限食(含饥饿)以及再充分投喂对鲻鱼生理参数的影响

在水温19~24℃条件下对鲻鱼[初始体重:(204.42±23.13)g]进行不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长试验。试验设定3种方式,对照组(饱食组)在试验期间一直投喂;半饱食组在限食期投喂量为饱食组的1/2,重喂期则恢复投喂;饥饿组在限食期不投喂食物,重喂期恢复投喂。试验期为8周。取样在限食期的第0、1、2、4周和重喂期的第1、2、4周,每次6条鱼。结果表明:限食状态下,鲻鱼半饱组和饥饿组肌肉(白肌)糖原和脂肪含量均显著降低,而肌肉水含量和肌肉蛋白含量变化均不显著;比肝重亦显著降低;体重下降但差异不显著。再充分投喂后,各生理参数均恢复到对照组水平。鲻鱼在恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应。     

限食以及再充分投喂对鲻鱼血液生化指标的影响

2001年12月—2002年3月,水温为19~24℃,对鲻鱼[初始体重:(204.42±23.13)g]进行了不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长试验。试验设定2种投喂方式,对照组(饱食组)在试验期间正常投喂;限食组(半饱组)在限食期投喂量为饱食组的1/2,重喂期则恢复投喂。试验期为8周。分别在限食期的第0、1、2、4周和重喂期第1、2、4周取样,每次6条鱼。试验结果表明:限食状态下,鲻鱼半饱组血糖、血脂和血浆蛋白含量均显著降低;再充分投喂后,各血液生化指标均恢复到对照组水平。鲻鱼限食4周后,在4个星期的恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应。     

饥饿以及再充分投喂对鲻鱼血液生化指标的影响

在19～24℃条件下对鲻鱼(初始体重:204.42g±23.13g)进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长实验。实验设定2种投喂方式,对照组(饱食组)在实验期间一直投喂,饥饿组在限食期则不投喂食物,重喂期则恢复投喂。实验期为8个星期。取样分别在限食期的第0、1、2、4周和重喂期的1、2、4周,每次6条鱼。结果表明:饥饿状态下,鲻鱼血糖,血脂和血浆蛋白含量都显著降低;再充分投喂后,各血液生化指标均恢复到对照组水平,实验结果表明鲻鱼饥饿4个星期后,在4个星期的恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应。     

饥饿与再投喂及投喂频率对条石鲷幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响

研究了饥饿与再投喂及不同投喂频率对条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼生长和消化酶活力的影响.饥饿与再投喂的实验结果表明:条石鲷幼鱼体质量、蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶)与脂肪酶活力随着饥饿时间的延长均呈现明显的下降趋势,体质量与蛋白酶活力在饥饿6d后与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),脂肪酶活力在饥饿9d后才与对照组表现出显著性差异(P＜0.05),而淀粉酶活力在饥饿过程中呈波动性变化;恢复投喂后,除饥饿3d的幼鱼体质量、特定生长率与对照组无明显差异外,其他各处理组均明显低于对照组;蛋白酶与脂肪酶活力在恢复投喂后均有明显回升,且蛋白酶活力与对照组相比已无显著性差异,但较长时间的饥饿处理(9～12 d)并未使脂肪酶活力恢复至对照组水平.投喂频率实验的研究结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率呈上升趋势,在投喂频率达到投喂2次/d后,条石鲷幼鱼的特定生长率、消化酶活力及肝体指数差异均不显著.结论认为,在本实验条件下,饥饿3d后再经投喂,条石鲷幼鱼具有完全补偿生长效应,但随着饥饿时间的延长补偿生长的效应逐渐降低.对条石鲷幼鱼而言,选择日投喂两次最合适.     

