转抗虫基因棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕生长发育影响的评价

 苏云金杆菌 (Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)杀虫蛋白基因和蛋白酶抑制剂基因是培育转抗虫基因植物的两大类基因。为了正确评价转抗虫基因作物花粉对非靶标重要经济昆虫的安全性 ,本试验以家蚕为对象 ,研究转cry1Ac基因棉花、转cry1A +CpTI双价抗虫棉花以及转cry1Ab基因玉米花粉对家蚕生长发育的影响。结果表明 ,与非转基因常规棉花或玉米花粉以及无花粉对照相比 ,转抗虫基因棉花或转抗虫基因玉米花粉对家蚕各龄期的死亡率、蛹重、茧重、茧层重、化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量均无多大影响 ,且无明显的剂量效应。虽然取食转抗虫基因花粉后家蚕一龄历期有所延长 ,但与非转基因的花粉处理相比 ,则无显著差异 ;同样 ,家蚕三龄眠蚕体重虽与无花粉对照相比表现出较大差异 ,但其体重均大于对照。可见 ,转抗虫基因棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕的历期和体重亦无多大影响。综上所述 ,转抗虫基因棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕的生长发育不会产生明显的负面影响。     

Effects of Transgenic Bt+CpTI Cotton on Field Abundance of Non-Target Pests and Predators in Xinjiang,China

Transgenic insect-resistant cotton is being increasingly planted in Xinjiang cotton-planting regions, where geographical climate conditions and species composition of pests and natural enemies are greatly unique in China. Limited studies have been conducted on the ecological impacts of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, especially for transgenic double genes (Bt+CpTI) cotton, in this region. In this study, the potential effects of transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton on the seasonal abundance of non-target pests and predators were assessed from 2009 to 2011 in Korla, Xinjiang. The results showed that species composition and seasonal abundance of 5 groups of pests and 5 groups of predators were not significantly different between transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton and non-transgenic cotton every year. It suggests that transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton per se does not affect the population dynamics of non-target pests and predators on this crop in Xinjiang.     

转基因抗虫棉对新疆棉田主要害虫及天敌群落的影响

转基因抗虫棉品系对棉田主要害虫及天敌群落的影响研究表明:转Bt基因棉和转Bt、CpTI双价基因棉化防田、自控田均对棉铃虫有良好的抗性,棉铃虫幼虫数量与对照相比,差异显著.但棉铃虫落卵量差异不显著;转基因棉对非靶标害虫有间接影响;转基因棉花对天敌数量影响不大.     

转基因抗虫玉米对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和实验种群增长的影响

以两个转Bt抗虫基因玉米品系G03-2396、G03-2739和1个常规对照品种苏玉16为材料,研究其对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和实验种群消长动态的影响.结果表明:①两个转基因玉米材料的心叶组织对玉米螟低龄幼虫的毒性很强,1龄幼虫取食这两个转基因玉米心叶组织后8 d死亡率超过97%;2龄幼虫取食心叶组织8 d后死亡率超过80%;1～4龄幼虫或全部死亡不能化蛹,或平均蛹重与对照品种相比显著降低,仅5龄幼虫各测定指标与对照品种相比差异不显著;两个转基因玉米材料的雌穗组织对玉米螟幼虫的毒性较低,即使低龄幼虫取食8 d后的死亡率与对照苏玉16相比差异也不显著.②玉米螟高龄幼虫取食两个转基因抗虫玉米心叶后,存活的部分幼虫化蛹羽化后的成虫寿命明显缩短,单雌产卵量显著下降,甚至卵的孵化率也有所降低.表明所选的两个转Bt基因玉米品系对玉米螟的毒性具一定的后续效应.     

转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

以转Ｂｔ（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）基因棉品系Ｒ９３－４为试验材料,以常规棉品种中棉所１２为对照,研究了转Ｂｔ基因棉对棉铃虫生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明：１～４龄棉铃虫幼虫连续取食转基因棉最终不能存活,５龄和６龄幼虫的存活率分别为３７９％～８５６％和６３４％～９６５％;５龄棉铃虫幼虫取食转基因棉后,体重和蛹重分别减轻１８７％～５７２％和３５％～３６２％,化蛹率和羽化率分别降低４８２％～８７５％和６６７％～１００％,产卵量和卵孵化率分别降低５０１％～６９７％和８０６％～８７８％;取食转基因棉的花粉后,成虫的产卵量和卵孵化率分别比对照降低５９８％和７２１％     

转基因棉花对棉蚜个体生长发育和繁殖能力的影响

【目的】研究转基因抗虫棉及转基因高产优质棉对棉蚜个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响。【方法】采用离体叶片上组建生命表方法,研究转基因棉对棉蚜个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响。【结果】转基因抗虫棉和转基因高产优质棉花对棉蚜发育速度、成蚜寿命、4龄若蚜体重、成蚜繁殖力无明显影响。【结论】转基因抗虫棉和转基因高产优质棉花对棉蚜发育速度、成蚜寿命、4龄若蚜体重、成蚜繁殖力无明显影响。转基因棉花对棉蚜生长发育及繁殖力没有不利影响。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉蚜个体生长发育和繁殖能力的影响

