Response of soil respiration to a severe drought in Chinese Eucalyptus plantations

Extreme droughts can adversely affect the dynamics of soil respiration in tree plantations. We used a severe drought in southwestern China as a case study to estimate the effects of drought on temporal variations in soil respiration in a plantation of Eucalyptus globulus. We documented a clear seasonal pattern in soil respiration with the highest values(100.9 mg C–CO_2 m~(-2)h~(-1)) recorded in June and the lowest values(28.7 mg C–CO_2 m~(-2)h~(-1)) in January. The variation in soil respiration was closely associated with the dynamics of soil water driven by the drought. Soil respiration was nearly twice as great in the wet seasons as in the dry seasons. Soil water content accounted for 83–91% of variation in soil respiration, while a combined soil water and soil temperature model explained 90–99% of the variation in soil respiration. Soil water had pronounced effects on soil respiration at the moisture threshold of 6–10%. Soil water was strongly related to changes in soil parameters(i.e., bulk density, p H,soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen). These strongly influenced seasonal variation in soil respiration. We found that soil respiration was strongly suppressed by severe drought. Drought resulted in a shortage of soil water which reduced formation of soil organic carbon, impacted soil acid–base properties and soil texture, and affected soil nutrient availability.     

Biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations: Main features shown by intensive monitoring in Congo and Brazil

The sustainability of fast-growing tropical Eucalyptus plantations is of concern in a context of rising fertilizer costs, since large amounts of nutrients are removed with biomass every 6–7 years from highly weathered soils. A better understanding of the dynamics of tree requirements is required to match fertilization regimes to the availability of each nutrient in the soil. The nutrition of Eucalyptus plantations has been intensively investigated and many studies have focused on specific fluxes in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. However, studies dealing with complete cycles are scarce for the Tropics. The objective of this paper was to compare these cycles for Eucalyptus plantations in Congo and Brazil, with contrasting climates, soil properties, and management practices.The main features were similar in the two situations. Most nutrient fluxes were driven by crown establishment the two first years after planting and total biomass production thereafter. These forests were characterized by huge nutrient requirements: 155, 10, 52, 55 and 23 kg ha^?1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg the first year after planting at the Brazilian study site, respectively. High growth rates the first months after planting were essential to take advantage of the large amounts of nutrients released into the soil solutions by organic matter mineralization after harvesting. This study highlighted the predominant role of biological and biochemical cycles over the geochemical cycle of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations and indicated the prime importance of carefully managing organic matter in these soils. Limited nutrient losses through deep drainage after clear-cutting in the sandy soils of the two study sites showed the remarkable efficiency of Eucalyptus trees in keeping limited nutrient pools within the ecosystem, even after major disturbances. Nutrient input–output budgets suggested that Eucalyptus plantations take advantage of soil fertility inherited from previous land uses and that long-term sustainability will require an increase in the inputs of certain nutrients.     

Eucalyptus grandis plantations:effects of management on soil carbon,nutrient contents and yields

The expansion of fast-growing tree plantations is a worldwide process,with consequences on soil fertility and soil carbon storage.Disparate results were found on the effects of afforestation with Eucalyptus on soil carbon and other nutrient contents.These discrepancies are usually caused by differences in climate,land use history,soil texture as well as by management related factors such as plantation age,number of rotations,method of establishment(plantation or coppice),harvest residue management and soil preparation.We studied the effect of plantation age,number of rotations,and method of establishment on soils and plant nutrient concentrations in Eucalyptus grandis plantations in NE Argentina on different textured soils.We also determined if yields changed with nutrient variations in soils,and compared soils under plantations to soils under grasslands they replaced.Thirty-one E.grandis stands of different ages,number of rotations and method of establishment were evaluated as well as eight grassland sites.Levels of carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium were determined for soils and plants.Soil carbon and nitrogen decreased over the number of rotations and were more pronounced in soils with 50-60%sand than soils with>75%sand.Coppice stands showed higher soil carbon and nitrogen levels than plantations,suggesting a negative effect of site preparation before planting on soil nutrient conservation,especially in fine-textured soils.Foliar nutrient concentrations did not follow the trends observed for soil nutrients nor did they reflect nutrient limitations.There was no evidence of decreased yields over successive rotations.Soil carbon and nitrogen contents decrease when grasslands are replaced by E.grandis plantations,and therefore a yield limitation may occur in a medium to long-term frame,especially in stands re-established for short-rotation management.Harvest residue management and site preparation must be specifically designed for improving soil nutrient management.     

