福建省致病疫霉交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗药性

为明确福建省致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)de Bary交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗性情况,对1999～2002年分离的致病疫霉进行了交配型和抗药性水平测定.发现福建省同时存在致病疫霉的A1、A2两种交配型菌株,被测定的89个菌株中,73个菌株为A1交配型,16个为A2交配型,分别占82.1%和17.9%;对甲霜灵抗药性测定表明,高抗、中抗和敏感菌株分别占36.0%、48.3%、15.7%,不同菌株对甲霜灵的敏感程度差异很大;离体测定对甲霜灵的敏感性表明,1.0μg/mL甲霜灵对敏感菌株的平均防治效果为68.7%,而500μg/mL浓度对高抗菌株的防治效果仅为69.7%,说明致病疫霉对甲霜灵产生高抗药性.     

棉铃疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗药性风险研究

在实验室条件下,对分离自安徽省芜湖、无为、宣城、望江、肥东、寿县、滁州等7个地区的棉铃疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada)对甲霜灵的抗药性进行了测定。结果显示,甲霜灵对各供试菌株的EC50分布为0.008 3～0.079 1μg／mL,平均为0.026 1 μg／mL,远小于1 μg／mL,且供试菌株在含甲霜灵质量浓度为1μg／mL的LBA平板上菌丝生长几乎完全被抑制,表明各供试菌株对甲霜灵十分敏感,但其敏感程度地区间存在较大差异。通过室内药剂直接诱变,获得抗甲霜灵菌株,经抗性测定结果表明,抗性菌株的抗性水平较其敏感亲本菌株高13 000倍以上,提示安徽省棉铃疫病菌对甲霜灵具有潜在的抗药性风险。     

安徽省辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性监测

为了明确安徽地区辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性水平及抗性菌株的地理分布,2005-2006年从安徽省16个市、县采集辣椒疫病病株,经分离纯化鉴定,获得125株辣椒疫霉菌株,分别采用生长速率法和叶盘漂浮法测定其对甲霜灵的敏感性.结果表明,按照Parra & Ristaino(2001)标准,供试菌株中有79株对甲霜灵敏感,38株对甲霜灵敏感性处于中间状态,8株抗甲霜灵,即敏感菌株、中间菌株和抗性菌株分别占总体的63.2%、30.4%和6.4%.采自不同地区的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性差异较大,其中以寿县的菌株最为敏感,EC50值最低为0.10μg/mL,平均为0.81±0.20μg/mL;而砀山、和县地区的菌株表现出一定的抗药性,平均EC50为8.32±0.19 μg/mL,最高达25.47μg/mL.抗性菌株的最高抗性倍数约为90倍.     

致病疫霉抗药性、交配型和适合度

 在离体条件下,我国马铃薯和番茄上62株致病疫霉中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株占11.29%,平均抗性水平15022倍和24733倍,未发现抗霜脲氰菌株和抗烯酰吗啉菌株。在活体条件下,比利时马铃薯上66株致病疫霉中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株占27.3%,河北省围场、崇礼马铃薯上217株中对甲霜灵和恶霜灵抗性菌株分别占29.0%和32.7%,河北省徐水番茄上88株中仅发现1株抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵。比利时马铃薯上的66株中4株为A2交配型,占6.1%,1株交配型为A1A2,抗甲霜灵。围场、崇礼马铃薯上的73株中6株为A2交配型,占8.2%,6株A2交配型中3株抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵。徐水番茄上的4 4株中3株A2交配型占6.8%。致病疫霉对甲霜灵和恶霜灵具有交互抗性,而2药与霜脲氰或烯酰吗啉之间无交互抗性关系。由于抗性菌株的产孢能力明显较高,田间抗甲霜灵和恶霜灵菌株明显比中间型菌株和敏感菌株的适合度高。     

江西省辣椒疫霉生理小种构成及其对烯酰吗啉的敏感性分析

为了明确江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的抗药性风险,采用灌根法鉴定了108个江西辣椒疫霉菌株的生理小种,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性.结果表明,菌株LP20、LP38和LP48属于生理小种3,占测定菌株总数的2.8％,其余菌株属于生理小种2,占测定菌株总数的97.2％,为优势生理小种,且未发现生理小种1.烯酰吗啉抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.1149～0.2868 μg/mL,最不敏感菌株的EC50值为最敏感菌株的2.49倍.不同地区的菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性差异不大,崇义的菌株平均EC50值最低,为0.1367 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1213 ～0.1462 μg/mL;吉水的菌株平均EC50值最高,为0.2185 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1805 ～0.2835 μg/mL.     

