中南美洲木材害虫——犀天牛

黄埔口岸近年来从南美进境木材中截获了大量天牛。本文介绍其中犀天牛族(Rhinotragini)的4属5种:黄腹锥鞘天牛(Acyphoderes abdominalis)、艳锥鞘天牛(A.fulgida)、靓眼斑天牛(Ommata notabi-lis)、黑齿斑天牛(Odontocera molorchoides)和拟蜂鳞鞘天牛(Tomopterus vespoides),对这5种天牛进行了形态描述并提供了这5种天牛的检索表,为口岸检疫提供参考。     

管氏硬皮肿腿蜂防治广西罗汉果愈斑瓜天牛研究

应用管氏硬皮肿腿蜂防治罗汉果愈斑瓜天牛研究结果表明:愈斑瓜天牛适合管氏硬皮肿腿蜂寄生;肿腿蜂喜欢在老熟的天牛幼虫上产卵、羽化成蜂;按照蜂虫比为2:1在田间放蜂防治天牛,10月份防效好于9月份,防治效果可达到65.3%;肿腿蜂在桂南、桂北田间均可寄生该天牛幼虫。     

进口美国红橡原木中截获宽斑脊虎天牛

2002年,昆山局检疫人员在对一批来自美国的红橡原木进行检疫时发现树皮下存有大量天牛幼虫,其数量之多、危害之重实属罕见.幼虫经鉴定为宽斑脊虎天牛Xylotrechus colonus (Fabricius).本文对该虫的形态特征、分布、寄主、危害情况,以及脊虎天牛属北美分布种的幼虫检索表进行了收集整理,供检疫鉴定参考.     

欧洲的墨天牛属害虫

分布在欧洲的墨天牛属害虫有云杉大墨天牛、云杉粗鞘墨天牛、云杉小墨天牛、云杉花墨天牛和樟子松天牛(指名亚种)等5种,其中云杉粗鞘墨天牛在我国没有分布记述,危害大,防止它的侵入十分必要,对外植物检疫应该严格加以注意.本文介绍它们成虫的主要分类特征和分类检索表.     

蓝墨天牛的发生为害及防治对策

蓝墨天牛(Monochamus gerryi Pic)属鞘翅目,天牛科,沟胫天牛亚科,墨天牛属.俗称牵牛郎郎、老母虫.国内分布于贵州、云南、湖南、广西、广东等省区.贵州省主要分布在修文、威宁、息烽等县,是板栗树主要蛀干害虫之一.在修文为害板栗树的天牛种类中,蓝墨天牛要占总数的99%以上.此外,还为害栎属、栲、锥栗等植物.2001年修文县板栗农场100hm2(17.5万株)板栗受害,被害株率高达70%以上.由于遭受虫害,导致树势衰弱,挂果少,果实不饱满,严重影响产量.许多受害重的板栗树已经枯死,损失很大.     

桃红颈天牛危害及防治

桃红颈天牛Aromia bungri(Faldermann)又名红颈天牛,属鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛科Carambycidae.国内分布遍及辽宁、内蒙古、甘肃、河北、山西、陕西、山东、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、广西、湖北、四川、云南、贵州等省区桃产区.     

昆山口岸从中国台湾进境集装箱中截获斜斑瓜天牛和瘦躯姬天牛

2008年9日,昆山局检疫人员在对台湾进境集进箱进行查验时,截获两种天牛.经江苏检验检疫局植物检疫实验室徐梅博士鉴定为斜斑瓜天牛(Apomecyna historio(Fabricius,1792))和瘦躯姬天牛(Ceresium elongatum Matsushita,1993),为我国大陆检验检疫部门首次截获.     

重庆市黄斑星天牛风险性分析

黄斑星天牛(Anoplophora nobilis Ganglbauer)是重庆市现公布的补充森林植物检疫对象,也是国际上公认的重要检疫性有害生物.属鞘翅目天牛科星天牛属,主要寄主为杨属、旱柳、榆树、复叶械等.国内主要分布在陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、河南、四川的132个县市区,尤其在西北4省猖獗发生,极大地威胁三北防护林工程建设成果,致使大片林分枯死,损失严重.对黄斑星天牛采取检疫性措施,控制其传入危害,对目前重庆市大力发展的杨树产业意义重大,文章就该虫在重庆的危险性进行了分析.     