[目的]研究转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉蚜的个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响.[方法]在室内研究转Bt基因棉(处理)和常规棉(对照)对棉蚜个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响.[结果]转Bt基因抗棉铃虫棉对棉蚜发育速度、成蚜寿命、4龄若蚜体重、成蚜繁殖力无明显影响.[结论]取食转Bt基因棉花对棉蚜个体生长发育没有负面影响,转Bt基因棉花对棉蚜生长发育和繁殖是安全的.为转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉蚜的生态安全性评价提供相关依据.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉品种(系)生育特点与种植效益比较研究

对３类抗虫棉品种（系）生长发育和种植效益的比较研究结果表明,抗虫杂交棉６Ｈ１和Ｈ９５１３在生长发育上有明显的优势,常规抗虫棉美国３３Ｂ表现苗弱、前期生长慢、后发性强的特点。两个抗虫杂交棉品系的产量显著高于对照中棉所９４１８,两个常规抗虫棉的产量比对照低５％～２０％。抗虫棉品种（系）的总治虫用工可减少５７％,其中减少防治棉铃虫用工７０％;总治虫用药投入减少７０％,其中防治棉铃虫用药投入减少９０％。     

转Bt基因棉对多异瓢虫生长发育及中肠组织变化研究

[目的]研究转Bt基因棉花对多异瓢虫生长发育及中肠组织的变化.[方法]用取食转Bt-Cry 1Ab/Ac基因棉棉蚜喂饲多异瓢虫,初步研究了取食转Bt-CryAb/Ac基因棉棉蚜对多异瓢虫的影响.利用透射电镜观察取食转Bt-Cry1Ab/Ac基因花粉和取食对照花粉的多异瓢虫中肠组织的变化.用ELISA检测方法在取食转Bt-Cry1Ab/Ac基因花粉的多异瓢虫体Bt毒蛋白进行了检测.[结果]多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata取食棉蚜后各个虫态均无显著差异;利用透射电镜观察取食转Bt-Cry1Ab/Ac基因花粉和取食对照花粉的多异瓢虫中肠组织,发现其微绒毛、线粒体、内质网均无显著变化;用ELISA检测方法在取食转Bt-Cry1Ab/Ac基因花粉的多异瓢虫体内没有检测到Bt毒蛋白.[结论]取食转Bt-Cry1Ab/Ac基因棉棉蚜和花粉对多异瓢虫生长发育没有明显影响.     

Effects of External Chemical Regulation on Bt Transgenic Cotton Plants under Combined Stress of High Temperature and Water Deficit

[Objective] The study aimed to find a possible way to combat or alleviate the negative effects caused by high temperature and water deficit at the growth stage of peak boll-setting.[Method] With Bt transgenic cotton GK22 as the test cultivar,a potted experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the regulation of external substances(the water solutions of pix,urea and their mixture) on the physiological parameters,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield component of cotton plants in artificial climate chambers treated with high temperature and water deficit.[Result] The application of external pix,urea or their mixture was effective in stabilizing the physiological parameters of cotton plants,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield components.Compared with the exclusive application of pix and urea,the mixture of pix and urea played the most effective role in stabilizing the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar and insecticidal protein,alleviating the increase of the content of free amino acids and proline,and increasing boll number per plant,boll weight and seed cotton yield.[Conclusion] The water solutions of pix,urea or their mixtures can be used to combat or alleviate the stress of high temperature and water deficit if they are sprayed onto cotton plants prior to stress occurrence.     

家蚕表皮多酚氧化酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

[目的]分离纯化家蚕多酚氧化酶,并对其性质进行分析研究。[方法]采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、凝胶过滤、蛋白质电泳等方法。[结果]多酚氧化酶分子量约为81kD;最适温度为30℃;最适pn值为7．0。低浓度金属离子Ag^＋、Ca^2＋、Mn^2＋、Zn^2＋对多酚氧化酶有一定的激活作用,而高浓度有抑制作用。[结论]金属离子对家蚕多酚氧化酶的影响很大,值得更深入的研究。     

江苏沿海地区转Bt基因棉花的抗虫性及生长发育研究

１９９７～１９９８年以本地常规种植的非抗虫棉品种“苏棉９号”为对照,对国内４个转Ｂｔ基因棉花品种的抗虫性及生长发育进行了研究,结果表明,在棉铃虫中等发生年份,Ｂｔ棉上二、三代棉铃虫可以免治,四代可在幼虫期按防治指标防治１～２次;取食Ｂｔ棉营养器官的棉铃虫幼虫基本不能化蛹完成生活史;Ｂｔ棉对鳞翅目幼虫具有兼抗作用,对刺吸口器类昆虫则无抗虫作用;在不治虫条件下,Ｂｔ棉可比常规棉增产１１．３１％～１３．３７％,虫卵量减少５１．０２％～６３．２７％;两类棉田捕食性天敌种群动态无差异;所有品种治虫处理的产量均显著高于不治虫处理;Ｂｔ棉的生长发育状况优于常规棉。     

