Localisation and expression of TRPV6 in all intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens

1. The aim of this study was to investigate the localisation and expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 6) in different intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens during peak lay. 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of the intestine indicated that TRPV6 was localised to the brush-border membranes of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum. Expression was weaker in the rectum, and little or no expression was found in crypt and goblet cells. In addition, TRPV6 mRNA was quantified amongst different intestinal segments, and expression was highest in the duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that the duodenum expressed the greatest amount of TRPV6 and the rectum the least with the other segments expressing intermediate levels. 3. In the kidney, distinct immunopositive staining for TRPV6 was detected at the apical domain of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and medullary connecting tubules (CNT). Interestingly, distribution of TRPV6 extended to the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Furthermore, the kidney expressed lower TRPV6 mRNA and protein levels compared with that in the duodenum. 4. In conclusion, the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 is strongly expressed in the apical cells of the entire intestine and the renal tubules, suggesting that active Ca2+ transcellular transport plays a crucial role in dietary calcium (re)absorption in laying hens.     

饲粮阴阳离子差水平对小鼠血钙浓度及胃肠道组织钙结合蛋白-D9k mRNA相对表达水平的影响

本试验在前期建立了动物胃肠道钙代谢相关基因表达水平检测体系与表达谱分析的基础上,旨在进一步确定饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)水平对动物血钙浓度和胃肠道组织钙结合蛋白-D9k(Ca BP-D9k)mRNA相对表达水平的影响,为揭示低DCAD水平防治动物低血钙症的作用机制提供依据。将120只昆明小鼠随机分为3组,每组40只,自配种前3 d起分别饲喂DCAD水平为+300(高DCAD水平组,HD组)、+150(对照组,CON组)、-50(低DCAD水平组,LD组)的饲粮。检测母鼠产前20 d(-20 d)、产前5 d(-5 d)、产后当天(0 d)、产后3 d(+3 d)血钙浓度和胃肠道组织Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平。结果表明,与HD组相比,LD组显著提高了围产期内0 d、+3 d小鼠血钙浓度(P0.05),显著上调了小肠肠段(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)与结肠Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平(P0.05),这一效应在-5 d、0 d表现最为显著(P0.05),并在+3 d提高了小鼠空肠与结肠的Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平(P0.05)。统计结果显示,十二指肠、空肠与结肠3个位点的Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平与DCAD水平、血钙浓度具有显著的关联性(P0.05)。由此可见,降低DCAD水平可上调动物小肠及结肠肠段Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平,同时伴随更高的血钙浓度。这可能是低DCAD水平有效维持动物围产期血钙稳恒,降低低血钙发生率的重要途径。     

不同日龄乳鸽肠道CaBP-D28k基因表达的变化规律研究

为了解乳鸽肠道钙吸收规律,以满足乳鸽生产中钙的营养需要,试验将48对健康种鸽随机分为8个重复,每个重复6对,产蛋后由种鸽自然孵化和哺育乳鸽,在乳鸽7、14、21、28日龄时称量体重,平均体重分别为(120.27±31.37)g、(264.35±88.77)g、(399.22±75.04)g和(454.16±38.39)g,分别从每个重复选取1只体重适中的乳鸽,取其嗉囊内容物(鸽乳),并对其十二指肠和空肠肠段进行采样,测定鸽乳钙含量和肠道CaBP-D28k的相对表达量。结果表明:7日龄鸽乳钙含量显著低于21、28日龄鸽乳钙含量(P<0.01);7日龄时十二指肠和空肠中CaBP-D28k的表达量显著高于14、21、28日龄的表达量(P<0.01);且CaBP-D28k在7～28日龄乳鸽十二指肠的表达量显著高于在空肠的表达量(P<0.05)。由此可见:鸽乳的钙含量随着乳鸽日龄的增大而增加,乳鸽肠道CaBP-D28k基因表达量随着日龄增大而减少,十二指肠是鸽进行钙载体吸收的主要部位。     