以缘脊楔天牛为例评估北美地区楔天牛属(非中国种)的传入风险

楔天牛属(非中国种)是我国的检疫性有害生物。其中,缘脊楔天牛于2015年4月为我国口岸首次截获。从分类地位、寄主范围、地理分布、为害情况、形态特征、生物学特性及传播途径等方面对缘脊楔天牛进行综述,并以缘脊楔天牛为例,用多指标综合评判法和专家评估法两种评估方法对北美地区楔天牛属(非中国种)的传入风险进行评估,评估结果分别为高和中。     

A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂诱虫谱研究

2002～2004年,在广州地区应用A-3型松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope(鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛科Cerambycidae)引诱剂诱捕鞘翅目昆虫,结果表明：A-3型松褐天牛引诱剂具有较广的诱虫谱,可以诱捕到鞘翅目中10个科48种昆虫；松树的主要蛀干害虫是松褐天牛、赤梗天牛Arhopalus unicolor Ganhan、马尾松角胫象Shirahoshizo patruelis Voss、松瘤象Hyposipalus gigas Fabricius和松纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus等小蠹虫；进一步分离所诱捕的松褐天牛及其他松树主要蛀干害虫携带松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle的情况,发现松褐天牛与赤梗天牛均携带松材线虫,其中松褐天牛是松材线虫病最重要的传播媒介。     

Note: Survey of seedborne fungi of sudanese cultivars of onion,with new records

Through incubation of onion (Allium cepa L.) seed samples on potato dextrose agar and moist filter papers at 28±2°C, 32 species and four varieties belonging to 19 genera of fungi were determined as seedborne in this crop. Among them, 23 species are new reports to the mycoflora of onion seeds.Aspergillus (11 species and three varieties, ∼42.1% of the total colony count of fungi) was the most prevalent genus:A. niger (∼19.7%) was found at the highest rate in the seeds, followed byA. parasiticus (∼17.3%,A. oryzae (∼17.3%) andA. flavus (∼14.5%). The genusAspergillus was followed byPenicillium (∼12.4%),Sclerotium (∼7.1%),Fennellia, Rhizopus, Chaetomium, Drechslera andAlternaria (∼12.4%),Fusarium, Emericella andByssochlamys (∼7.1%), whereas the remaining eight genera displayed a low level of infection (∼10%). Twenty-seven species, three varieties and 12 genera represent Hyphomycetes; four genera, three species and one variety — Ascomycotina; one genus and one species — Zygomycotina; two genera and two species — other Deuteromycotina; and one genus — Oomycetes. Some species, which are known to cause devastating pre- and postharvest diseases to onion crops, were recovered from the seeds of this crop, suggesting the high possibility of their transmission by seed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Host range and molecular phylogenies of the soft rot enterobacterial genera pectobacterium and dickeya

ABSTRACT Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. are related broad-host-range entero-bacterial pathogens of angiosperms. A review of the literature shows that these genera each cause disease in species from at least 35% of angiosperm plant orders. The known host ranges of these pathogens partially overlap and, together, these two genera are pathogens of species from 50% of angiosperm plant orders. Notably, there are no reported hosts for either genus in the eudicots clade and no reported Dickeya hosts in the magnoliids or eurosids II clades, although Pectobacterium spp. are pathogens of at least one plant species in the magnoliids and at least one in each of the three eurosids II plant orders. In addition, Dickeya but not Pectobacterium spp. have been reported on a host in the rosids clade and, unlike Pectobacterium spp., have been reported on many Poales species. Natural disease among nonangiosperms has not been reported for either genus. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences concatenated from regions of seven housekeeping genes (acnA, gapA, icdA, mdh, mtlD, pgi, and proA) from representatives of these genera demonstrated that Dickeya spp. and the related tree pathogens, the genus Brenneria, are more diverse than Pectobacterium spp. and that the Pectobacterium strains can be divided into at least five distinct clades, three of which contain strains from multiple host plants.     

