断奶仔猪用绿色添加剂预混料的研究

将 2 4头三元杂交 (杜×长×大 )断奶仔猪随机分成 2个处理组即试验组 (绿色添加剂预混料组 )和对照组 (所用添加剂预混料为市场常见的知名品牌 ) ,每个处理组设 3个重复 ,每个重复 4头(公母各半 ) ,试验期 2 0d。用以测定该种绿色添加剂预混料的饲用效果。试验结果表明 ,试验组仔猪的平均日增重和饲料利用率分别比对照提高 9 3% (P <0 0 5 )和 5 5 % (P <0 0 1) ,经济效益提高14 2 %。说明该种绿色添加剂预混料对仔猪的生产性能具有良好的促进作用。     

无抗断奶料的开发及对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻率的影响

本试验从酸化剂、酶制剂、微生态制剂、植物提取物、中草药添加剂等几种添加剂的组合使用替代抗生素,配制断奶仔猪无抗配方日粮,考察两种不同成本的配方产品对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻率的影响。试验选用120头(21±2)日龄断奶"杜×长×大"仔猪,平均体重为(6.25±0.30)kg,随机分为3个处理组,每个处理组4个重复(公母各半),每个重复10头猪,每个重复为1圈。对照组为基础配方,处理1组和处理2组用不同成本核心料替换对照组核心料。结果发现,处理组1仔猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于(P0.05)对照组和处理组2,但腹泻率和腹泻指数也显著高于(P0.05)对照组;处理组2仔猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量也高于对照组,差异不显著(P0.05),其腹泻率与对照组也没有显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,处理组1的断奶料配方促生长作用更明显,而处理组2的断奶料配方抗腹泻效果更好。     

法夫酵母对肥育猪生长性能和肌肉胆固醇含量的影响

[目的]通过开展肥育猪的饲养试验及屠宰试验,探讨预混料中添加法夫酵母对肥育猪生产性能及肌肉胆固醇含量的影响,为开发绿色无公害饲料添加剂提供实践依据。[方法]将72头肥育猪随机分为3组,即空白对照组、阳性对照组、试验组,基础日粮中分别添加4%预混料、4%预混料+VE、4%预混料+法夫酵母,饲喂期26 d。试验结束时,计算并比较各组肥育猪的日增重、平均日采食量和料肉比,屠宰后测定并比较各组肥育猪肌肉中的胆固醇含量。[结果]试验组日增重比空白对照组提高13.75%(P0.05),比阳性对照组提高8.77%(P0.05);空白对照组的平均日采食量最低,阳性对照组和试验组平均日采食量分别比空白对照组提高3.65%和2.63%,3组之间均无显著性差异(P0.05);试验组料肉比为3.08,分别比空白对照组和阳性对照组下降了9.94%和8.88%(P0.05);试验组肌肉胆固醇含量比空白对照组和阳性对照组分别下降7.27%和6.42%,3组之间差异均不显著(P0.05)。[结论]在肥育猪预混料中添加法夫酵母能够显著提高其生长性能,明显降低其肌肉中的胆固醇含量。     

苦玄参提取物对仔猪生长性能的影响研究

[目的]试验旨在探讨苦玄参提取物对仔猪生长性能的影响,为其在动物生产中更好地应用提供参考依据。[方法]选取体重相近的28~35日龄杜×长×大三元杂交的健康断奶仔猪250头,随机分为5组(A、B、C、D、E组),每组设5个重复,每个重复10头。其中,A、B、C组依次为苦玄参提取物高、中、低3个剂量试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加3.500、1.750和0.875g/kg苦玄参提取物;D组在基础日粮中添加对照药物七补散4.0g/kg;E组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮,预饲期7d,正试期30d。于试验正式开始的第0天、第15天和第30天7:00分别对各组的每一头试验猪进行空腹称重,并每天记录每个组试验猪的采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。[结果]添加苦玄参提取物后,A、B、C组仔猪的体重、ADG及ADFI,与E组相比显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)增加,而料重比降低;其中苦玄参提取物中剂量组仔猪的体重、平均日增重及平均日采食量提升最明显,料重比也极显著低于D组与E组(P<0.01)。[结论]苦玄参提取物对仔猪生长具有一定的促进作用,以1.750g/kg的添加剂量添加在饲料中效果最佳。     