饥饿和再投喂对锦鲤幼鱼几种消化酶活性的影响

研究了饥饿和再投喂时间对锦鲤(Cryprinus carpiod)主要消化酶活性(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶)的影响。结果表明:饥饿使锦鲤消化酶活性短时间内降低,但恢复投喂后直至实验结束,各消化酶活性又逐渐恢复接近甚至超过对照组水平。锦鲤的补偿生长效应可视为通过调整自身消化酶活性,从而提高食物吸收率来实现的。     

饥饿后再投喂对星斑川鲽生长、摄食的影响

采用饥饿不同时间后再恢复投喂相同时间的方法,在温度(19±1)℃、盐度32±1的条件下,对相同规格的星斑川鲽[(26.02±0.30)g]的生长、摄食进行了研究。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂20 d后鱼体质量超过对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了超补偿生长;饥饿10d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量接近对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了完全补偿生长;饥饿15 d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量未能达到对照组水平,差异显著(P<0.05),获得了部分补偿生长。饥饿后再投喂处理对星斑川鲽的体质量、全长、特定生长率、比肝质量等生长指标均有显著影响;对总摄食量、平均摄食量、食物转化率、摄食率、吸收率、排粪率的影响亦比较明显。结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂后生长最快,表现出很强的补偿生长能力。     

限食处理后鲮鱼摄食率和饲料转化率的变化

20 0 1年 1 2月到 2 0 0 2年 3月在 1 9～ 2 4℃条件下 ,对鲮鱼 (初始体重 :88 86± 5 92 g)进行了不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生产实验。结果表明 :限食组在恢复投喂后 ,摄食率变化不大 ,但饲料转化效率 (简称转化率 )明显提高 ,最终限食组体重完全追上对照组 ,表明限食在鲮鱼养殖上有很好的应用前景。     

饥饿和再投喂对美国红鱼消化器官组织学的影响

用石蜡切片方法观察和分析饥饿和再投喂对美国红鱼(Sciaenopsocellatus)消化器官形态结构和组织学的影响。鱼样体重(8.25±0.5)g,体长(8.84±0.27)cm。从形态结构看,饥饿与再投喂前后食道无明显变化,而饥饿10、15d的实验鱼胃壁变薄,幽门盲囊变小,肠管收缩,呈透明状,肝胰腺萎缩,呈姜黄色,胆管呈深绿色。从组织结构看,食道无明显变化;饥饿时间不同,各组织受损害和恢复程度不同。饥饿5d的实验鱼基本同对照组;而饥饿10、15d的实验鱼组织变化较明显:皱襞和上皮细胞高度均减少,分泌颗粒减少。胃腺细胞收缩,结构不完整;幽门盲囊长度和直径变小;肠直径变小,微绒毛退化;肝组织致密,肝细胞内脂滴减少,体积缩小;胰腺泡缩小,排列不规则。再投喂各主要结构均有所恢复,有些恢复到饥饿前水平,但大部分未能达到。     

饥饿和再投喂对白斑狗鱼体内RNA/DNA比值影响的研究

研究了饥饿和再投喂过程中自斑狗鱼肝脏和肌肉RNA/DNA比值的变化.随着饥饿时间的延长,白斑狗鱼体内RNA/DNA比值不断下降,体重逐渐减小,饥饿561时RNA/DNA比值下降幅度达到最大.恢复投喂后,白斑狗鱼摄食强度明显增大,生长加快,各组试验中肝脏和肌肉RNA/DNA比值均超过正常投喂水平.试验结果表明RNA/DNA比值与体重变化呈正相关,进一步证明RNA/DNA比值可作为衡量鱼类生长的重要指标之一.     

Effect of feed deprivation and refeeding on the MYP gene expression of the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius)

