6个‘长林’油茶无性系在闽中的适应性评价

为选择适宜闽中地区栽培的油茶良种,连续4a对引种的长林3号、长林4号、长林27号、长林40号、长林53号和长林166号油茶无性系的生长结实及果实经济性状等进行跟踪调查测定,并采用主成分分析法对性状指标进行综合分析评价。结果表明：6个长林油茶无性系在引种地生长适应性较强,鲜出籽率、干出籽率、出仁率、种仁含油率等果实经济性状表现较好,与原产地接近;但连续4a测产的产油量较低,年均产油仅266.49～458.4 kg·hm^-2,5个长林无性系产油量低于油茶优良无性系年均产油标准值450 kg·hm^-2;经主成分分析和综合评价,长林53号和长林4号在闽中沙县的表现较好,其次是长林3号、长林27号、长林166号,长林40号品种表现相对较差。     

油茶优良品种引种栽培试验

景宁县于2009年引进长林3号、长林4号、长林18号、长林23号、长林27号、长林40号、长林53号、长林166号8个油茶优良品种,经过3a的栽培试验,结果表明:8个油茶品种成活率、初生长等均表现良好;各品种间树高、地径、树冠生长量间差异极显著,其中长林40号树高生长量最大,达125 cm,长林53号地径生长量最大,长林4号树冠生长量最大,长林4号、长林18号、长林40号、长林53号品种可作为主栽品种,适宜在景宁全面推广.     

长林油茶品种在遂昌县引种试验研究

为了筛选出适合在遂昌县种植的无性系长林油茶品种,以长林3号、4号等7个油茶新品种为试材,对种植7年后的树高、冠幅和产量等指标进行完全随机区组设计对比试验。结果表明:4号、23号、40号、166号平均树高210 cm以上,4号、23号、40号、53号、166号平均冠幅达到215 cm,长林3号、4号、23号、40号、53号、55号2018年单株平均产量均达到4 kg以上,比对照增加81.61%～291.03%,长林3号、4号、23号、40号、53号、55号2019年单株平均产量达到3 kg以上,比对照增加30.34%～194.87%,干出籽率长林3号等7个品种均比普通种高2.06%～18.87%;干出仁率23号、55号、166号比普通种高1.73%～5.63%,含油率23号为52.95%比普通种增加9.65%。综合各个品种的各项指标,4号、23号、40号、55号品种表现优良,可作为主栽品种在遂昌县推广。     

油茶长林品种引进及综合评价

从江西引进8个油荼长林品种(‘长林3号’、‘长林4号’、‘长林18号’、‘长林23号’、‘长林27号’、‘长林40号’、‘长林53号’和‘长林166号’),开展了其在引种地生长适应性、物候期、主要经济性状、果实品质等试验研究,并进行综合评价.结果表明:油茶长林品种在引种地表现出了较强的生长适应性,物候期与原产地较为一致,产量和鲜出籽率等主要经济性状间差异显著,与对照品种差异亦显著.果实品质与原产地相比差异较小.筛选出综合性状表现更为优良的5个品种,分别是‘长林4号’、‘长林27号’、‘长林23号’、‘长林3号’和‘长林40号’.     

浙江省不同品种油茶经济性研究

为实施乡村振兴战略、提升林下经济效益,在松阳县湖溪林场设立了试验区,对长林3号、长林4号、长林18号、长林21号、长林23号、长林27号、长林40号、长林53号、长林55号和长林166号10个油茶品种展开了经济性研究,分别对不同油茶品种果实进行了经济性状比较分析、经济性状相关性分析和性状聚类分析。结果表明：通过经济性状比较分析得出10个油茶品种的经济性状有效性排序为单果重>籽粒数>果皮厚度>百粒重>鲜果含油率>果心皮数>干出籽率鲜>果出籽率>干籽出仁率>干仁含油率>干籽含油率;通过经济性状相关性分析得出11项油茶经济性状的正负相关关系;通过性状聚类分析得出果实分类并无地域区别。基于不同品种油茶经济性试验结果,推荐种植长林3号、长林53号和长林55号。     