黄秋葵叶粉对海兰褐蛋鸡盲肠微生物及肠道组织结构的影响

 试验旨在研究饲料中添加黄秋葵叶粉对海兰褐壳蛋鸡肠道微生物及肠道组织结构的影响。选取处于同一生产水平的海兰褐壳蛋鸡450只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只,试验组黄秋葵叶粉添加量分别为3%(T₃)、4%(T₄)、5%(T₅)、6%(T₆),对照组为不添加黄秋葵叶粉组(0%,T₀)。试验预试期1 W,正试期12 W。结果表明日粮中添加黄秋葵叶粉可在一定程度上降低大肠杆菌的数量,促进盲肠中双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的增殖,其中以4%添加量效果最好。在42  d和84 d时屠宰,试验组鸡回肠、空肠和十二指肠的肠壁厚度较对照组均有提高,其中84 d时各试验组空肠肠壁厚度极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);试验组回肠、空肠和十二指肠的绒毛高度(VH)及绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)均显著高于对照组;42 d时,试验组T₃、T₄回肠和各试验组空肠隐窝深度较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05),试验组十二指肠隐窝深度较对照组均有所下降,差异不显著;84 d时,各试验组回肠及T₃、T₄组空肠和十二指肠隐窝深度较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05)。这表明,日粮中添加适量黄秋葵叶粉在一定程度上具有改善蛋鸡肠道微生物菌群和肠道组织结构的作用,其中以4%的添加量效果最好。     

Influence of deoxynivalenol on the D-glucose transport across the isolated epithelium of different intestinal segments of laying hens

Deoxynivalenol (DON) decreases glucose absorption in the proximal jejunum of laying hens in vitro and this effect is apparently mediated by the inhibition of the sodium D-glucose co-transporter. DON could modulate the sugar transport of other intestinal regions of chickens. For this purpose, we have measured the effects of DON on the Na(+) D-glucose co-transporter, by addition of DON after and before a glucose addition in the isolated epithelium from chicken duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon by using the Ussing chamber technique in the voltage clamp technique. The data showed in all segments of the gut that the addition of D-glucose on the mucosal side produced an increase in the current (Isc) compared with the basal values, the Isc after glucose addition to the small intestine was greater than the Isc of the large intestine compared with the basal values, specially of the jejunum (p < 0.002), indicating that the jejunum is the segment that is the best prepared for Na(+)-D-glucose co-transport. Further addition of 10 microg DON/ml to the mucosal solution decreased the Isc in all segments and the Isc returned to the basal value, especially in the duodenum and mid jejunum (p < 0.05). In contrast, the addition of 5 mmol D-glucose/l on the mucosal side after incubation of the tissues with DON in all segments had no effect on the Isc (p > 0.05), suggesting that DON previously inhibited the Na(+)D-glucose co-transport. The blocking effects of DON in duodenum and jejunum were greater than the other regions of the gut. It can be concluded that the small intestine of laying hens has the most relevant role in the carrier mediated glucose transport and the large intestine, having non-significant capacity to transport sugars, appears to offer a minor contribution to glucose transport because the surface area is small. The effect of D-glucose on the Isc was reversed by DON in all segments, especially in the duodenum and jejunum, suggesting that DON entirely inhibited Na(+)-D-glucose co-transport. This finding indicates that the inhibition of Na(+) co-transport system in all segments could be an important mode of action for DON toxicity of hens.     

断奶日龄对肉兔肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究断奶日龄对肉兔肠道发育的影响。试验选择初生肉兔120窝,随机分成4组,每组30窝,分别在出生后21、25、28和35日龄断奶,试验期56 d。结果表明:1)断奶日龄对肉兔28和35日龄胃、小肠和盲肠重有显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),随着断奶日龄延后呈增加趋势,断奶日龄对49和56日龄各消化器官重和各日龄小肠长度无显著影响(P0.05);2)断奶日龄对十二指肠(28、35和49日龄)、空肠(28、35、42和49日龄)和回肠绒毛高度(28、35、42和49日龄)有显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),随着断奶日龄延后呈先增加后降低趋势,而对56日龄各肠段绒毛高度无显著影响(P0.05),肉兔断奶后绒毛高度需要2~3周才能恢复,21日龄断奶组恢复最慢,35日龄断奶组恢复最快;3)断奶日龄对十二指肠(28和35日龄)、空肠(28、35和42日龄)和回肠隐窝深度(35日龄)有显著影响(P0.05),随着断奶日龄延后呈降低趋势,而对49和56日龄各肠段隐窝深度无显著影响(P0.05);4)断奶日龄对28和35日龄十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度有极显著影响(P0.01),随着断奶日龄延后呈增加趋势,而对56日龄各肠段空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,断奶日龄对肉兔肠道49日龄前发育影响较大,对49日龄后影响变小;早期断奶降低了小肠黏膜绒毛高度,增加了隐窝深度;随断奶日龄延后,断奶造成的肉兔小肠黏膜受损程度减轻,断奶后一般需要2~3周才能恢复小肠黏膜结构。     

