桐花树毛颚小卷蛾触角的扫描电镜观察

为了解红树林主要害虫桐花树毛颚小卷蛾成虫触角感受器种类、形态和分布,应用扫描电镜(SEM)对桐花树毛颚小卷蛾雌、雄成虫触角进行观察.结果表明,桐花树毛颚小卷蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由61～68个亚节组成,鞭节长3 500～4 200 μm,是表面感器类型最多的节.触角主要分布的感受器有毛形感器、鳞形感器、腔形感器、腔锥感器、耳形感器和锥形感器6种,其中毛形感器分布最广、数量最多.     

笋秀夜蛾触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察笋秀夜蛾触角的外部形态.雌蛾触角具8种感器,雄蛾触角具9种感器,其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是腔锥形感器和耳形感器,除毛形感器外,其他感器的数量和着生部位较为恒定.毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器Ⅰ型、鳞形感器和B(o)hm氏感器等为雌雄触角所共有,无缘腔锥感器、双缘腔锥形感器、腔乳头感器仅雄蛾触角具有;栓锥形感器Ⅱ型仅生于雌蛾触角.触角雌雄性二型现象明显,除了感器种类、形态和表面细微结构的差异外,雌蛾触角的鞭节存在融合征状,雄蛾触角却无此现象.     

盛冈纹瘿蜂(膜翅目:瘿蜂科)雌虫的超微形态

【目的】盛冈纹瘿蜂是在栎树上形成虫瘿危害的重要害虫。明确盛冈纹瘿蜂雌虫的超微形态,主要包括复眼、触角、口器、足和产卵器上感器的种类、数量和分布等,为瘿蜂综合防治与利用提供理论依据。【方法】运用扫描电子显微镜对雌虫的超微形态结构进行观察。【结果】盛冈纹瘿蜂的复眼由多个小眼组成,其间有锥形感器。雌虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节分为11亚节,柄节呈漏斗状,梗节较短呈球状。鞭节1—3亚节呈长圆柱状,末节粗壮、端部渐尖,其余呈短圆柱状。触角上分布有毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、板形感器和腔锥形感器5种感器,其中毛形感器的数量最多、分布最广泛。板形感器较为特殊,形状宽长,表面光滑,分布在第3—11亚鞭节上。口器为咀嚼式口器,下颚须发达,密被毛形感器。足上有许多毛形感器和刺形感器;产卵器上分布有毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、耳形感器和火山形感器。【结论】盛冈纹瘿蜂雌虫复眼、触角、口器、足和产卵器上有各种不同类型的感器,感器的功能与瘿蜂栖息、取食、繁殖等一系列生理活动密切相关。     

杨背麦蛾(鳞翅目:麦蛾科)触角感器的超微结构

【目的】了解杨背麦蛾成虫触角感器的类型、数量、分布和超微形态。【方法】利用扫描电镜技术观察杨背麦蛾雌、雄蛾的触角感器。【结果】杨背麦蛾触角感器绝大部分位于触角鞭节的腹面和侧面,少部分位于柄节和梗节。基于感器外部形态可分为8种类型:Bhm氏鬃毛(BBⅠ型和BBⅡ2种亚型)、毛形感器、锥形感器(SBⅠ和SBⅡ2种亚型)、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器、鳞形感器和栓锥形感器。其中毛形、锥形和耳形感器表皮具多孔,属于嗅觉感器。雌、雄蛾触角感器形态和分布无明显差异。但雄蛾触角与雌蛾相比,亚鞭节多1~4节;毛形和锥形SBⅡ感器明显长于雌蛾;刺形和腔锥形感器基部直径雄蛾明显长于雌蛾;毛形、锥形、刺形、腔锥形和鳞形感器总数均明显多于雌蛾。【结论】杨背麦蛾触角感器种类丰富,多数具有嗅觉功能,雌、雄蛾触角感器在数量和特征上有明显的性二型现象。     

竹织叶野螟触角感器的超微形态特征

应用扫描电镜技术对竹织叶野螟雌雄蛾触角感器进行研究。结果表明,竹织叶野螟触角呈丝状,由柄节、梗节和分为74~80个亚节的鞭节组成。触角上存在7种感器,其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是耳形感器和腔锥形感器;毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器Ⅰ型、耳形感器Ⅰ型、栓锥形感器、鳞形感器和Bhm氏感器为雌雄蛾所共有,腔锥形感器Ⅱ型、耳形感器Ⅱ型仅分布于雄蛾触角上,且腔锥形感器Ⅱ型为螟蛾科首次发现。对竹织叶野螟触角各感器的形态、分布以及雌雄间触角感器形态和数量差异进行描述,此外就竹织叶野螟与其相近种昆虫触角感器间的差异进行讨论。     