Use of Degenerate Primers in a RT-PCR Assay for the Identification and Analysis of Some Filamentous Viruses, with Special Reference to Clostero- and Vitiviruses of the Grapevine

RT-PCR with degenerate primers was used for the screening of the genome of some members of the Closterovirus, Vitivirus and Trichovirus genera. Two sets of primers, targeted to conserved sequences of the heat shock protein 70 homologue of closteroviruses or to the RNA dependent RNA polymerase genes of tricho- and vitiviruses, amplified the expected fragments from total RNA extracts or double-stranded RNAs of infected plants. Amplified cDNAs were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results support the allocation of grapevine viruses A, B, D and heracleum latent virus (HLV) in the genus Vitivirus, whereas, the detection of a HSP70 homologue in grapevine leafroll-associated viruses agrees with their assignment in the genus Closterovirus. The use of degenerate primers for the identification of grapevine viruses belonging to Vitivirus and Closterovirus genera is envisaged.     

Phylogenetic analysis of cercospora and mycosphaerella based on the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA

ABSTRACT Most of the 3,000 named species in the genus Cercospora have no known sexual stage, although a Mycosphaerella teleomorph has been identified for a few. Mycosphaerella is an extremely large and important genus of plant pathogens, with more than 1,800 named species and at least 43 associated anamorph genera. The goal of this research was to perform a large-scale phylogenetic analysis to test hypotheses about the past evolutionary history of Cercospora and Mycosphaerella. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data (ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene, ITS2), the genus Mycosphaerella is monophyletic. In contrast, many anamorph genera within Mycosphaerella were polyphyletic and were not useful for grouping species. One exception was Cercospora, which formed a highly supported monophyletic group. Most Cercospora species from cereal crops formed a subgroup within the main Cercospora cluster. Only species within the Cercospora cluster produced the toxin cercosporin, suggesting that the ability to produce this compound had a single evolutionary origin. Intraspecific variation for 25 taxa in the Mycosphaerella clade averaged 1.7 nucleotides (nts) in the ITS region. Thus, isolates with ITS sequences that differ by two or more nucleotides may be distinct species. ITS sequences of groups I and II of the gray leaf spot pathogen Cercospora zeae-maydis differed by 7 nts and clearly represent different species. There were 6.5 nt differences on average between the ITS sequences of the sorghum pathogen Cercospora sorghi and the maize pathogen Cercospora sorghi var. maydis, indicating that the latter is a separate species and not simply a variety of Cercospora sorghi. The large monophyletic Mycosphaerella cluster contained a number of anamorph genera with no known teleomorph associations. Therefore, the number of anamorph genera related to Mycosphaerella may be much larger than suspected previously.     

我国西部白刺属及其近缘属的花粉形态与分类

本文借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜 ,对蒺藜科 5属 11种植物的花粉形态进行了观察和研究 ,探讨了花粉形态特征的分类学意义。结果表明白刺属与蒺藜科其他属花粉粒大小和外壁纹饰可作为分属、分科 ,而且分种的依据。同时结果也支持白刺属提升为白刺科 (Nitrariaceae)。本文依据花粉形态和其他器官特征 ,对本属花粉外壁的演化趋势及属的分类地位进行了探讨。这对白刺属的系统、起源与演化的研究提供依据和参考。     

Succession of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Caragana korshinskii plantation in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China over a 50-a period