留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育及产量的影响

为探索留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育和产量的影响,于2004—2005年以两个不同熟性的抗虫棉品系K640和K9918为材料,在济南和临清进行了留叶枝去早果枝试验研究。结果表明,与正常整枝(去叶枝)相比,留叶枝去早果枝显著促进了两个品系的株高增长和叶面积扩展,叶面积系数提高了24%￣94%。早熟品系K640在2004年和2005年分别比正常整枝增产7.4%和15.6%,而中早熟品系K9918的产量在2004年与正常整枝相当、2005年减产12.0%。留叶枝去早果枝显著减少了伏前桃比例,而相应提高了伏桃和秋桃的比例。留叶枝去早果枝对平均衣分影响不大,但显著影响铃数。分析认为,留叶枝去早果枝对棉花生长发育和产量的效应主要是通过提高叶源、降低库源比实现的,只有在叶源相对不足的情况下采取该措施才有增产作用。     

Yield, Leaf Senescence, and Cry1Ac Expression in Response to Removal of Early Fruiting Branches in Transgenic Bt Cotton

Two-year field experiments were conducted at Linqing, Yellow River valley of China, to study the plant response to the removal of early fruiting branches in transgenic Bt （Bacillus thuringiensis） cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） from 2003 to 2004. Plants were undamaged and treated by removing two basal fruiting branches （FB） at squaring to form the control and the removal treatment, respectively. The plant height, leaf area （LA）, dry weight of fruiting forms （DWFF）, the number of fruiting nodes （NFN）, photosynthetic （Pn） rate, and levels of leaf chlorophyll （Chl）, N, P, K, and Cry lAc protein in main- stem leaves were measured at a 10- or 20-d interval after FB removal, and the sink/source ratio as indicated by NFN/LA and DWFF/LA was determined. FB removal significantly increased the plant height, LA, and plant biomass in both years. Lint yields were increased 7.5 and 5.2% by removal compared with their controls in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Significant increases in boll size （5.7 and 5.1%） were also observed in removal than in control for both years. Either NFN/LA or DWFF/LA was significantly reduced by removal before 40 d after removal; however, both NFN/LA and DWFF/LA were significantly enhanced by FB removal at 80 d after removal compared to the untreated control. There was no significant difference in fiber quality in the first two harvests between removal and control, but fiber strength and micronarie in the third harvest were significantly improved by FB removal. In terms of leaf Chl, Pn rate, levels of total N, P, and K in late season, leaf senescence was considerably delayed by FB removal. Levels of CrylAc protein in the fully expanded young leaves were considerably higher in FB-excised plants than in control, indicating FB removal enhanced CrylAc expression. It is suggested that the yield and quality improvement with FB removal may be attributed to the increased NFN/LA or DWFF/LA in late season and delayed leaf senescence, respectively. FB removal can be a potential p     

氮肥分期施用对夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响

在相同施氮量下,研究了不同时期施用氮肥对夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥总量一定条件下,密植型玉米郑单958以氮肥作底肥和拔节期追施分期施用效果最佳,而稀植型玉米郑单21则以氮肥作基肥一次施用的效果最佳,说明不同玉米品种对氮肥需求在不同生育阶段具有明显的差异性。     

不同用量发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥对烤烟生长发育及内在品质的影响

发酵饼肥能显著提高和改善烟草内在品质特征,增加烟草产量,然而目前对发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥的肥效特征尚不清楚。为探究不同用量发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥对烟草的影响,本研究以K326为实验对象,通过田间小区实验,研究了不同用量发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥处理后烟草的生长发育情况及其物理特征、化学物质含量和感官评价结果。研究结果表明：施用发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥能显著促进K326的生长发育,其株高、节距、叶片数及叶宽均显著增加,烟株生长情况综合特征与CK存在显著差异;施用饼肥的各部位烤后烟叶的含梗率显著降低,X2F和B2F的化学成分协调性得到改善,其糖碱比接近适宜值,而C3F的协调性受到一定的负面影响,其烟碱和糖类物质含量均呈增加趋势、糖碱比高于适宜值;此外施用饼肥还能显著改善烤后烟叶感官质量,且存在显著的剂量效应,随着施用剂量的增加,X2F和B2F的烟叶质量进一步提升,而C3F的烟叶质量进一步被削弱。综上,施用发酵玉米秸秆-油菜籽饼肥能显著促进烟株生长并改善下部叶和上部叶内在品质。