Effects of Cecropin and Synbiotics on the Intestinal Mucosal Morphology and Intestinal Mucosal Immune Cells of AA Broilers

In order to investigate the effects of cecropin and synbiotics on the intestinal mucosal morphology and intestinal mucosal immune cells of AA broilers. 480 of 1-day-old healthy AA broilers were chosen and randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 30 broilers per replicate. The broilers in group Ⅰ(control group) were fed basal diet,while that in groups Ⅱ to Ⅳ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% cecropin,0.3% synbiotics,0.5% cecropin+0.3% synbiotics,respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days. The result showed that compared with group Ⅰ,the villus height of duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The crypt depth of jejunum and ileum in group Ⅱ,and that of small intestine in group Ⅲ were significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P<0.05;P<0.01).The villus height/crypt depth of small intestine in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ,and that of duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).The villus width of jejunum in group Ⅱ was significantly decreased (P<0.05),while the villus width of duodenum and jejunum in group Ⅲ,that of jejunum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).The mucous thickness of jejunum in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly increased (P<0.05),while that of small intestine in group Ⅳ was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The number of the intraepithelial lymphocyte of ileum in group Ⅱ was significantly increased (P<0.05),and that of duodenum in group Ⅲ and small intestine in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The number of the goblet cell of duodenum in group Ⅲ,duodenum and ileum in group Ⅳ were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The mast cell of jejunum in group Ⅳ was significantly increased (P<0.05).In conclusion,both the cecropin and synbiotics could improve the small intestine mucosal structure and promote the small intestine mucosal immunocompetent cells proliferation in AA broiler, and the effect of combined utilization would be better.     

Blood flow measurement to the duodenum,jejunum, ileum and caecum of conscious goats

Blood flow rates in ml/100 g tissue/minute to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum of conscious goats have been measured using radioactive microspheres (15±5 m diameter). The blood flow rates to these various sections of the intestine were significantly higher (P<0·001) under normal conditions than during epinephrine or norepinephrine infusions. Blood flow to the jejunum was also higher than that to the duodenum, ileum or caecum under normal conditions. The differences were found to be significant for duodenum and ileum (P<0·001), while non-significant for caecum (P>0·10).     

天蚕素和合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态和小肠免疫细胞的影响

为研究日粮中添加天蚕素、合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态及免疫细胞的影响,试验选用480只1日龄健康AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组（Ⅰ组）饲喂基础日粮,试验组（Ⅱ~Ⅳ组）分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%天蚕素、0.3%合生素、0.5%天蚕素+0.3%合生素。试验期42 d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠和回肠、Ⅲ组小肠各段隐窝深度显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组小肠各段和Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著或极显著升高（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠绒毛宽度显著降低（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠和空肠、Ⅳ组空肠和回肠绒毛宽度均极显著降低（P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠黏膜厚度显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅳ组小肠各段黏膜厚度均极显著升高（P<0.01）。Ⅱ组回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组十二指肠和回肠杯状细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅳ组空肠肥大细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,天蚕素、合生素单独或联合添加均能改善AA肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,促进小肠黏膜免疫细胞增殖,联合添加效果最佳。     

Leukocyte numbers and intestinal mucosal morphometrics in horses with no clinical intestinal disease

