浅谈几种杀菌油剂在大兴安岭落叶松枯梢病防治中的应用

落叶松枯梢病 (Botryosphareia L aricina) 是我国东北地区落叶松人工林普遍发生的一种真菌病害之一 ,危害极大 ,已被国家正式列为检疫对象。由于大兴安岭地区对该病害防治上的研究非常少 ,加格达奇林业局2 0 0 1年在加格达奇地区室内和林间 ,对落叶松早期落叶病分别使用几种不同的杀菌油剂 ,并分别采用烟剂、液剂和涂干等方法进行对比试验。从中得出适合于大兴安岭地区的杀菌剂有五氯酚和克菌丹烟剂防治效果最好 ,五氯酚钠和福美砷烟剂次之 ;液剂防治中福美砷 5 0 0倍液、百菌清原液和福美砷 2 0 0倍液防治落叶松枯梢病 ,防治效果在 6 0 %～ 70 %范围内 ,其中福美砷 5 0 0倍液的效果要好些 ;敌克松涂干防治效果要好些。通过药害测定对其它植物药害非常小 ,使用以上杀菌剂安全可靠     

竹蝗林间防治试验

应用油烟雾剂、敌敌畏烟剂、林丹烟剂、药尿液等不同药剂进行林间防治竹蝗试验 ,结果表明油烟雾剂、敌敌畏烟剂对竹蝗的防治效果较好 ,药尿液也有良好的防治效果。同时 ,提出了竹蝗综合防治措施 ,在大发生初期采用油烟雾剂或烟剂防治 ,在一般发生年份应用药尿液诱杀防治     

两种樟子松球果象甲防治技术的对比分析

在红花尔基采用天敌曲姬蜂和烟碱·苦参碱烟剂进行樟子松球果象甲Pissodes validirostris Gyll防治试验,对两种樟子松球果象甲防治技术的经济投入、人力投入、物资投入以及防治效果进行对比分析。2014—2015年连续2 a人工助迁曲姬蜂防治樟子松球果象甲,2015年采用烟碱·苦参碱烟剂防治樟子松球果象甲,2种防治方法均取得良好的防治效果。烟剂防治人力与资金投入明显大于曲姬蜂防治,但烟剂防治的速效性明显优于曲姬蜂防治。     

不同药剂药械防治马尾松毛虫效果及经济指标比较

通过使用不同药剂药械防治越冬代马尾松毛虫,结果表明:施药1 d后平均防治效果:烟剂为84.46%,水剂为89.96%,粉剂为58.44%;10 d后平均防治效果:烟剂为94.87%,水剂为95.48%,粉剂为94.16%。防治成本:水剂>烟剂>粉剂。综合防治效果、防治成本以及农药残留对林农养蚕、养蜂影响等因素,建议推广烟雾机烟剂防治技术(远离蚕桑的山区林区可推广森得保等粉剂防治)。     

1.2%苦参·烟碱烟剂防治蜀柏毒蛾技术研究

苦参·烟碱烟剂防治蜀柏毒蛾的试验显示其具有与敌敌畏烟剂相当的防治效果。苦参·烟碱烟剂施药量为 15kg/hm2 和 2 2 5kg/hm2 时其防治效果无显著差异 ,因此在实际应用中施药量 15kg/hm2 即可。     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾不同虫态烟剂防治试验

杀虫烟剂防治落叶松鞘蛾的常规方法是：在成虫羽化盛期产卵这前，放烟熏杀成虫，缺点晨：有效防治时间短；不同林份的防治电动机不一致，不利于大面积组织防治，一次性施药的有效杀虫率低，在鞘 蛾越冬幼虫期利用烟剂防治能克服以下缺点，且防治效果也较明显。     

敌敌畏烟剂防治落叶松球蚜试验

落叶松球蚜危害严重,在小陇山林区有蔓延和扩大之势。采用2%敌敌畏烟剂在3个日本落叶松人工林小班进行喷烟防治试验。结果表明,2%敌敌畏烟剂防治效果良好,防治率接近或超过80%;林分郁闭有利于发挥烟剂防治作用,郁闭度0.7时效果最好。研究还发现,落叶松球蚜自然死亡过程中具有一定的群集效应,2%敌敌畏烟剂防治中残存活虫具有一定在梢顶集中的现象。     

云杉落针病化学防治试验研究

在药剂筛选、药效测定的基础上，进行了防治试验。试验证明：①烟剂：防治效果可达到84％以上，安林Ⅰ号与Ⅱ号之间的差异不明显，防治1次与2、3次之间的差异显著，防治2次与3次之间的差异不显著。②喷雾：4种药剂的3次防治效果均在86％以上，其中，百菌清95.7%，多菌灵94.8%，甲基插布津90.0%，代森锌86.4%。③喷粉：4种药剂的3次防治效果均在75％以上，其中百菌清79.4%，多菌灵84.2%，甲基托布津80.2%，代森锌75.8%。④地面消毒：用硫酸亚铁在林地上进行病落叶消毒，效果甚微。⑤在同一种主剂成份、同一质量浓度的情况下，防治方法不同，其防治效果差异显著，喷雾优于放烟，放烟优于喷粉。     

利用1.2%苦参·烟碱烟剂防治温室烟粉虱的研究

采用正交试验方法,在不同温度、不同相对湿度及不同剂量3因素水平条件下,应用1.2%苦参.烟碱烟剂对温室内烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]进行了烟剂防治研究。试验结果表明:在温度、相对湿度及烟剂剂量的不同水平间存在着显著性差异,3个因素水平的变化可显著影响苦参烟碱烟剂对烟粉虱的防治效果。根据试验结果筛选出的最优防治方案为:温度保持在26～29℃,相对湿度为65%～95%,施药剂量为1000g/667m2时能够达到良好的防治效果,烟粉虱的死亡率可达88.79%以上。     

“敌马”烟剂防治栎尺蠖试验研究

应用“敌马”烟剂防治栎尺蠖，通过试验了解防治效果，为大面积防治提供依据。结果表明，使用“敌马”烟剂24h后，虫口减退率达到96.2％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.