其操作与实施、双方对磋商程序的评价和磋商程序的改进方向,讨论了磋商程序在营林业和驯鹿业冲突缓解中的作用以及制度存在的失灵现象,并提出应进一步推动制度创新。     

关于改革当前森林采伐管理机制若干问题的思考

针对森林经营和采伐管理的现状,剖析目前森林采伐管理机制存在的主要矛盾和问题,提出改革森林采伐利用、森林经营培育和森林资源管理政策的建议。     

Real versus perceived conflicts between restoration of ponderosa pine forests and conservation of the Mexican spotted owl

Progress in implementing ecosystem approaches to conservation and restoration is slowed by legitimate concerns about the effects of such approaches on individual imperiled species. The perceived conflict between the restoration of fire-excluded forests and concomitant reduction of dense fuels and high-severity wildfire, versus the recovery of endangered species, has led to a policy ambiguity that has slowed on-the-ground action at a time when active management is urgently needed, both for ecosystem restoration and species conservation. The Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the southwestern U.S.A. is emblematic of this perceived conflict, with numerous appeals and lawsuits focused on the species and vast acres of forest managed with habitat quality for this species in mind. We use spatial analysis across large landscapes in Arizona to examine potential conflicts between the desire to reduce the likelihood of uncharacteristically severe wildfire and restore native fire regimes, and the concurrent desire and legal mandate to manage forests for the recovery of the owl. Our spatially explicit analysis indicates that real conflicts between these management objectives exist, but that locations where conflicts might inhibit active forest management represent less than 1/3 of the 811,000 ha study region. Furthermore, within the areas where conflicts might be expected, the majority of the forest could be managed in ways that would reduce fire hazard without eliminating owl habitat. Finally, management treatments that emphasize ecosystem restoration might improve the suitability of large areas of forest habitat in the southwest that is currently unsuitable for owls. These results demonstrate that even where policy conflicts exist, their magnitude has been overstated. Active restoration of dry forests from which fire has been excluded is compatible in many areas with conservation and recovery of the owl. Identifying and prioritizing areas to meet the dual goals of ecosystem restoration and imperiled species conservation require a broad spatial approach that is analytically feasible but currently underutilized. Working together, conservation biologists, restoration ecologists, and forest managers can employ landscape-level spatial analysis to identify appropriate areas for management attention, identify suitable management practices, and explore the predicted consequences of alternative management scenarios on forests, fire ecology, and the fate of sensitive species of conservation concern.     

林地变更调查工作常见问题与对策研究

林地年度变更调查是林业生态建设的基础性工作,已成为林地管理的年度常态化工作。结合林地变更工作的发展历程、工作内容,以及各地林地变更调查工作的实践经验,分析总结了工作中常见的问题,并相应提出了建立工作机制、创造软件环境、运用高清影像、加大队伍建设和梳理规划矛盾等对策。     

Conflicts as enhancers or barriers to the management of privately owned common land: A method to analyze the role of conflicts on a regional basis

Communal forests, or Montes Veciñais en Man Común (MVMC), are a specific form of communal land tenure and a singular legal category in Galicia, a region in Northwest Spain. MVMC extend over one third of the area of the region. Over the years, MVMC have undergone many changes in terms of ownership and resource management. Such changes have resulted in land tenure insecurity among current landowners, who live in rural areas. The new land uses–mainly related to energy sources–the demographic changes, the role of the Public Administration as a manager of MVMC, the presence of private companies with interests in forests, and the disagreement between forest communities or among commoners of the same community have brought about many conflicts that have gone beyond the limits of forests and have been reflected in public opinion. This paper aims to provide a deeper insight into the level and mode of management of MVMC by determining the level and cause of conflicts associated with this type of forest. To this end, local and regional newspaper articles about conflicts in forest communities were compiled from libraries. In order to find correlations between the different social, economic or environmental variables and the degree of conflict, statistical and spatial analyses were performed. Results reveal a stronger impact of environmental conflicts and conflicts between commoners and government organizations, and a very uneven spatial distribution of conflicts. In addition, this article discusses the interpretation of the higher or lower degree of conflict as a positive or negative contribution to the management of privately owned common land, thus contributing a new methodology to determine the causes and consequences of conflicts over common land management.     

芬兰的林纸结合之路

过去的100多年中,芬兰林业与纸业的关系经历了3个不同的发展阶段。在最初的自然发展阶段,由于砍伐树木忽视了对森林的保护,企业成长与森林立法成为关注的焦点。在国家扶持阶段,处理好企业发展、森林主利益以及生态环境保护之间的关系成为主要任务,这个过程中,政府及其林业部门起到了鼓励企业与林业共同发展以及协调企业与林主利益关系的重要作用。在国际化与全球化发展阶段,林纸关系的重心开始转向在全球范围内配置森林资源,其中,在国外实施林纸一体化成为企业关注的一个热点。     

土著竹种在柬埔寨暹粒省社区林业发展中的应用前景

柬埔寨拥有较丰富的竹类资源,且有较多的传统利用,但竹类资源在社区林业建设中没有得到足够重视。暹粒省面临着经济发展和森林资源匮乏突出矛盾,发展社区林业是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径。当地土著竹种在社区林业发展中具有多方面的优势,应成为发展社区林业的首选树种。