Textural and crystal-fabric anisotropies and the flow of ice masses

Accurate modeling and prediction of glacier response requires a better understanding of the influence of physical anisotropies on creep. To investigate the effects of variations in the degree of preferred crystallographic orientation and ice crystal size on creep, 19 samples of anisotropic glacier ice were deformed in simple shear. Results indicate that the time required for ice samples to reach the minimum strain rate decreases as crystal size increases; an increase in crystal-fabric development from an isotropic fabric to one with a strong single maximum results in an enhancement of the minimum strain rate by a factor of 4; and a doubling of the crystal size results in about a ninefold increase in the minimum strain rate.     

Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice on Mars

High-resolution Viking orbiter images show evidence for quasi-viscous relaxation of topography. The relaxation is believed to be due to creep deformation of ice in near-surface materials. The global distribution of the inferred ground ice shows a pronounced latitudinal dependence. The equatorial regions of Mars appear to be ice-poor, while the heavily cratered terrain poleward of +/- 30 degrees latitude appears to be ice-rich. The style of creep poleward of +/- 30 degrees varies with latitude, possibly due to variations in ice rheology with temperature. The distribution suggests that ice at low latitudes, which is not in equilibrium with the present atmosphere, has been lost via sublimation and diffusion through the regolith, thereby causing a net poleward transport of ice over martian history.     

蠕变经历对落叶松材静强度影响

木材在长期重复载荷作用下的蠕变经历,即蠕变变形的发展和积累以及木材局部组织损伤和龟裂,使木材再次承载时的力学性质产生变异和劣化.试验研究表明,落叶松材在小于其比例极限应力的重复载荷作用下,经过3万次以上应力循环的蠕变经历,使其纤维方向弯曲弹性模量增大10％;顺纹抗剪强度和抗弯强度有减小趋势,这与蠕变变形的积累和木材局部组织损伤和龟裂程度密切相关,对于无明显塑性变形和局部损伤的试件其强度无明显影响.     

纳米单晶与多晶铜薄膜力学行为的数值模拟研究

通过对不同温度下单晶薄膜的拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟,从微观角度揭示了温度效应对材料性能的影响. 结果表明温度效应对材料的变形机理影响很大.0K温度下由于缺乏热激活软化的影响, 粒子运动所受到的阻碍较大, 薄膜的强度较高, 塑性变形主要来自于粒子的短程滑移.温度升高,粒子的热运动加剧,屈服强度降低, 塑性变形将主要来自于大范围的位错长程扩展.多晶薄膜的模拟结果表明, 虽然其晶粒形状较为特殊, 但是它仍然遵循反Hall-Petch关系.在模拟过程中,侧向应力最大值比拉伸方向应力的最大值滞后出现.位错只会从晶界产生并向晶粒内部传播,晶粒间界滑移是多晶薄膜塑性变形的主要来源.     

冻土区坡体蠕滑作用下管道应力数值计算

长输油气管道在一般地段埋地敷设,当经过季节性斜坡冻土区时,由于冻融引起的坡体蠕滑作用导致管道产生附加应力。通过安装管道轴向应变传感器可监测坡体蠕滑作用导致的管道轴向应力变化,但开展管道强度评价时,需要明确管道应变监测初始应力,由于应力检测技术多在实验室环境下使用,工程上并不成熟,目前行业内一般通过有限元建模计算方法获取管道应变监测初始应力。以涩宁兰一线某穿越斜坡季节性冻土地貌埋地管道为例,介绍了位于季节性冻土区的管道当前面临的主要风险、土体位移分布形式与位移的确定,以及季节性冻土区斜坡体位移作用下管道的受力和变形情况。采用向量式有限元方法,利用空间梁单元和非线性土弹簧模型对灾害点管道进行了数值模拟,并得到管道现状应力分布,为确定管道本体应变监测截面位置、估计管道现状应力分布及管道安全评价提供依据。     

小麦生长模型对拔节期和孕穗期低温胁迫响应能力的比较

[目的]作物生长模型是预测和评估气候变化对作物生产力影响的重要量化工具,明确典型作物生长模型对小麦拔节期和孕穗期低温胁迫响应能力的不足,可以为进一步改进低温胁迫对小麦生产力影响的模拟算法提供指导.[方法]本研究将来自4套国际知名小麦生长模型(美国密歇根州立大学的CERES-Wheat、美国华盛顿州立大学的CropSys...     

油菜茎秆的粘弹性特性及本构关系的研究

割刀切割茎秆产生的冲击应力波传播到荚果,当应力幅值超过荚果的抗裂极限时,籽粒脱落引起收获损失.油菜茎秆的粘弹性质对应力波的传播具有很大的影响.通过测定油菜茎秆的粘性系数与弹性模量,采用三元件固体模型建立了油菜茎秆的粘弹性本掏关系,并分析了其应力、应变对时间的响应,从而得到了蠕变曲线及应力松弛曲线.为进一步研究茎秆中的应力波的传播规律,设计优化切割器参数以便减小收获损失,提供了重要数据.     