天然抗霉菌毒素添加剂对民猪生产性能的影响

为了研究天然抗霉菌毒素饲料添加剂对民猪生长育肥猪生产性能的影响,试验选择90日龄民猪生长育肥猪40头,随机分为4组,每组10头,分别在基础日粮中添加0、2%、3%、4%天然抗霉菌毒素饲料添加剂,测定其采食量和始末体重,分析其饲料转化率和平均日增重。结果表明:各组平均日采食量、平均日增重均差异不显著(P0.05),其中2组、3组、4组各项数据均优于1组,平均日采食量4组为1 506 g,优于其他各组;平均日增重4组为483 g,优于其他各组;料重比3组为3.11,优于其他各组。说明添加天然抗霉菌毒素饲料添加剂能够有效控制日粮中霉菌毒素,提高民猪生长育肥猪生产性能。     

饲喂方式和饲养温度对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验采用2×2因子设计研究不同的畜舍饲养环境温度和饲喂方式对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响。选用21日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪240头,随机分配到4个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10头猪。畜舍饲养温度处理的2个水平分别为28~30℃高温组和23~25℃低温组;饲喂方式处理的2个水平分别为自由采食组和定时饲喂组。结果表明:高温组(28~30℃)仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料增重比都极显著高于低温组(23~25℃)(P<0.01)。高温组的腹泻率显著低于低温组(P<0.05)。无论在高温还是低温饲养条件下,定时饲喂组与自由采食组相比仔猪的ADG、ADFI、FCR和腹泻率都无显著差异;饲养温度和饲喂方式之间无互作效应。     

植物提取物对肉鸭生长性能和血清抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在探讨植物提取物饲料添加剂康华安对樱桃谷肉鸭生产性能和血清抗氧化指标的影响。选取同一来源经育雏至14日龄的樱桃谷肉鸭320羽,随机分成2个处理组,每个处理组4个重复,每个重复40羽(公母各半),重复之间初始体重接近(P>0.05)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加150mg/kg康华安,试验期27d。研究康华安对樱桃谷肉鸭日增重、平均日采食量、料重比和血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组比较,试验组的日增重显著提高(P<0.05),平均日采食量虽有所升高但差异不显著(P>0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05),成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组可显著提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加150mg/kg植物提取物饲料添加剂康华安能提高樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能和血清抗氧化功能。     

复合添加剂对育肥猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

选用36头平均体重为(63.73±2.01)kg的"杜长大"肥育猪,按完全随机分组设计分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复3头,各组猪分别饲喂含0、200、300、400mg/kg复合添加剂的试验饲粮,研究不同水平的复合添加剂对肥育猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:肥育阶段平均日增重,400mg/kg组显著高于对照组(P<0.01),料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05);各组采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,400mg/kg组的脂肪率和背膘厚降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),而瘦肉率提高,眼肌面积增大(P<0.01)。     

黄芩苷对育肥猪生长性能、免疫机能及抗氧化能力的影响

文章旨在研究基础日粮添加不同水平黄芩苷对育肥猪生长性能、免疫机能及抗氧化能力的影响。试验将健康状况良好、品种相同、日龄和初始体重相近的100头育肥猪随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复5头。4组育肥猪分别饲喂基础日粮+0、200、400、600?mg/kg黄芩苷的日粮,试验为期45?d。整个试验期间,育肥猪自由饮水、自由采食,且按照规模化养殖要求进行分栏饲养。结果 ：（1）200?mg/kg黄芩苷组育肥猪结测体重（EW）、平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）均显著高于0、600?mg/kg黄芩苷组（P <0.05）,200?mg/kg黄芩苷组育肥猪料重比（F/G）显著低于0?mg/kg黄芩苷组（P <0.05）。（2）600?mg/kg黄芩苷组血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著高于0?mg/kg黄芩苷组（P <0.05）,400、600?mg/kg黄芩苷组血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著高于0?mg/kg黄芩苷组（P<0.05）。（3）600?mg/kg黄芩苷组血清中总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）活性显著高于0?mg/kg...     

果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能及屠体性状的影响

试验选用 1日龄商品艾维茵肉仔鸡 4 32只。完全随机分为 2 4圈 ,每圈 18只 ,地面平养 5 4天。试验分为 4个处理 ,每个处理 6圈 ,分别饲喂 4种不同的日粮 ,即对照组 (基础日粮组 )、添加金霉素 5 0mg/kg日粮组、添加果胶酶 5 0 0mg/kg日粮组、添加果胶酶 10 0 0mg/kg日粮组。试验结果表明 ,果胶酶在肉仔鸡饲养前 2 1日龄的促生长效果显著 ,平均日增重 (ADG)和平均日采食量 (ADFI)均比对照组有显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,饲料转化率显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与抗生素效果相当 ;2 1～ 4 2日龄时仅 5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组出现ADFI比对照组显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但饲料转化率较其它各组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 4 2～ 5 4日龄时 5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组ADG显著高于抗生素组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,饲料转化率显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )。饲养全期 ,添加抗生素或果胶酶组ADG与对照组差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,ADFI仅5 0 0mg/kg果胶酶组与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.