Healthy horses and other animals have large numbers of resident leukocytes in the intestinal wall, but there is scant information regarding which and how many leukocytes are normally present in the equine intestinal wall. Our aim was to provide a reference range of leukocytes in the intestinal mucosal and submucosal propria of normal horses. We included in our study intestinal tissues from 22 Thoroughbred racehorses with no clinical intestinal disease, which had been euthanized because of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and plasma cells were counted in 5 random 17,600-µm² areas of villus lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and deep lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon. Other features investigated in the same intestinal segments included villus height and width (small intestine), presence of ciliated protozoa, Paneth cells number, subcryptal leukocyte layers (number of leukocyte layers between the bottom of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae), and submucosal leukocytes. Lymphocytes were the most numerous cells in all segments analyzed, followed by plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher in both lamina propria and submucosa of the large intestine than in the small intestine. The duodenum had shorter and thinner villi than either jejunum or ileum. The data provided from our study will be useful for diagnosticians examining inflammatory processes in the intestinal tract of horses.     

葛根素对饲喂氧化大豆油肉鸡小肠黏膜屏障功能及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究葛根素对饲喂氧化大豆油饲粮黄羽肉鸡小肠黏膜形态结构、紧密连接蛋白基因表达及抗氧化能力的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,因子包括油脂质量（新鲜大豆油和氧化大豆油）和葛根素添加水平（0、750 mg·kg^-1）。选取健康1日龄雌性黄羽肉鸡360只,随机分成4个处理组,分别为新鲜大豆油饲粮组、新鲜大豆油+葛根素（750 mg·kg^-1）饲粮组、氧化大豆油饲粮组和氧化大豆油+葛根素（750 mg·kg^-1）饲粮组,每组6个重复,每个重复15羽。在28和56日龄时,每个重复随机选取1只鸡,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠检测小肠形态结构和测定小肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因表达及抗氧化指标。结果表明：1）饲喂氧化大豆油显著降低28日龄肉鸡十二指肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度（V/C）、回肠V/C和claudin-1 mRNA表达量以及56日龄肉鸡3个肠段的绒毛高度及V/C （P<0.05）,显著升高56日龄3个肠段的隐窝深度（P<0.05）。饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高28日龄肉鸡空肠绒毛高度和V/C、回肠闭合小环蛋白1（ZO-1） mRNA表达量和56日龄肉鸡十二指肠V/C、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度及V/C （P<0.05）,显著降低3个肠段的隐窝深度（P<0.05）。2）饲喂氧化大豆油显著升高28日龄十二指肠还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和空肠还原型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性（P<0.05）,并显著降低28日龄回肠GSH含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P<0.05）。饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高28日龄肉鸡十二指肠GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）。饲喂氧化大豆油显著降低56日龄回肠SOD活性和T-AOC （P<0.05）,饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高56日龄肉鸡十二指肠SOD和回肠SOD、GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）,显著降低56日龄肉鸡空肠GSH含量、SOD活性、T-AOC和回肠T-AOC （P<0.05）。综上所述,饲喂氧化大豆油破坏肠道黏膜形态结构、降低紧密连接蛋白基因的表达量和抗氧化能力,添加葛根素可提高肉鸡小肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因的表达量,改善氧化损伤条件下肠道黏膜形态结构,提高抗氧化酶的活性而提高其抗氧化能力。     

能量限制对三黄鸡补偿生长及肠道结构的影响

本试验旨在研究能量限制对三黄鸡补偿生长及肠道结构的影响,选用72只15日龄三黄母鸡,随机分为3个组:自由采食组(对照组)、15%能量限制组(试验1组)和30%能量限制组(试验2组),限饲15 d(30日龄)、补偿生长14 d(44日龄)和35 d(65日龄)后分别屠宰,取其十二指肠、空肠、回肠,测量其肠壁厚度、绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果表明:1)限饲降低三黄鸡平均日增重(P0.05),但料重比与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。补偿生长后,试验组与对照组组间的末重、平均日增重、料重比均差异不显著(P0.05)。2)限饲增加了十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度及回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。补偿生长后,十二指肠肠壁厚度变薄(P0.05),空肠和回肠绒毛高度增加(P0.05)。本试验表明,能量限制显著降低三黄鸡限饲期生长性能,补偿生长35 d后表现出完全补偿生长效应;能量限制在一定程度上改善了三黄鸡的小肠肠道形态结构,增加了十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度。     