Activation volume for creep in the upper mantle

The activation volume for creep, V*, of olivine-rich rocks has been determined in pressure-differential creep experiments on dunite at temperatures from 1100 degrees to 1350 degrees C and confining pressures from 5 to 15 kilobars. Values of V* range from 10.6 to 15.4 cubic centimeters per mole with a mean value of 13.4 cubic centimeters per mole, near that expected for oxygen ion self-diffusion. The quantity V* is incorporated into existing flow equations; in combination with observations on naturally deformed mantle xenoliths, estimates are given of the variation with depth of stress, strain rate, and viscosity.     

ACQ-D防腐改性对速生杨木蠕变性能的影响

通过试验研究,分析室内常规环境条件下承受不同应力水平作用的速生杨木及其氨溶季胺铜(ACQ-D)防腐处理木材的蠕变规律,对试验数据进行拟合分析,得到蠕变变形曲线,建立速生杨木及其ACQ-D防腐改性材的相对蠕变模型,并对不同受荷时间的速生杨木及其ACQ-D防腐改性材的相对蠕变变形进行预测。结果表明,速生杨木及其ACQ-D防腐改性材蠕变变形规律相似,其蠕变变形均随着应力水平和受荷时间的增大而增大;由于ACQ-D不显著改变速生杨木的力学性能,速生杨木及其ACQ-D防腐改性材初始弹性变形接近,低应力水平下蠕变变形也相差不大,但ACQ-D防腐提高了速生杨木的吸湿性,从而导致高应力水平下防腐改性木材较大的相对蠕变变形。     

Protonic diffusion in high-pressure ice VII

Near ambient pressures, molecular diffusion dominates protonic diffusion in ice. Theoretical studies have predicted that protonic diffusion will dominate at high pressures in ice. We measured the protonic diffusion coefficient for the highest temperature molecular phase of ice VII at 400 kelvin over its entire stable pressure region. The values ranged from 10(-17) to 10(-15) square meters per second at pressures of 10 to 63 gigapascals. The diffusion coefficients extrapolated to high temperatures close to the ice VII melting curve were less by a factor of 10(2) to 10(3) than a superionic criterion of approximately 10(-8) square meters per second, at which protons would diffuse freely.     

A relation to describe rate-dependent material failure

The simple relation OmegaOmega-alpha = 0, where Omega is a measurable quantity such as strain and A and alpha are empirical constants, describes the behavior of materials in terminal stages of failure under conditions of approximately constant stress and temperature. Applicable to metals and alloys, ice, concrete, polymers, rock, and soil, the relation may be extended to conditions of variable and multiaxial stress and may be used to predict time to failure.     

基于交变应力的碳纤维杉木复合材蠕变性能研究

采用基于交变应力的抗弯试验方法对碳纤维杉木复合材在干、湿环境条件下的短期蠕变性能进行研究.结果表明：Burger模型可较精确地模拟复合材的短期弯曲蠕变性能;湿环境下复合材蠕变量显著大于干环境,温度及相对湿度是影响蠕变的重要因素;在应力变化周期为1h时,交变应力下蠕变量稍低于恒定应力水平,交变应力未加速蠕变的进程;在湿环境中高应力水平下复合材蠕变速率最大,较短时间便出现压溃破坏,在复合材设计应用时,应综合考虑环境状态及应力水平的影响,将应力水平极值控制在极限应力的40％以内.     

Superplastic extensibility of nanocrystalline copper at room temperature

A bulk nanocrystalline (nc) pure copper with high purity and high density was synthesized by electrodeposition. An extreme extensibility (elongation exceeds 5000%) without a strain hardening effect was observed when the nc copper specimen was rolled at room temperature. Microstructure analysis suggests that the superplastic extensibility of the nc copper originates from a deformation mechanism dominated by grain boundary activities rather than lattice dislocation, which is also supported by tensile creep studies at room temperature. This behavior demonstrates new possibilities for scientific and technological advancements with nc materials.     

Grain boundary strengthening in alumina by rare earth impurities

Impurity doping often alters or improves the properties of materials. In alumina, grain boundaries play a key role in deformation mechanisms, particularly in the phenomenon of grain boundary sliding during creep at high temperatures. We elucidated the atomic-scale structure in alumina grain boundaries and its relationship to the suppression of creep upon doping with yttrium by using atomic resolution microscopy and high-precision calculations. We find that the yttrium segregates to very localized regions along the grain boundary and alters the local bonding environment, thereby strengthening the boundary against mechanical creep.     

农业物料流变特性试验机的研制

介绍了自行研制的农业物料流变特性试验机的结构和工作原理，以及通过蠕变、应力松驰、应力－应变等流变试验获得流变特性参数的操作方法     

Revealing extraordinary intrinsic tensile plasticity in gradient nano-grained copper

Nano-grained (NG) metals are believed to be strong but intrinsically brittle: Free-standing NG metals usually exhibit a tensile uniform elongation of a few percent. When a NG copper film is confined by a coarse-grained (CG) copper substrate with a gradient grain-size transition, tensile plasticity can be achieved in the NG film where strain localization is suppressed. The gradient NG film exhibits a 10 times higher yield strength and a tensile plasticity comparable to that of the CG substrate and can sustain a tensile true strain exceeding 100% without cracking. A mechanically driven grain boundary migration process with a substantial concomitant grain growth dominates plastic deformation of the gradient NG structure. The extraordinary intrinsic plasticity of gradient NG structures offers their potential for use as advanced coatings of bulk materials.     