To determine the main expression site of major yolk protein (MYP) gene and the mechanisms for adaptation to starvation and refeeding in Strongylocentrotus intermedius, MYP mRNA expression amounts were analysed using a real‐time RT‐PCR. The results showed that MYP could be transcribed in the intestine, stomach, gonad and coelomocytes, and that the intestine was the main expression site of MYP gene in non‐starved urchins. The MYP synthesis in the intestine decreased during 15 days of starvation (67.70%, 52.58% and 71.35% of the control at 5, 10 and 15 days of fasting respectively) and then increased dramatically by different amounts (the peaks were 2.71‐, 12.16‐ and 7.89‐fold that of the control respectively) during the refeeding stages. Nevertheless, the expression amounts in the gonads did not decline, but increased continuously during all periods of fasting (2.66‐, 3.72‐ and 13.19‐fold that of the control at 5, 10 and 15 days of starvation respectively) and during the refeeding stages. At the end of the recovery feeding experiment, the levels reached 9.58‐, 17.48‐ and 100.69‐fold that of the control. These data suggested that the ‘priority’ strategy for the sea urchin is to reduce MYP expression amounts in the intestine if food is limited and to increase MYP gene expression in the gonad to protect reproductive function.     

Compensatory growth of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii with cyclical feed deprivation and refeeding

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate compensatory growth of juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (initial weight 9.56 ± 0.12 g) in fifteen 300 L indoors flow‐through circular fibreglass tanks. Feeding regimes was designed as follows: the control group (fed continuously), and S1, S2, S3 and S4 groups experienced 1, 2, 3 and 4 days of feed deprivation and then refeeding for the remaining days per week respectively. Changes in body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were examined biweekly during the trial. At the end of the cyclical feeding periods, survival was not significantly affected by feeding strategy (P > 0.05). Final body weight of fish in S1 group was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05) after an 8 weeks trial, and fish in the S2 group reached the same body weight of the control fish (P > 0.05), however, the growth data in the S3 and S4 groups could not catch‐up with the control treatment (P < 0.05). In the first 4 weeks, SGR values of fish with feed deprivation more than 2 days per week were inferior to those of control group (P < 0.05); however, no significant differences of SGR were observed among the groups for the last 4 weeks (P > 0.05). FI increased significantly with the starvation days increasing during the whole feeding trial (P < 0.05). At the periods 2, 4 and 6 weeks, FER values increased significantly with increasing feed‐deprivation days up to S2 group and then levelled off (P < 0.05); however, FER in S2 group was only higher than that in S0 and S1, but no significant differences were found among the other treatments at the end of week 8. Significant differences were found in apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein among the treatments, while ADCs of crude lipid were unaffected. Protein and lipid contents in whole body and dorsal muscle showed declining tendency with increasing food deprivation days, while moisture contents tended to increase (P < 0.05). Serum parameters were markedly affected by feeding regimes except for total protein concentration and thyroxine level. The present results indicated that starvation for 1 and 2 days per week of juvenile black sea bream could achieve over‐compensation and complete compensation respectively. However, in case of longer term feed restriction regime, fish failed to obtain good growth performance.     

植物雌激素促进暗纹东方鱼屯性腺发育的初步研究

对完全在淡水中人工饲养达到初次性成熟的暗纹东方Tun（Fugu obscurus Abe）亲鱼越冬后采用日粮中添加一种植物雌激素的方法强化培育，在温室中饲养亲鱼10天，经一次注射催情激素（雌鱼每千克PG2mg LRH-A260μg，雄鱼减半），22℃水温条件下效应时间48小时，湿法授精。结果，产卵率70％，出苗率36％。结论：家养的暗纹东方Tun性成熟最小年龄提前一年；日粮添加植物雌激素强化培育亲鱼可以显著促进亲鱼性腺发育并顺利产卵，并提高出苗率。     

Compensatory growth,feed intake and body composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings following feed deprivation

Ten‐week study was performed on Labeo rohita fingerlings (av. wt. 3.75 ± 0.06 g) to investigate the nature of compensatory growth. Fingerlings were deprived of food for 0 (control), 1 (D1), 2 (D2) or 3 (D3) weeks and refed to satiation for 5 weeks. The feed deprivation was carried out in D3 group on week 3, 4 and 5; D2 group on week 4 and 5; D1 group on week 5, and refeeding of all the groups were started from week 6 onwards. The D1 and D2 groups caught up in body weight with that of control fish within 2 weeks and 4 weeks of refeeding, respectively, but the D3 group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower body weight than the control after 5 weeks of refeeding. Higher growth efficiency was observed in all the feed deprived groups in the 1st week of refeeding only. Feed intake in D1 group became similar with the control after 5 weeks of refeeding, but the D2 and D3 groups were still hyperphagic when the experiment terminated. Thus, compensatory growth was due to hyperphagia and improved growth efficiency. In conclusion, complete compensatory growth was observed in L. rohita fingerlings after feed deprivation of 1 and 2 weeks.     