土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片内源激素含量的影响

研究了土壤相对含水量对阿月浑子叶片内源激素含量的影响。结果表明，随着土壤相对含水量的降低，阿月浑子叶片ABA和IAA含量呈上升趋势，ZA含量呈下降趋势；但在80％～40％的土壤相对含水量范围内，ABA/IAA的比率随着土壤相对含水量的降低基本不变；干旱胁迫下，阿月浑子幼苗通过激素调节保持相对稳定的IAA/ABA比值可能是其抗旱性强的内在机制之一。     

外生菌根菌对巨桉人工林土壤理化性质的影响

该文调查了四川乐山沙湾、眉山丹棱巨桉人工林下外生菌根菌土,测定了土壤养分情况。结果表明：两地所采集的菌根土的理化指标与对照相比有明显变化,样地Ⅰ菌根土pH值显著高于对照土,有机质含量与对照相比并不显著,样地ⅡpH值显著低于对照,而有机质含量明显高于对照;两样地菌根土的全N、水解N、全P和有效P含量均显著高于对照;大孢硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量与对照相比并不显著,彩色豆马勃和马勃状硬皮马勃的菌根土全K含量均显著低于对照（P〈0.05）;样地Ⅰ菌根土速效K含量与对照差异不显著,样地Ⅱ菌根土速效K含量显著低于对照。由此可见,巨桉外生菌根真菌对提高巨桉人工林的土壤肥力,维护人工林地力具有一定作用。     

Biomass harvesting in Eucalyptus plantations in Western Australia

Australia is at an early stage of exploring the use of forest biomass to generate energy. This study evaluated the biomass yield and the productivity rates of equipment for harvesting biomass in a poor-quality eucalypt plantation. The operation consisted of a tracked feller-buncher, grapple skidder and mobile chipper. Time study methods were used to measure the harvesting operation. A multiple regression model was constructed to predict skidding productivity. Biomass production was 63.9 t ha^?1 based on the recorded load weight of eight trucks. Delays were documented and analysed. The average delay for all equipment was about 30% of working time. The study results will help guide biomass harvesting managers to estimate productivity and cost of similar operation sites.     

Root exposure effects on water relations of Eucalyptus nitens nursery stock

Bare-root seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens frequently exhibit water stress after planting resulting in leaf lamina damage and reduced leaf area. Two trials examined effects of root exposure and desiccation between lifting and transplanting on post-planting water relations, leaf retention and root growth. Plants with roots exposed on a glasshouse bench initially lost water rapidly. In one trial ₁ declined to around –2.0 MPa within 2.5 h, after which there was no further change with exposure up to 7.5 h. In the second trial, the initial decline in ₁ was more rapid, reaching below –2.0 MPa in the first hour, before remaining stable with continuing exposure up to 4.5 h. A further decline then continued to –4.0 MPa after 7.5 h.Two days after transplanting into potting mix, day – time leaf water potentials in all desiccation treatments had declined to near –2.0 MPa. Hydraulic resistivity, measured as leaf specific resistivity two days after transplanting, increased following exposure for greater than 2.5 h, but there was no further increase between 4.5 and 7.5 h. The increase in resistivity corresponded with leaf water potential declining below –2.0 MPa during exposure.In the second trial, increasing root exposure time resulted in decreased leaf area due to lamina necrosis. Root growth, measured three weeks after planting, was also reduced. and there was also a positive curvilinear relationship between leaf area remaining at three weeks and new root growth. The results are discussed in terms of hardiness and the management of E. nitens seedlings from nursery to plantation.     

典型黑土区水土保持林土壤结构性特征的对比研究(英文)

以典型黑土区水曲柳林、落叶松林、樟子松林、云杉林及撂荒地为对象,通过对土壤容重、非毛管孔隙/毛管孔隙(NCP/CP)、广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)的测定、计算与对比分析,研究了不同类型人工水土保持林对土壤结构性特征的影响。结果表明:在所研究的0-30cm土层范围内,水曲柳林和落叶松林在降低土壤容重方面略好于樟子松林和云杉林,降低幅度为8.04%-1 1.01%,落叶松林与云杉林和樟子松林之间差异均达显著水平(p0.05),而水曲柳林仅与云杉林差异显著(p0.05);林地土壤的平均NCP/CP值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为59.75%～128.82%,土壤透气性、透水性能力提高,并以落叶松林提高幅度最大;各林地的平均GSSI值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为2.98%-4.36%,说明林分可以有效改善土壤结构,使其能够更加接近旱地土壤理想结构,以水曲柳林和云杉林改良效果相对较强,但实现趋近理想土壤结构的途径、即相态的变化方式有所不同。研究结果可为科学评价典型黑土区植被恢复对土壤质量的影响和深入系统研究水土保持林构建提供理论依据。图3表2参17。     

