Microscopic observation of wood-based composites exposed to fungal deterioration

This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of various wood composite panels exposed to wood-deteriorating fungi. Five wood-attacking fungi (three mold fungi, one brown rot fungus, one white rot fungus) were inoculated into four types of commercial wood composite panels (plywood, oriented strand board, particleboard, and medium-density fiberboard). One solid wood sample was included as a control. The attacking patterns of the fungi in each panel was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The weight losses due to the exposure were compared. All wood composites were more or less susceptible to all fungi inoculated. The attacking mode of the fungi was highly dependent on the types of wood composite, which had inherently different shapes of voids owing to different shapes and characteristics of the raw furnish materials used. Plywood and medium-density fiberboard showed a large weight loss after an 8-week exposure to decay fungi. Plywood is the most susceptible to white and brown rot fungi. This study indicates that all wood composite panels should undergo careful consideration to prevent fungal deterioration when they are used for exterior and humid interior applications.     

家具结构板件中人造板性能差异探讨

依据家具结构中人造板常见应用形式,通过设计平面弯曲、侧向弯曲、板间剪切、平面剪切和集中载荷应力等5种应力模式实验,分析了胶合板、刨花板、中密度纤维板和定向刨花板等不同板材所产生的应力应变差别。结果表明,受力方式对这几种人造板的力学性能都有显著影响和差异,人造板侧面方向具有比平面方向更高的承受压力的能力,胶合板具有较高的承受侧向弯曲载荷和集中载荷的能力,中密度纤维板具有较高的承受平面弯曲载荷、板间剪切载荷和平面剪切载荷的能力,受力方式对几种板材蠕变特性的影响较大且差异较为显著。相关分析结果可供家具设计特征值参考。     

不同温湿度条件对人造板理化性能的影响

以强化木地板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板、浸渍胶膜纸饰面人造板等5类人造板为试材,研究标准、模拟夏季、模拟冬季等不同温湿度平衡处理条件对上述人造板内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率和表面结合强度值等理化性能检测指标结果的影响。结果表明,高温高湿平衡处理使人造板的力学强度增加,吸水厚度膨胀率降低;低温低湿平衡处理使人造板力学强度降低,吸水厚度膨胀率增加;不同平衡处理条件下强化木地板吸水厚度膨胀率差异较大;对饰面板表面结合强度的影响大于素板。     

Preservative properties of vapor-boron-treated wood and wood-based composites

The treatability of wood (sapwood ofCryptomeria japonica D. Don) and wood-based composites (particleboard, waferboard, medium-density fiberboard, plywood) with vapor-boron was good, and the treated materials proved to be resistant to decay fungi and subterranean termites in laboratory bioassays. No difference in effectiveness was noted between vapor-boron and liquid-boron treatment of wood. Toxic threshold values determined for solid wood were 0%–0.24%, 0.26%–0.51%, and 0.26%–0.51% BAE (boric acid equivalent), respectively, against the white-rot fungusTrametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat, the brown-rot fungusFomitopsis palustris (Berk. et Curt.), and the subterranean termiteCoptotermes formosanus Shiraki. A concentration of less than 1% BAE seemed sufficient to control biological attacks on composites, although the toxic limits could not be determined more accurately because of the tested range of boron retention. High boron retention was needed to meet the performance requirements for slow-burning materials when a fire-retardant agent was not incorporated into the glue line.     

Dynamic properties of three types of wood-based composites

This study used a vibration test method to show that grain angles of face veneer have substantial effects on sound velocities and dynamic Youngs moduli of three types of wood-based composites. The sound velocity at 0° grain angle of face veneer was the highest, and it decreased with increasing grain angle in the range of 0° to 90°. This tendency was similar to that for dynamic Youngs modulus. The relationship between the grain angle of face veneer and the sound velocity of three types of wood-based composites can be expressed in the form of Hankinsons equation or a second-order parabolic equation. This study also showed that the application of orthotropic elasticity theory was valid for the three types of wood-based composites. The relationship between the grain angle of the face veneer and the Youngs modulus of three types of wood-based composites can be expressed in the form of the Jenkin equation, Hankinsons equation, or a second-order parabolic equation. Rule of mixture can also be used to predict the Youngs modulus of wood-based composite from the Youngs moduli of the two elements.Part of this study was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, Japan, March 2003 and the 15th Annual Meeting of Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003     

聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料的制备与性能研究

为了制备一种适用于立体绿化的轻质整体栽培基质,基于一步法发泡合成聚氨酯泡沫工艺,采用绿色环保全水发泡方法,将聚氨酯泡沫与有机物质泥炭土复合形成一种聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料。以聚醚多元醇、聚丙二醇、异氰酸酯、硅油和具有一定含水率的泥炭土为原料进行混合发泡制备聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料,考察了泥炭土的用量、含水率,也探讨制备过程中搅拌时间对聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料回弹性能,表观形态,密度(体密度、视密度、湿密度),开孔率,吸水率的影响。结果表明:在泥炭土用量为60%、70%、80%时,聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料回弹性能保持相对稳定;当泥炭土用量为70%、搅拌时间为180 s、泥炭土含水率为80%是最佳配比,聚氨酯-泥炭土轻质发泡材料的主要性能较佳且优于其它绿化基质材料,体密度达到0.101 g·cm^-3、开孔率达66.87%、吸水率可达656%。借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行对比观察,泥炭土的加入未影响聚氨酯泡沫内部三维网状结构的形成,且改善了聚氨酯泡沫的孔隙结构并增强了其吸水性能,其内部结构均匀。     

木纤维PP/PE共混物复合材料的流变和力学性能(英文)

For evaluation of the rheological and mechanical properties of highly filled wood plastic composites （WPCs）, polypropylene/polyethylene （PP/PE） blends were grafted with maleic anhydride （MAH） to enhance the interfacial adhesion between wood fiber and matrix. WPCs were prepared from wood fiber up to 60 wt.% and modified PP/PE was blended by extrusion. The rheological properties were studied by using dynamic measurement. According to the strain sweep test, the linear viscoelastic region of composites in the melt was determined. The result showed that the storage modulus was independent of the strain at low strain region （〈0.1%）. The frequency sweep resuits indicated that all composites exhibited shear thinning behavior, and both the storage modulus and complex viscosity of MAH modified composites were decreased comparing to those unmodified. Flexural properties and impact strength of the prepared WPCs were measured according to the relevant standard specifications. The flexural and impact strength of the manufactured composites significantly increased and reached a maximum when MAH dosage was 1.0 wt%, whereas the flexural modulus after an initial decreased, also increased with MAH dosage. The increase in mechanical properties indicated that the presence of anhydride groups enhanced the interracial adhesion between wood fiber and PP/PE blends.     

Effect of chemical modification on the properties of wood/polypropylene composites

对以铝酸酯为偶联剂对木粉进行表面改性处理后制备的木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能和形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明:铝酸酯偶联剂可以增加木塑复合材料的抗冲击强度,但会对复合材料的抗拉强度和抗弯强度造成负面的影响。对木塑复合材料的动态力学性能和微分扫描热量分析研究表明,以铝酸酯作为偶联剂,对木塑复合材料的储存模量和损失模量有少许增加,同时可降低材料的熔点和熔解热。利用扫描电镜观察木塑复合材料的木材与塑料界面发现,经铝酸酯处理过的木材与聚丙烯复合界面之间具有更好的相容性。这些研究结果表明,在木塑复合材料制造过程中利用廉价的铝酸酯作为木材化学改性剂,对改善复合材料的性质同样起作良好的作用。图6 表2 参16。     

涂饰人造板中苯系物的提取和检测

为探索涂饰人造板中苯系物总量的检测方法,本文研究了超声提取、恒温震荡提取和索氏提取3种前处理方式,使用乙酸乙酯为提取试剂,利用气相色谱（配FID检测器）对提取效果进行确认,结果表明索氏提取法能够快速有效的提取涂饰人造板中苯系物。     

Preparation of liquefied wood-based resins and their application in molding material