Growth performance, body composition and plasma thyroid hormone status of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in response to short-term feed deprivation and refeeding

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of short-term feed deprivation on inducing compensatory growth and changes in thyroid hormone levels of channel catfish. Feeding treatments consisted of the following four regimes of 2-week duration: satiate feeding (control), no feed for 3 days then feeding to apparent satiation for the next 11 days, no feed for 5 days then feeding to apparent satiation for 9 days, and no feed for 7 days then feeding to apparent satiation for 7 days. These regimes were repeated three times over the 6-week trial in which 25 channel catfish fingerlings, initially averaging 15 g each, were stocked into each of 12, 38-l glass aquaria supplied with supplemental aeration and flow-through water. Depriving fish of feed had a pronounced effect in that fish lost weight in as little as 3 days. Returning the fish to a satiate feeding regime caused a resumption of growth, equal to control growth only in the case of the 3-day deprived treatment, but all periods of feed deprivation failed to induce a period of catch-up growth adequate to compensate for previously lost weight. Feed efficiency also was not improved by the periods of feed deprivation, and restricting feed in excess of 3 days lowered feed efficiency. Fish condition indices were not altered at the termination of the trial. Muscle lipid, muscle protein and liver protein also were not different among feeding regimes. Liver lipid was elevated in fish deprived of feed for more than 3 days every 2 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) were equally depressed by 3 days from the onset of feed deprivation. Both hormones rose significantly within 24 h of realimentation, with the greatest increase observed in animals subjected to the briefest feed deprivation. These results support a role for thyroid hormones in the promotion of growth in channel catfish. Whereas feed deprivation appears to rapidly reduce activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, the high correlation observed between T₄ and T₃ in all treatments suggests that peripheral deiodinating systems are capable of rapidly generating T₃ from T₄ upon realimentation. More rapid recovery of thyroid hormone production following realimentation may minimize the effects of feed deprivation on growth and feed efficiency of fish subjected to the 3-day deprivation treatment when compared to longer periods.     

投饲率对草鱼生长、体组成和能量收支的影响

为了建立草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)的精准投喂模型管理系统,研究了不同投喂水平下草鱼的能量收支。实验在水温(27.5±2.0)℃条件下,选用初始体重(71.03±1.13)g的草鱼,共设5个不同投饲水平(饥饿、1%鱼体重(1%BW)、2%BW、4%BW和饱食),研究摄食水平对草鱼生长、鱼体组分和能量收支的影响。结果显示:随投喂水平的增加,草鱼鱼体水分减少,粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量和能量增加,灰分含量先减少后增加。特定生长率和热积温生长系数均随投喂水平的增加先增加再降低,在5%鱼体重时达到最大,且高于饱食投喂组。饵料转化率(FE)在投喂水平为体重2%组最高,且显著高于其他各组。干物质和能量表观消化率随投喂水平的增加而显著增加,蛋白质表观消化率在投喂水平为体重2%组显著高于其他组。生长能比例随投喂水平的增加而显著增加,而在体重2%组到饱食组间均无显著性差异;代谢能与生长能相反。在最大投喂水平下的能量收支方程为:100 C=21.72 F+4.25 U+45.85R+28.18 G或100 A=61.94R+38.06G。结果表明,5%鱼体重的投喂量为草鱼此阶段的最佳投喂水平。     

Cyclical feed deprivation and refeeding fails to enhance compensatory growth in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