Eucalyptus plantations in Israel: an assessment of economic and environmental viability

This paper discusses a plantation management approach involving a combination of “short” and “long” rotations designed to allow farmers to receive income from trees as soon as possible after establishment. We present results from two plots that represent extreme conditions: (a) a seasonally waterlogged, non-saline site (Nahalal), and (b) a saline site (Ginnegar) located in the Yizre’el Valley, Israel. Six improved seed sources, four of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and two of E. occidentalis, were examined. The local Israeli seed source of E. camaldulensis (HA) performed best at both sites. In Nahalal, the short rotation thinning of the slower growing (50%) plantation trees could provide economic returns approximately five years after establishment. The calculated mean annual increment (MAI) of these trees reached 12.2 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The long rotation, or better performing half of the plantation trees, could be used as a source of sawn timber, providing higher-value products. By nine years after establishment, the average DBH of the various seed sources reached 25.8 ± 1.9 cm. The calculated MAI of the combined cutting rotations reached 48.3 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Eucalyptus grown under the combined (short- and long-term) management approach at Nahalal was more profitable than many other non-irrigated local crops. Eucalyptus production in Ginnegar would be less profitable than in Nahalal. However, an additional ecological benefit was provided by the crop’s ability to lower the water table. When this contribution to regional drainage is taken into account, trees become economically competitive with other non-irrigated field crops under saline conditions. Jim Morris–Deceased.     

滇中桉树人工林群落比较分析

本文就滇中桉树人工林纯林、桉树混交林及其它种类的人工林调查材料,对不同林种的群落进行比较,从比较结果中分析桉树人工林生物多样性问题。通过比较分析发现：1、桉树本身的排它现象并不显著;2、桉树林下和松林的林下植物的丰富度相差不多;3、多种按树混交较单一桉树纯林的林下植物丰富。     

我国桉树人工林施肥研究进展

科学施肥是实现桉树人工林速生丰产的一个重要措施。本文从桉树人工林施肥研究的历史、桉树种植区的土壤肥力、施肥效应、营养诊断和平衡施肥等方面综述了桉树人工林施肥的研究进展,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向,为我国桉树速生丰产林的可持续经营提供科学依据。     

Physiological response to pruning severity in Eucalyptus regnans plantations

The photosynthetic response to pruning was measured in two Eucalyptus regnans stands, aged 2 and 3 years, located in areas of high productivity on the coast of the province of Arauco, Chile. Variables such as rates of CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance were measured in three ages of foliage on trees with different pruning severity treatments, which corresponded to the removal of 0 % (control), 30, 50 and 70 % of live crown length. The 2-year-old stand measurements were performed at the time of pruning and 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks later, and the 3-year stand, 5, 9, 18 and 28 weeks after pruning. In both trials, significant differences were found between the foliage ages for all instances of measurement showing the mature foliage the highest values up to 30 % higher than old foliage. There were also significant differences between pruning severity treatments in both trials in which, in general, the highest values of CO₂ assimilation were observed among the highest pruning severity treatments with values up to 40 % higher than the unpruned trees.     

Diseases on Eucalyptus species in Zimbabwean plantations and woodlots

Zimbabwe embarked on planting Eucalyptus species in the early 1900s. Based on a robust breeding programme, it has become a major source of seed for other countries in and outside Africa. Tree health surveys conducted on Eucalyptus in some east and southern African countries over the past two decades have revealed several important fungal diseases that were previously not known in the region, but little is known regarding these problems in Zimbabwe. The aim of this study was to identify important Eucalyptus diseases across Zimbabwe's agroclimatic regions. Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data were used to identify pathogens collected to species level. Widespread stem canker diseases, caused by species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae, and leaf spot diseases caused by fungi in the Capnodiales, were identified. Armillaria root and stem rot was restricted to a single site in the Eastern Highlands. Fungi that could cause canker or blue stain of timber were isolated from recently harvested stumps and included species of Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma. This study is the first to identify Eucalyptus pathogens to species level in Zimbabwe and we report for the first time the presence of the stem canker pathogen T. gauchensis in southern Africa. The results will provide a foundation for the formulation of future disease management strategies in the country.     