Effects of Recombinant E. coli Expressing Heat-stable Enterotoxin on Intestinal Morphology and Antioxidant Capacity in Seven Days old Piglets

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of recombinant E.coli expressing heat-stable enterotoxin(STa) on intestinal absorption and barrier function, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity of 7 days old piglets. Twenty-four 7 days old piglets were allotted to four treatments:control group (artificial milk), STa group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli LMG194-pBAD-STa), LMG194 group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli LMG194), and K88 group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli K88).The pigs were treated with E.coli on the 5th day and slaughtered on the 7th day. The results showed that, compared with the control group, villus height in jejunum, ileum and duodenum, crypt depth and villus height/crypt depth in duodenum, and small intestine villi surface area were significantly decreased in STa group (P<0.05). The activities of catalase (CAT) in ileum and colon, total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) in serum, ileum, jejunum and colon, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in colon were significantly decreased in STa group (P<0.05). STa group also had a higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in serum (P<0.05). These results suggested that recombinant E.coli expressing STa could lead to intestinal injury and oxidative stress of 7 days old piglets.     

表达耐热肠毒素的重组大肠杆菌对7日龄仔猪肠道形态结构及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究表达耐热肠毒素（STa）的重组大肠杆菌对7日龄仔猪肠道形态结构及抗氧化功能的影响。选取24头7日龄仔猪,随机分在4个日粮处理组,分别为对照组（人工乳）,STa组（人工乳+2×10⁹ CFU重组菌LMG194-pBAD-STa）,LMG194组（人工乳+2×10⁹ CFU大肠杆菌LMG194）,K88组（人工乳+2×10⁹ CFU大肠杆菌K88）。试验第5天进行攻毒,第7天屠宰取样,测量小肠黏膜的绒毛高度和隐窝深度,检测空肠、回肠、结肠及血清中的过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总一氧化氮合成酶（TNOS）与诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的活力及血清中丙二醛（MDA）与过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,STa组仔猪各肠段绒毛高度均显著降低（P<0.05）,十二指肠隐窝深度及绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值显著降低（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛表面积显著降低（P<0.05）;同时,STa组回肠、结肠CAT活力显著降低,血清、空肠、回肠和结肠中的TNOS活力显著降低（P<0.05）,STa组结肠iNOS活力显著降低（P<0.05）,STa组血清中的MDA与H₂O₂含量显著提高（P<0.05）。结果显示,表达STa的重组大肠杆菌可导致7日龄仔猪肠道结构损伤和抗氧化能力下降。     

Gross Anatomy of the Intestine in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

We describe the macroscopic anatomy of the intestine of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). The small intestine was divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum as usual. The caecum was attached to the ileum by a long ileocaecal fold, and to the proximal ansa of the ascending colon by a caecocolic fold. The ascending colon was the most developed portion of the gross intestine and had the most complex arrangement with three ansae: the proximal ansa, the spiral ansa and the distal ansa. The proximal ansa completely encircled the caecum, describing a 360° gyrus, and represented the widest portion of the intestine. The spiral ansa was formed by three and a half centripetal gyri, a central flexure and three centrifugal gyri. The last centrifugal gyrus left the spiral and described nine flexures of different form and direction over the left side of the mesentery. The two portions that formed each of these flexures ran parallel to each other. The last part of this gyrus ran parallel to the jejunum. When compared with domestic cattle, giraffe had a comparatively short small intestine and a comparatively long large intestine, with a resulting small ratio of small:large intestine. Reasons are presented why this should be considered a peculiarity of cattle‐like ruminants rather than a different representative of a browser–grazer dichotomy in general.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine, large intestine and greater omentum in 30 Saanen goats