A 12-week experiment was carried out to evaluate compensatory growth of 6.6 g Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. under three cyclical regimes of feed deprivation and refeeding. The deprivation and refeeding regimes included four cycles of 1 week of deprivation and 2 weeks of refeeding (S1F2), two cycles of 2 weeks of deprivation and 4 weeks of refeeding (S2F4) and one cycle of 4 weeks of deprivation and 8 weeks of refeeding (S4F8). A group of fish fed to satiation twice daily throughout the experiment served as control. At the end of the refeeding periods, fish deprived and refed cyclically had higher feed intake and specific growth rates (SGR), but lower body weight, than that of the control fish. There was no significant difference in feed efficiency ratio (FER) between the control and fish subjected to feed deprivation during the refeeding periods, and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) was not different between any two treatments throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, fish subjected to feed deprivation had lower body weight but similar body composition, relative to those of the control fish. No significant differences were found in final body weight, NRE and body composition between the fish subjected to different cycles of deprivation and refeeding, but the fish subjected to one cycle of deprivation and refeeding exhibited high mortality. Our results indicate that partial growth compensation induced by various cycles of feed deprivation and refeeding does not confer a huge advantage in terms of enhancing the production efficiency and reducing the nitrogen waste output in Nile tilapia farming 29–30 °C.     

Effects of protein or energy restriction with subsequent realimentation on performance parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The influence of a limited crude protein or energy supply followed by an adequate supply was investigated and compared to continuous feeding of carp over a live weight range of 150–440 g for various performance parameters. Throughout the trial the control group (treatment C) was given a feed containing 18.8 kJ gross energy/g fresh matter (FM) and 38.8% crude protein in the FM at a level of 2% of the live weight. During the restriction phase (up to 250 g live weight) either the crude protein supply was reduced by about 30% with constant energy supply (treatment P), or the gross energy supply was reduced by about 37% with constant crude protein supply (treatment E). In the realimentation phase all carp were fed as the control group.In the phase of the protein restriction and during realimentation this group (P) digested the feed less well than the carp of the control group. Digestibility was somewhat improved as a result of the energy restriction. The restricted protein or energy supplies clearly slowed the growth (duration of the restriction phase 49 (P) and 47 days (E) in comparison to 35 days (C)), but only in treatment P could an increased feed expenditure per g gain be observed. In the realimentation phase the carp of treatments P (42 days) and E (41 days) showed similar weight gains to the control carp (42 days). No compensatory growth effect occurred. Treatment E, however, tended to improve feed expenditure.As compared to the control group, the carp under protein restriction had carcasses richer in dry matter, fat and energy. After energy restriction the carcasses were poorer in dry matter, fat and energy, but richer in protein than the control carp. In the course of realimentation, the differences, especially between treatments P and C, diminished, but the carcasses of treatment P carp were still fattiest. The carcasses of treatment E fish contained least fat, even after realimentation.     

锦鲤幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

为研究体长(10.63±0.20)cm、体重(17.63±0.72)g锦鲤(Cryprinus carpiod)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化,试验设5个组,分别为正常投喂和4个循环饥饿投喂组,其中循环饥饿投喂组投喂方式分别为:饥饿1 d后投喂3 d、饥饿1 d后投喂5 d、饥饿2 d后投喂3 d、饥饿2 d后投喂5 d,试验水温为(27.0±1.0)℃,试验周期为40 d。试验结果表明:循环饥饿1 d后投喂的特定生长率、摄食率均显著高于正常投喂的(P0.05),但末均长、末均重、总摄食量、相对增重率和饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为完全补偿生长,推测其补偿生长应是通过提高摄食率来实现的;循环饥饿2d后投喂的末均长、末均重、总摄食量、特定生长率、相对增重率均显著低于正常投喂的(P0.05),而摄食率、饲料利用率的差异均不显著(P0.05),表现为不能补偿生长,但是否对其生理机能造成伤害有待于进一步研究确定;4个循环饥饿投喂组的鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较正常投喂组有所降低,而水分和灰分含量有所升高。因此,循环饥饿1 d后投喂3 d的实际投喂时间较短,且为完全补偿生长,是最佳的循环饥饿投喂模式。