To investigate value in use of liquefied wood-based resin applications in molding material, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） and poplar （Populus tomentosa） wood meal were liquefied in phenol. The reactant was co-condensed with formaldehyde to obtain liquefied wood-based resin. For this paper, we investigated the characterization of the resin and its application in molding material. The result shows that the basic properties of liquefied wood-based resin were satisfactory; the bonding strength of plywood prepared with liquefied Chinese fir and liquefied poplar resin can reach 1.54 and 1.00 MPa, respectively. The compression strengths of the molding material prepared with two kinds of liquefied wood resin were 73.01 and 73.58 MPa, almost the same as that of PF resin molding material. The limiting volume swelling of molding material made with liquefied Chinese resin and liquefied poplar resin were 8.5% and 8.3%, thickness swelling rates of water absorption were 3.3% and 4.2%, and the maximum weight ratios of water absorption were 25.9% and 26.2%, respectively. The soil burial test result shows that the weight loss rate of the molding materials made with liquefied Chinese resin and liquefied poplar resin were 8.3% and 9.1% and that of the PF resin molding material was 7.9%. After the soil internment test, the reduction ratio of compression strength of the two kinds of molding material achieved 16.9% and 17.7%, while that of the PF resin molding material was 15.4%. The test results of wood fungi inoculation on the three surfaces of the molding material indicate the breeding rate of molding material prepared with liquefied Chinese resin and liquefied poplar resin were at level 4 and that of PF resin molding material was at level 1 of the ISO standard.     

不同改性剂对木塑复合材料性能的影响研究

采用木材纤维分别与PE、PS、ABS、SAN四种塑料制成木塑复合材料，根据物理力学性能的检测，研究了不同改性剂对木塑复合材料性能的影响。结果表明：加入改性剂能改善木材纤维与所用塑料交接性能，改性剂可以提高复合材料的力学强度；不同的改性剂对复合材料的性能产生不同的影响，异氰酸酯胶改性效果比较好。木塑复合材料既保持了木质材料原来的优良品质，又具有塑料的一些特性，其防水性、尺寸稳定性、力学强度等指标均有较大改善。图5参6。     

Preservative treatment of wood-based composites with 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate using supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation

Five structural-use wood-based composites [medium density fiberboard (MDF), hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB)] were treated with 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) as a carrier solvent. Treatment was conducted at 35°C/7.85MPa (80kgf/cm²), 35°C/9.81MPa (100kgf/cm²), 35°C/11.77MPa (120kgf/cm²), 45°C/7.85MPa, 45°C/9.81MPa, 45°C/11.77MPa, 55°C/7.85MPa, 55°C/9.81MPa, and 55°C/11.77MPa. A decay test was carried out in the laboratory according to the modified Japanese standard method in which untreated and treated specimens were exposed for 12 weeks to a monoculture of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat or the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris (Berk. et Curt.) Gilbn. and Ryv. IPBC/SC-CO₂ treatment protected the treated materials from decay by the two fungi, although the relative efficiency against decay varied with the treatment conditions and the type of wood-based composite. Better performance for MDF, hardwood plywood, and particleboard was generally obtained at high temperatures and pressures, whereas softwood plywood and OSB were most protected at low temperatures under any of the pressure levels tested.Part of this work was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

Feasibility of supercritical carbon dioxide as a carrier solvent for preservative treatment of wood-based composites

 Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was tested for its potential as a carrier solvent for preservative treatment of solid wood and wood-based composites. A preliminary trial showed that the treatability of solid wood varied with its original permeability and that the SC-CO₂ treatment was not promising for refractory timber species such a Larix leptolepis Gordon. In contrast, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC)/SC-CO₂ treatment resulted in enhanced decay resistance without any detrimental physical or cosmetic damage in all structural-use wood-based composites tested: medium density fiberboard, hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard, and oriented strand board (OSB). Further trials under various treatment conditions [25°C/7.85 MPa (80 kgf/cm²), 35°C/7.85 MPa, 45°C/7.85 MPa, 35°C/11.77 MPa (120 kgf/cm²), and 45°C/11.77 MPa] indicated that although small changes in the weight and thickness of the treated materials were noted the strength properties were not adversely affected, except for a few cases of softwood plywood and oriented strand board. The results of this study clearly indicated that the treatment condition allowed SC-CO₂ to transport IPBC into wood-based composites, and the optimum treatment condition seemed to vary with the type of wood-based composite. Received: October 24, 2001 / Accepted: February 15, 2002 Part of this work was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001; and the 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Nara, May 2001 Correspondence to:M. Muin     