2013-2014年北方5省(区)致病疫霉抗药性监测及交配型分析

为明确致病疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性及其交配型的动态变化,采用菌落生长速率法监测了2013-2014年采自我国北方5省(自治区)的马铃薯致病疫霉对甲霜灵的抗性,并利用标准菌株与待测菌株对峙培养测定了交配型.2013年和2014年检测的致病疫霉均以中抗菌株占主导,分别占当年检测菌株总量的82.7％和75.6％,但高抗菌株从3.3％增加到16.3％.测定甲霜灵对部分敏感、中抗和高抗菌株的EC50,发现该药剂对高抗菌株的EC50分别是中抗菌株和敏感菌株的5倍和400倍.2013年采自内蒙古、黑龙江、辽宁3省(自治区)6个县(市)的92个菌株中,A1交配型占主导地位,还发现了A2和A1A2;2014年采自内蒙古、黑龙江2省(自治区)4个县(市)的52个菌株仍以A1为主,A2所占比例较低,但未检测到A1A2.2013-2014年北方5省(自治区)致病疫霉群体结构呈现复杂化的趋势.     

黑龙江省和吉林省马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性变化

2006-2008年在黑龙江省和吉林省共分离获得61株马铃薯晚疫病菌,测定了这些菌株对交配型、氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性。交配型测定结果显示所有菌株都显示A1交配型。甲霜灵测定结果显示10个菌株(16.4%)显示为敏感性,11个菌株(18.0%)显示为中抗,40个菌株(65.6%)显示为抗性。这说明吉林省和黑龙江省发生的晚疫病菌已对甲霜灵产生抗性。氟啶胺敏感性测定结果表明,不同地区、不同年份分离的马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性无显著差异, 其敏感性呈连续的单峰曲线分布, EC50在0.203 3~0.783 7 μg/mL之间, 最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的3.85倍, 平均值为(0.4781±0.0163)μg/mL, 未出现敏感性下降的抗药性群体, 因此可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性基线;83.6%的供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性下降, 甲霜灵与氟啶胺之间不存在交互抗药性。测定氟啶胺对马铃薯晚疫病的盆栽防治试验结果表明,氟啶胺可湿性粉剂、氟啶胺悬浮剂和烯酰吗啉能很好地控制晚疫病,防治效果分别为85.71%、87.00%、82.19%,而甲霜灵的为23.92%。     

贵州省烟草黑胫病菌对甲霜灵的抗药性

为了明确贵州地区烟草黑胫病菌对甲霜灵的抗药性水平, 从贵州省12个市、县采集黑胫病病株, 经分离纯化鉴定, 获得98株黑胫病菌株, 采用生长速率法测定其对甲霜灵的敏感性。结果表明, 采自不同地区的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性差异较大, 各供试菌株的EC50 值分布范围为0.419 2～20.486 1 μg/mL; 各地区平均EC50 在0.551 9～10.986 0 μg/mL之间; 最低抗药性水平为1.00, 最高抗药性水平为48.87, 相差48.87倍, 各地区平均抗药性水平在1.32～26.21之间。遵义、兴仁、贵定、赫章和兴义有抗甲霜灵菌株出现, 除遵义部分菌株的抗性水平表现为高抗外, 其余菌株对甲霜灵产生的抗性均处于中抗水平。     

嘧菌酯对三种蔬菜病害的毒力、防效及安全性研究

采集未施用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂地区的番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、辣椒炭疽病菌Collecterichum capsica、黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis,于室内测定嘧菌酯对该3种病菌的毒力,结果分别为:对早疫菌的EC50值为8.617 6 μg/mL,对炭疽菌的EC50值为5.634 5 μg/mL,对霜霉菌的EC50值为0.004 9 μg/mL;连续两年在田间使用3个不同剂量的嘧菌酯防治上述3种病菌,均得到了80%以上的良好防效;室内盆栽番茄、辣椒、黄瓜的不同品种,于不同的生长时期,喷施不同浓度的嘧菌酯,500 μg/mL浓度下未见药害。本研究表明,连续使用3次嘧菌酯即可有效控制病害的发展,而且对作物安全性高。     

氯康唑类似物的合成及抑菌活性

为了发现更多抑菌活性优于抗菌药物盐酸氯康唑的化合物,在盐酸氯康唑的结构基础上,设计、合成了其类似物,并进行了抑菌活性测定。以芝麻酚为原料,经过酰化、1,2,4-三氮唑基团的引入以及醚化3步反应,合成了19个新型氯康唑类似物4a~4s。所有目标化合物的结构均经过1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS等确认。采用抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对水稻稻瘟病菌、番茄早疫病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌、玉米弯孢病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦赤霉病菌和棉花枯萎病菌7种植物源病原真菌的抑制活性,并进一步测定了部分化合物的EC50值。结果显示,在50 μg/mL时,大多数目标化合物对供试菌株表现出不同程度的抑制作用。其中,化合物4d和4m对番茄早疫病菌的EC50值分别为6.28和4.61 μg/mL,4m对烟草赤星病菌的EC50值3.58 μg/mL,与对照药剂腈菌唑（对番茄早疫病菌和烟草赤星病菌的EC50值分别为1.63和1.05 μg/mL）在同一数量级,具有开发为新型抗菌药物的潜能。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.