竹斑蛾触角感器电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜对竹斑蛾雌、雄成虫触角感觉器的类型、分布进行了观察。结果发现:竹斑蛾成虫触角上有5种感器,分别是刺形感器,毛形感器,芽形感器,栓锥形感器,腔锥形感器;绝大部分触角感觉器位于触角的腹面和侧面.雌雄蛾触角上的感器种类大体相同,但也存在差异;雄蛾触角上没有发现芽形感器;另外,毛形感器的长度、数量在两性之间也存在差异。     

柑橘长卷蛾触角感器种类与分布的形态学研究

应用电子扫描显微镜对柑橘长卷蛾雌雄成虫触角上的化学感受器进行了观察和研究,发现成虫触角上存在着6种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器,柱形感器,其中以毛形感器和耳形感器数目最多。柑橘长卷蛾雌雄成虫触角感器的种类、分布和形态特征也存在一定差异。柑橘长卷蛾触角感器种类较多,分布具有一定的规律性。研究柑橘长卷蛾触角感器的种类、数量和分布等特征,可为解释其生态学习性和对其进行电生理学等方面的研究提供依据。     

川硬皮肿腿蜂雌蜂触角超微结构观察

应用扫描电镜对川硬皮肿腿蜂两种类型雌蜂触角的外部形态结构进行了观察,结果表明:川硬皮肿腿蜂雌蜂触角上有18种感器,其中有毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型,刺形感器Ⅰ型,锥形感器Ⅰ型,鳞形感器,栓锥形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型,钟形感器,坛形感器,板形感器,柱形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型,长锥形感器和边缘感器为两种类型共有,仅数量和分布存在差异;毛形感器Ⅳ型、锥形感器Ⅱ型只在有翅雌蜂触角上存在;毛形感器Ⅲ型、刺形感器Ⅱ型只在无翅雌蜂中存在。     

松瘿小卷蛾幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的初步研究

通过对落叶松松瘿小卷蛾的空间分布进行指数法模拟研究,发现其空间分布为由害虫本身的生物学特性引起的聚集分布.通过序贯抽样研究,对松瘿小卷蛾幼虫序贯分析表进行了编制,为防治松瘿小卷蛾提供了依据.     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫感器超微结构观察

为了明确桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄成虫感器的外部形态特点,对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄成虫触角、口器、足、腹部和复眼的超微感器进行电镜扫描,并对雌、雄蜂感器进行差异比较。结果表明,在雄成虫触角上有Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、耳形感器、板形感器、带形感器和乳形感器8类感器;口器上有Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器和刺形感器3种感器;足上有Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器、刺形感器和锥形感器4种感器,其前足上还具有触角清洁器;腹部共有3种感器,即Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器和刺形感器;而复眼上只有1种锥形感器。     

落叶松八齿小蠹足部感受器的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜对落叶松八齿小蠹的足部感受器进行观察的结果表明，落叶松八齿小蠹足部共有穗型、毛型、刺型三种类型感受器，其中毛型感受器和刺型感受器的结构和功能在许多报道中都有了较深入的研究，而穗型感受器仅在落叶松八齿小蠹的触角上发现过。     

蔗扁蛾触角扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜对蔗扁蛾触角感器的观察结果表明:蔗扁蛾触角上共分布有6种感器,它们是毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、具缘毛腔锥感器、鳞形感器和端毛.其中鳞形感器的着生方式与其它昆虫有明显的区别,从正面看只有一个感器,但在它的下面还有3～5个感器,而且每组相互排列非常整齐有规律.     

早实核桃芽接愈伤形成过程扫描电镜观察

为给完善核桃芽接繁育技术提供参考,选用山东地方品种‘鸡爪绵’核桃实生苗为砧木,采用大方块芽接方法嫁接早实核桃品种‘香玲’和‘元林’,利用扫描电镜观测其砧穗组合体愈伤形成和嫁接口愈合过程。结果表明:2个早实核桃品种嫁接愈合过程相似,嫁接后第6天砧穗嫁接体愈合完成。第1天,嫁接口接穗上有愈伤组织细胞产生,同时有少量无机、有机分泌物或晶体;第2天,嫁接口处产生大量愈伤组织细胞,‘香玲’和‘元林’接穗愈伤组织细胞直径分别为17.5~35.0和14.1~33.3μm,‘元林’接穗愈伤细胞数量明显多于‘香玲’;第4天,愈伤细胞延伸分化出明显的愈伤组织,愈伤组织不断分裂;第5天,砧穗愈伤组织相互交叉连接;第6天,接穗和砧木间的维管束已重新连接,嫁接愈合完成。     

Delignification of cell walls of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation

To clarify the behavior of whole lignins in wood cell walls during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, the delignification process from cell walls in normal and compression woods of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. (Cupressaceae) was observed using ultraviolet and transmission electron microscopies. The lignin content conspicuously decreased to around 10% after 35min in normal wood. The lignin content in compression wood finally leveled off at aroumd 10% after 50min. In gel filtration of oxidation products in ethyl acetate, a high molecular weight fraction was prominent in extracts from the early stage of the reaction. As the oxidation progressed, the high molecular weight fraction became less prominent in both normal and compression wood. Changes in the weights of cell wall residues during reaction indicated that approximately half of the components other than lignin were also removed from the cell walls. This shows that the majority of lignin with relatively high molecular weight is removed from the cell walls together with polysaccharides in the early stage of the reaction and that further oxidative degradation occurs in solution in later stages. Only a small amount of the lignin with low molecular weight could be analyzed by gas chromatography.Parts of this report were presented at the 47th (Kochi, April 1997) and 48th (Shizuoka, April 1998) Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, and at the Lignin Symposium, Sapporo, October 1997     

黄斑长翅卷蛾触角感觉器的扫描电镜研究

对黄斑长翅卷蛾成虫触角感觉器在相差显微镜和扫描电镜下作了观察，触角由柄节，梗工节和４６￣４８个鞭节组成，触角背面被鳞片覆盖，绝大多数触角感器位于触角的腹面和侧面，在雌、雄蛾的触角上可观察到以下７种感器，即毛形感器，刺形感器，腔锥感器，椎锥感器，鳞形感器，耳形感器、Ｂｏｈｍ氏鬃毛，触角感觉器的数量，分布，密度在雌，雄成虫上具有明显的差异。     

云南木蠹象触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对云南木蠹象雌雄成虫触角上的感器进行观察和研究.结果表明:云南木蠹象成虫触角膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由7个亚节组成.在雌、雄成虫触角上均存在6种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、脚形感器、芽形感器、端指形感器和腔形感器,其中毛形感器和端指形感器的数量较多;此外,雌成虫触角还有双芽形感器,雄成虫触角上还有耳形感器.与端指形感器、脚形感器、双芽形感器结构相同的感器在鞘翅目已有的研究资料中还未见报道.是新发现的昆虫触角感器.对云南木蠹象触角不同种类感器的形态、分布以及雌雄间触角感器的分布和数量差异进行描述.     

Microstructure,strength and structural integrity of heat-treated beech and spruce wood

Abstract

Heat treatment of wood is an effective method by which to improve the dimensional stability and biological durability, but the mechanical strength is decreased at the same time. Besides chemical modification of cell-wall constituents, physical weakening of the microstructure owing to heat-induced defects may also contribute to strength loss. Therefore, anatomical properties of heat-treated beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.), studied by light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analysis, and their interrelation with strength properties and structural integrity were investigated. For determination of structural integrity, the high-energy–multiple-impact (HEMI) test was applied. Microscopic analyses showed frequent formation of radial cracks in heat-treated beech close to the rays as well as tangential cracks in the latewood of spruce. In addition, the modulus of rupture was more affected by the heat treatments than the resistance to impact milling (RIM) determined by the HEMI test, because RIM is based on multiple fractures on the microlevel that are not affected by the formation of intercellular cracks or other defects due to the heat treatment. It was concluded that heat-induced defects in the wood microstructure contribute to the substantial strength loss of thermally modified timber.     

Ultrastructural analysis of the loss of desiccation tolerance in germinating Eremanthus erythropappus seeds

Eremanthus erythropappus(DC.)MacLeish is an important forest species native to the Brazilian savanna biome,an environment with well-defined rainy and dry seasons.Its seeds are desiccation tolerant,non-dormant and dispersed at the end of dry season.This exposes them to the first sporadic rains that can trigger germination but the subsequent dry days can compromise survival of the newly germinated seed.This study evaluates if the damages caused by drying of germinating E.erythropappus seeds,at the stage when they have lost desiccation tolerance,are lethal.The percentage of normal seedlings was evaluated when seeds with different imbibition times were dried to their initial water content and then pre-humidified and rehydrated.Desiccation tolerance was fully lost after 0.5 mm of hypocotyl-radicle protrusion(approximately 72 h)when the radicle had root hairs,a possible indicator of sensitivity to desiccation.Disintegration of cell contents and ultrastructural damage to the seeds subjected to drying were observed by electron scanning microscope.Root hairs disappeared after drying,reappearing after pre-humidification,possibly an attempt to increase the surface area of the radicle for water uptake.However,the hypocotylradicle axis became darkened,probably by antioxidant system failure,causing seed death.