The effect of hyperbranched polymer lubricant as a compatibilizer on the structure and properties of lignin/polypropylene composites

Abstract

In this work, the lignin/polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by lignin and PP using hyperbranched polymer lubricant (HBPL) as a compatibilizer, which was synthesized by oleic acid and amino-terminated hyperbranch (HBP-NH₂) polymer in toluene solvent. The impact and flexural strength of the resulting composites were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the impact strength and flexural strength of lignin/PP composites modified with HBPL are 52.3% and 63.6% higher than that of untreated systems, respectively. HBPL treatment could also significantly improve the melt flow rate (MFR) of the lignin/PP composites. Meanwhile, the storage modulus (E′) of adding the HBPL was slightly higher than that of the uncompatibilized system. In addition, scanning electron microscope images showed that the dispersion of the lignin added with HBPL in the polymer matrix was improved. It can be inferred that the lignin and PP matrix interfacial bonding was strengthened.     

TG固化剂水泥石灰稳定土强度及微观结构和固化机理的分析

以TG固化剂、水泥、石灰3种固化材料为影响因素,它们的剂量为因素水平,7d无侧限抗压强度为考核指标,对稳定土进行正交试验设计,并对试验结果进行极差和方差分析。结果表明：TG固化剂、水泥、石灰均是7 d无侧限抗压强度的显著性因素,可靠度达95%。在保证强度并考虑经济的情况下,对稳定土的配比方案进行优化,最终确定最优方案为TG固化剂∶石灰∶水泥为0.02%∶4%∶4%。同时,对最优配比下的稳定土进行微观结构的观察和固化剂机理的分析得出,当3种固化材料同时加入时,固化效果较好,能形成致密、稳定和高强的胶凝结构,而只加入水泥和石灰时,虽然能够形成团状骨架大颗粒,有一定强度和稳定性,但结构不够致密,不能形成胶凝状结构。     

Review on Preservative Treatment and Decay Resistance of Wood-based Composites

INTRODUCTIONWood-based composites are widely used as woodindustry is developing rapidly. It is quite necessary toimprove the decay resistance of wood-basedcomposites with preservatives or protect them in othermethods to meet the durability requirements. Therefore,many investigations are conducted in this field. Thispaper summarizes the previous and presentinvestigations on the methods of preservative treatmentand the decay resistance of different categories oftreated wood-based composites…     

酯化处理对竹材结构及热性能的影响

界面融合是影响木塑复合材料发展的关键问题之一.对木质材料表面进行改性处理,使其生成疏水的非极性化学官能团并具有热流动性,有利于改善木质材料与塑料体间的界面黏合性.分别采用乙酰化、碱预处理乙酰化及月桂酰氯酯化3种方式对竹材进行酯化改性,研究了各处理工艺对竹材化学结构和热性能的影响.结果表明:各酯化处理方法均能改变竹材内部分子结构,月桂酰氯酯化处理塑化效果最明显,50℃左右便可熔融,不添加任何胶黏剂110℃条件下热压可自成型.     

我国结构用木质复合材现状与应用前景

论述了我国目前建筑用木结构的发展现状以及存在的问题,分析了工程木质材料建筑在我国的发展趋势,提出了应对措施和制定政策的建议.     

可生物降解竹粉/聚己内醋复合材料的制备及其性能

利用转矩流变仪制备竹粉/聚已内酯复合材料,观察配方和加工工艺对加工流变性能的影响,并研究所制备的竹粉/聚已内酯的力学性能和微观形貌.结果表明,竹粉/聚己内酯复合材料的最佳配方为:聚己内酯70份、竹粉30份、铝酸酯1.6%(相对于竹粉的质量比)、硬脂酸1.2%和石蜡2%.最佳加工条件为:温度100"(2,转速50 r·min-1.竹粉含量为30份和聚己内酯70份的竹粉/聚己内酯复合材料界面相容性好,力学性能较佳.