桉树人工林的防火措施探讨

分析了广西桉树人工林的火险特点,简述桉树人工林的防火措施,重点介绍造林过程中采取化学除草,既可抚育又可防火的措施。     

Dry matter production and allocation in Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia seedlings in response to soil water deficits

Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions.     

Cyanogenesis in Eucalyptus polyanthemos seedlings: heritability, ontogeny and effect of soil nitrogen

Cyanogenic plants release cyanide from endogenous cyanide-containing compounds (generally cyanogenic glycosides) and thus have an effective means of chemical defense. The capacity for cyanogenesis can be highly variable, even among individuals within a population. The genetic, environmental and developmental factors determining this variability are poorly understood, particularly in tree species. We used Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer subsp. vestita L. Johnson & K. Hill to quantify aspects of the regulation of cyanogenic capacity, which in this species is determined by foliar cyanogenic glycoside concentration. A half-sibling progeny trial, based on seed collected from open-pollinated trees covering a range of cyanogenic capacities, was used to assess the heritability of cyanogenesis in E. polyanthemos. Narrow sense heritability (h(2) +/- 1 SE) was estimated to be 0.82 +/- 0.20 from an intra-class correlation and 0.78 +/- 0.11 from a standardized progeny-parent regression. Foliar cyanogenic glycoside concentrations were on average about 70% lower in seedlings than in maternal trees, suggesting that there is a developmental delay in the accumulation of cyanogenic capacity in this species. The high h(2) values indicate that cyanogenic capacity is largely genetically determined and that environmental factors have little effect. To test this supposition, we grew seedlings at two soil nitrogen (N) concentrations (N influences cyanogenic capacity in some species) and found no appreciable effect on cyanogenic glycoside concentration, biomass partitioning or relative growth rate. Highly cyanogenic seedlings grew more slowly than seedlings with lower cyanogenic capacities, and relative growth rate was positively associated with net assimilation rate in seedlings in both N treatments.     

密度对乐昌含笑幼苗养分积累的影响

以1年生乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)实生苗为试验材料,采用盆栽法,在美植袋中分别种植1、2、4、8株幼苗(密度Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ),研究密度对乐昌含笑幼苗N、P和K养分含量和贮量的影响。结果表明:不同密度乐昌含笑各器官对养分富集的能力均为KNP。乐昌含笑幼苗的N含量在各器官为叶根枝干的规律;P和K含量在密度Ⅳ下分别为枝根干叶和根叶枝干,其余密度为叶根枝干。乐昌含笑幼苗的N、P和K贮量随密度增大而增加,且根的养分贮量最大,枝的最小。     

丘陵地桉树无性系人工林生长调查

采用标准地法,对广西南宁市南部丘陵地2.25～2.67年生的桉树无性系人工林进行了调查研究。结果表明:林木平均保存率为89.3%,平均年蓄积生长量达30.0 m3/(hm2.a),林木径阶以10 cm居多,其次是12 cm径阶,二者合计占80%。林分生长量与无性系种类、林地坡位有一定关系,无性系的生长排序为DH33-29>DH33-26>DH33-28,坡位排序为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,但差异均较小。林地土壤有效N含量对桉树生长影响显著,含量少的林地桉树生长量显著低于含量多的林地。林地土壤有效N、P、K含量普遍不足,林地施肥应充分考虑N、P、K养分,以满足桉树生长对各种元素养分的需要。     

Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations of Tasmania,Australia

The genus Mycosphaerella Johanson contains many pathogens capable of causing a severe impact on the growth of susceptible eucalypt species. The lack of knowledge about which species are present in Tasmania and their potential risk to the plantation industry prompted this study into the Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations in Tasmania. A total of 36 plantation and five road verge sites of E. globulus and E. nitens were sampled. Five Mycosphaerella species and three species from associated anamorph genera were isolated and identified in Tasmania; Mycosphaerella nubilosa, Mycosphaerella cryptica, Mycosphaerella tasmaniensis, Mycosphaerella grandis, Mycosphaerella vespa, Coniothyrium ovatum, Sonderhenia eucalypticola and Sonderhenia eucalyptorum. The most frequently isolated species with the highest incidence and severity of infection were M. cryptica and M. nubilosa. These two species appear to have the greatest potential to damage juvenile eucalypt plantations in Tasmania. A link between Mycosphaerella vespa and Coniothyrium ovatum is described for the first time.     

Population dynamics of Thaumastocoris peregrinus in Eucalyptus plantations of South Africa

Journal of Pest Science - Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a sap-sucking insect that infests non-native Eucalyptus plantations in Africa, New Zealand, South America and parts of Southern Europe, in...