The small and large intestine of 30 healthy Saanen goats were examined ultrasonographically using a 5.0 MHz-linear transducer. The goats were examined on the right side, from the eighth rib to the caudal aspect of the flank. The small and large intestine could be easily differentiated. The descending duodenum could be imaged in 19 goats, and the jejunum and ileum seen in all goats. The jejunum and ileum were most often seen in cross-section and rarely in longitudinal section in the ventral region of the right flank. The intestinal contents were usually homogenously echoic, and active motility was observed in all the goats. The diameter of the small intestine was 0.8–2.7 cm (1.6 [0.33] cm). The spiral ansa of the colon was imaged in all the goats, and in 21 the caecum was also seen. Both these sections of large intestine were most commonly seen in the dorsal region of the right flank. The spiral ansa of the colon was easily identified by its spiral arrangement of centripetal and centrifugal gyri, which had a garland-like appearance. Because of intraluminal gas, only the wall of the colon closest to the transducer could be imaged. The diameter of the spiral colon ranged from 0.8 to 2.0 cm (1.1 [0.24] cm). Usually only the wall of the caecum closest to the transducer could be imaged and it appeared as a thick, echoic, slightly undulating line. The greater omentum could be seen in all the goats.     

谷氨酰胺对断奶肉兔肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究谷氨酰胺对肉兔肠道发育的影响。试验选择28日龄断奶新西兰白兔360只,随机分成4个组,每个组9个重复,每个重复10只(公母各占1/2)。4组试验兔分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加0(对照)、0.4%、0.8%和1.2%谷氨酰胺的试验饲粮,试验期为4周。结果表明:饲粮添加谷氨酰胺对肉兔35、42和56日龄时的胃重、盲肠重和小肠长度以及56日龄时的小肠重无显著影响(P0.05),但饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的小肠重(P0.05);饲粮添加0.8%和1.2%谷氨酰胺可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度(P0.05),同时饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺还可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的回肠绒毛高度以及56日龄时的十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度(P0.05);饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺可以显著降低肉兔35和42日龄时的十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度以及35日龄时的回肠隐窝深度(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加谷氨酰胺可以促进肉兔断奶后1~2周的肠道发育,本试验条件下,肉兔饲粮中谷氨酰胺适宜添加水平为0.8%。     

膨化与加酶玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠黏膜形态的影响

通过2个饲养试验，研究了膨化及加酶处理玉米对断奶仔猪的生长性能和肠黏膜形态的影响。试验一分别用普通玉米、膨化玉米、普通玉米加酶及膨化玉米加酶为主要能量原料的饲料饲喂仔猪做4种处理，每个处理6个重复，定时记录体质量和耗料量．计算日增重、日采食量和料肉比。结果表明，膨化和加酶玉米均可提高日增重，降低料肉比。试验二分别用普通玉米、膨化玉米、普通玉米加酶及膨化玉米加酶为主要能量原料的饲料饲喂仔猪做4种处理，每个处理6个重复，分别在断奶后第14天和第28天各屠宰1头公猪。取十二指肠、空肠前、中、后段以及回肠做组织切片，观察其黏膜厚度、绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛宽度。结果表明，断奶后14d，与普通玉米组相比，膨化玉米组和加酶玉米组都显著提高了十二指肠的绒毛高度，二者共同处理组使十二指肠的绒毛高度极显著提高；2种处理组都显著降低了空肠中段的隐窝深度；显著增加了十二指肠、空肠前段、后段和回肠的黏膜厚度。断奶后28d，2种处理组都显著增加了十二指肠的黏膜厚度。     

Morphology of the small intestine of weaned piglets and a novel method for morphometric evaluation

The intestinal morphology of 7-week-old pigs was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The piglets were fed either a semisynthetic or a cereal-based diet. The shapes of the intestinal villi and crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. The villi were predominantly tongue-shaped. In the duodenum they were also ridged, branched and folded, and in the jejunum they were also leaf-like and ridged. At places with lymph follicles, the surface of the ileum was rugged with meandering fold-like villi. The crypts of the three segments of the small intestine were mainly coiled and sometimes branched. A novel morphometric evaluation method was introduced using the enlargement factors of each villus and crypt surface. The enlargement factor for the villus surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 3.13, 3.72 and 2.71, respectively. The factor for the crypt surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 9.07, 8.94 and 6.53, respectively. Furthermore, the relative proliferation rate and the epithelial renewal index were calculated for the first time. The relative proliferation rate of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 32.88, 34.78 and 50.77 proliferations per mm crypt perimeter, respectively. The diets consumed had an influence on the epithelial renewal index being higher for piglets fed the cereal-based diets.