Rheology of glacier ice

A new method for calculating the stress field in bounded ice shelves is used to compare strain rate and deviatoric stress on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The analysis shows that strain rate (per second) increases as the third power of deviatoric stress (in newtons per square meter), with a constant of proportionality equal to 2.3 x 10(-25).     

氮、钾、甜菜碱对减缓夏玉米水分胁迫的效果

 采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和正常供水条件下，氮、钾和甜菜碱对2种不同基因型夏玉米（陕单9号和陕单911）各生育期干物质、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响，确定这些因子在增强作物抗旱性方面的功能。结果表明，水分胁迫条件下玉米干物质和籽粒产量明显降低，但各品种反应不同：陕单9号干物质和籽粒产量高，抗旱性强；陕单911相反。施用氮、钾和甜菜碱能不同程度提高玉米干物质和籽粒产量以及水分利用效率，减缓水分胁迫，提高程度与品种关系密切。施用氮肥后，在水分胁迫条件下陕单911干物质和籽粒产量显著增加，水分利用效率明显提高，2种氮肥用量有显著差异；陕单9号在低氮用量时增产，增加氮量并未进一步提高产量，低、高氮肥用量间无显著差异。正常供水时，氮肥作用明显下降，表明氮肥不仅能供应养分，还有增强抗旱的功能。施用钾肥和喷施甜菜碱对受水分胁迫的玉米有同样功能，且效果更突出。在供水条件下这些效果下降更明显，甚至消失，表明它们对增强作物抗旱性的贡献更大。     

碳纤维木材复合材结合层剪切蠕变性能研究

为了研究碳纤维应用于建筑木构件及其节点加固工程中的长期承载性能,采用持续负载的剪切试验方法对碳纤维木材复合材结合层在高湿(温度60℃,相对湿度90％),低湿(温度24℃,相对温度45％)环境条件下的蠕变性能进行了研究.结论表明:Burger模型可较精确地模拟复合材结合层的短期剪切性能(R2≥98％);高湿环境下结合层剪切蠕变量显著大于低温环境,温度及相对湿度都是影响蠕变的重要因素;结合层厚度越大,剪切蠕变变形也越大,应力松弛较大,建议碳纤维与木材复合时施加一定的压力(0.05 MPa以上)以减少结合层厚度;高温环境下高应力水平的蠕变速率最大,较短时间便出现结合层断裂,在碳纤维设计应用时,应确保结合层剪切应力水平在极限应力的50％以内.图3参12     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻生长和产量形成的影响

【目的】针对不断升高的近地层臭氧浓度,研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感类型水稻生长动态和产量形成的影响,为抗臭氧品种的选育提供参考依据。【方法】2013年,利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置对照(10 n L·L~(-1))和臭氧浓度增高(100 n L·L~(-1))处理,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,根据供试材料地上部最终生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A类(低度敏感型)、B类(中度敏感型)和C类(高度敏感型)3个类别,分析不同敏感类型水稻株高和分蘖动态、籽粒产量以及产量构成因子对臭氧胁迫的响应及其与成熟期生物量响应的关系。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使A、B和C类水稻地上部生物量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,B和C类达极显著水平。除首期外,臭氧胁迫使其他测定期株高下降,降幅随时间推移逐渐增加,但不同类型水稻的降幅相近。与此不同,臭氧胁迫对分蘖发生的影响因不同水稻类型而异:全生育期平均,臭氧胁迫对A类水稻分蘖数没有影响,但使B类和C类水稻分别下降17%和23%,均达极显著水平。臭氧胁迫使水稻籽粒产量及产量构成因子均显著或极显著下降,其中单位面积穗数(A类水稻没有响应,B和C两类水稻分别下降16%和26%)、每穗颖花数(A、B和C类水稻分别下降16%、19%和27%)和单位面积颖花数(A、B和C类水稻分别下降11%、31%和46%)的降幅在不同类型水稻间差异明显,但在饱粒重、饱粒率和最终产量方面,3类水稻的降幅差异较小。臭氧胁迫导致的产量损失主要与饱粒率和总库容量大幅下降有关,其次亦与穗数和饱粒重的下降有关。臭氧胁迫下,水稻成熟期地上部生物量的响应与生育中后期分蘖数和最终穗数、每穗颖花数以及单位面积颖花数的响应均呈极显著正相关,但与各期株高、饱粒率、饱粒重和最终产量的相关性均不密切。【结论】100n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度矮化水稻植株,使分蘖发生和颖花形成,特别是灌浆结实明显受抑,进而使最终产量大幅下降,其中生育中后期分蘖数和最终成穗数、每穗颖花数以及总颖花量的变化与水稻敏感类型关系密切,可作为抗臭氧品种选育的参考依据。