油茶树冠不同部位的果实性状差异及综合评价

以10个油茶无性系为试验对象,研究了树冠不同部位的果实性状,并运用主成分分析法进行了综合评价。结果表明,不同无性系的树冠内、外部的果实鲜果含水率、单果鲜重、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、干籽出仁率、种仁含油率、皮厚和单位面积产量等性状存在显著差异,其中长林3号、长林4号、长林18号、长林23号、长林53号、鄂油81号和鄂油151号的树冠内部果实的出籽率和出仁率显著大于树冠外部果实,长林40号和鄂油102号则相反;长林4号、长林53号和鄂油102号树冠外部的果实单位面积产量显著大于树冠内部果实;长林4号和长林23号树冠内部果实的不饱和脂肪酸显著大于树冠外部果实;综合评价表明10个无性系的树冠内、外果实性状综合排名基本相近。     

油茶高产品种“长林”系列的引种及性状观测

通过对5年生“长林”系列油茶11个高产新品种的开展造林试验发现,结果表明,长林系列油茶高产新品种间在抽芽情况、成活率、果实性状、产量等方面都有着不同的表现.长林55号最为突出,抽芽最快,易受到冻害,导致对产量造成影响.其他品种表现较为一致.平均成活率为89.0％,品种间差异不明显.果实性状方面,不同品种在单果重、果高、果径、果壳厚、籽数、籽重均存在明显差异.各品种单株平均产量在1.14～1.80 kg之间,比当前低产林至少提高了57.9％～150.2％产量.     

油茶长林系列品种在引种地性状表现综合评价

摘要：本文采用主成分分析法,对引种地长林3号等8个优良无性系的每n12冠幅产量、鲜出籽率、油酸含量等14个指标进行综合分析评价。结果表明：长林4号〉长林40号〉长林27号〉长林3号〉长林23号〉长林53号〉长林166号〉长林18号。因此,长林4号、40号、27号、3号和23号在引种地表现更优。引种后对良种展开综合评价是非常必要的,有利于筛选出更适宜本地产业发展的良种。     

‘长林’系列油茶良种的品种配置优化

为了明确长林系列油茶品种的最佳配置组合,以5~8年生10个长林系列良种为研究对象,设计49个配置组合并进行人工控制授粉,对当代杂交果实的座果率、种实特征、种仁含油率以及油脂油酸含量进行了分析。结果表明:不同授粉组合对座果率、果实重量、鲜出籽率、籽粒数、单籽粒重和种仁含油率影响显著,对种子脂肪酸油酸含量无显著影响;油茶授粉座果率与果实重量、籽粒数存在明显的正相关关系,果实籽粒数和单籽粒重则呈现出明显的负相关关系;通过对品种间控制授粉的座果率、种实特征以及种仁含油率的综合评价,优化筛选出长林系列油茶良种的最佳品种配置组合6个,即长林21号和长林4号、长林21号和长林18号、长林53号和长林40号、长林53号和长林23号、长林53号和长林166号、长林3号和长林27号。     

油茶无性系良种栽培的质量技术管理

影响油茶产量的主要因子是长期延用普通油茶物种和实生苗造林。由于产量低收益少,挫伤了产地林农的管理积极性。为改变这种状况,我县与中国林科院亚林科所联系和合作,于2004年开始先后引入亚林所长林系列3、4、18、21、23、27、40、53、55、166号共10个无性系优良油茶新品种,在县油茶研究所进行自繁自育试验,获得成功,至今共繁育嫁接苗150万株,建立试种基地47 hm2。以无性系嫁接苗造林的油茶第2年开花,第3年始果,比普通油茶物种的实生苗造林提前4-5年,取得预期的成效。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.