Bacterial and fungal communities play critical roles in reestablishing vegetation structure, function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the long-term successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities that occur with artificial vegetation development are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities in Caragana korshinskii Kom. plantation over a period of 50 a (6, 12, 18, 40 and 50 a) and their relationships with key soil environmental factors in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone, northern China. The results showed that bacterial and fungal diversities (α- and β-diversity) were significantly affected by plantation age; moreover, the change in fungal community was more evident than that in bacterial community. Soil samples from 12 a plantation had the highest (P<0.05) bacterial and fungal α-diversity (i.e., abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao1 index) at 0-10 cm depth compared with other samples. However, soil samples from plantation at the late recovery stage (40-50 a) had the highest α-diversity at 10-20 cm depth. Soil bacterial community was not significantly affected by plantation age at the genus level; but, soil fungal community was significantly affected at the genus level. Overall, Mortierella and Chaetomium were the dominant genera at natural recovery stage (0 a); Inocybe was the dominant genus at the early recovery stage (6-12 a); Inocybe and Mortierella were the dominant genera at the mid-recovery stage (12-40 a); And Mortierella, Cladosporium and Humicola were the dominant genera at the late recovery stage (40-50 a). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that β-glucosidase activity, total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were closely associated with bacterial community composition, while alkaline phosphatase, urease activity and total nitrogen were associated with fungal community composition, indicating that changes in enzyme activity and soil nutrients were the most important determinants of dominant genera. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms (Cladosporium and Humicola) were dominant in soils from 40-50 a plantation, which may affect plant growth, resulting in the decline of C. korshinskii plantation. Overall, the findings of this study improve the understanding of ecological patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in artificial vegetation and provide an important scientific basis for comprehensive ecological restoration management in arid and semi-arid areas.     

ICTV最新十五级分类阶元病毒分类系统中的植物病毒

本文报告了国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)于2020年3月批准的最新2019病毒分类系统,全面采用了十五级分类阶元,分别为:域、亚域、界、亚界、门、亚门、纲、亚纲、目、亚目、科、亚科、属、亚属、种.寄主为植物的病毒包括了植物病毒和亚病毒感染因子(类病毒、卫星病毒和卫星核酸).植物病毒共有1 608种,涉及2个域、3个界、...     

A new genus of parasitic copepod (Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) from the razorback scabbardfish, Assurger anzac (Trichiuridae) off New Caledonia

A new genus and species, Avitocaligus assurgericola gen. et sp. n., of the family Caligidae is established based on an ovigerous female collected from a razorback scabbardfish, Assurger anzac (Alexander), caught off New Caledonia. This is the first record of any parasitic copepod from this fish. The new genus is placed in the Caligidae since it possesses the caligid cephalothorax incorporating the first to third pedigerous somites. It also exhibits biramous first and fourth swimming legs but lacks dorsal plates on the fourth pedigerous somite. This combination of characters serves to differentiate the new genus from existing genera. In addition, it possesses loosely coiled, uniseriate egg sacs, concealed between the middle lamellar plates on the genital complex and the ventral plates on the abdomen. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis with a restricted matrix suggests that the new genus represents the earliest offshoot from the main caligid lineage since it does not exhibit the dominant exopod on the fourth swimming leg found in all other members of the Caligidae, including the genus Euryphorus. It strongly supports the newly recognized monophyletic status of the Caligidae, incorporating the genera formerly placed in the Euryphoridae.     

Incidence and diversity of the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium in Portuguese almonds and chestnuts

Almonds (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb) and European (sweet) chestnuts (Castanea sativa Miller) are of great economic and social impact in Mediterranean countries, and in some areas they constitute the main income of rural populations. Despite all efforts to control fungal contamination, toxigenic fungi are ubiquitous in nature and occur regularly in worldwide food supplies, and these nuts are no exception. This work aimed to provide knowledge on the general mycobiota of Portuguese almonds and chestnuts, and its evolution from field to the end of storage. For this matter, 45 field chestnut samples and 36 almond samples (30 field samples and six storage samples) were collected in Trás-os-Montes, Portugal. All fungi belonging to genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified to the section level. Fungi representative of other genera were identified to the genus level. In the field, chestnuts were mainly contaminated with the genera Fusarium, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Penicillium, and the genus Aspergillus was only rarely found, whereas almonds were more contaminated with Aspergillus. In almonds, Aspergillus incidence increased significantly from field to the end of storage, but diversity decreased, with potentially toxigenic isolates belonging to sections Flavi and Nigri becoming more significant and widespread throughout storage. These fungi were determined to be moderately associated, which can be indicative of mycotoxin co-contamination problems if adequate storage conditions are not secured.