卤虫的开发与利用

本文概要介绍了国内外卤虫研究和利用情况以及卤虫的发展趋势。     

卤虫的利用及存在问题

卤虫是目前世界范围普遍使用的活饵料,本文概要介绍了卤虫的利用情况,并针对卤虫质量评价标准谈卤虫应用中存在的营养强化、品种改良及去壳卵应用等问题及其发展趋势。     

卤虫幼体分离法

卤虫幼体在水产育苗生产中的应用越来越广泛,而孵化出来的卤虫幼体常因分离不彻底夹带大量卵壳,影响饵料质量。下面特介绍一种行之有效的分离方法。     

卤虫的营养

卤虫(Arem ia)是水产经济动物苗种生产中重要的活饵料之一,卤虫营养价值的高低直接影响到苗种生产的成败与效益。笔者拟就卤虫的营养价值研究作一综述,供学者参考。1卤虫粗蛋白及氨基酸的研究卤虫一直被水产界认为是高蛋白的生物饵料。不同发育阶段、不同产地和不同投喂条件下的卤虫,其体内的粗蛋白含量不同。随着卤虫的生长,粗蛋白的含量有逐步增加的趋势。国内文献报道卤虫卵粗蛋白含量为45.44%[1],卤虫去壳卵的粗蛋白含量为43.03%~57%[1-3],以新疆巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵粗蛋白含量最高(57%),卤虫初孵无节幼体粗蛋白含量为54.61%~59.92%[2],养…     

卤虫养殖条件初探

正本文通过测定不同品系——乌兹别克斯坦盐湖、哈萨克斯坦盐湖、俄罗斯盐湖以及渤海湾盐田卤虫卵的孵化率、孵化量,筛选出最优种卤虫——渤海湾盐田孤雌生殖卤虫品系后进行后续实验,研究了饵料对卤虫生长速率影响,环境因素对卤虫室外生产影响等,为室内高密度养殖及户外大规模养殖卤虫提供参考依据。     

卤虫在水产养殖上的利用及开发前景

着重介绍了卤虫利用方式,评价卤虫质量的依据,以及提高卤虫营养水准的措施等,并建议对我国的卤虫资源开展系统调查,建立起生产卤虫的现代企业,以适应新一轮水产养殖业健康发展。     

卤虫无节幼体分离新方法

生产单位一般将用作对虾开口饲料的卤虫无节幼体用开水烫死,然后加入海水,使幼体沉底、卵壳上浮而使二者分离。这种方法的缺点是卤虫幼体全被烫死,体内卵黄变性,并有一部分营养物质析出流失。笔者近年来利用盐度差变化的方法,将卤虫无节幼体与卵壳分离,取得了较好效果,现介绍如下。首先将孵化好的卤虫池停气约半个小时,     

我国卤虫产业现状

我国对卤虫的研究始于５０年代后期，由于当时海水养殖不甚发达，卤虫也不被人们重视。７０年代我国周边国家及地区养殖业的发展，影响和带动了我国卤虫卵的生产，每年除满足国内少数需求外，大部分出口。进入８０年代，我国对虾育苗和养殖研究成果的推广，使全国沿诲掀起大规模的对虾养殖热潮，也使我国由原来的卤虫卵出口国，变为纯进口国。每年进口卤虫印上百吨，其昂贵的价格，促使了我国沿海盐田卤虫和卤虫卯的开发。９０年代尽管对虾养殖因受病害形响，产量下降，但中华绒螯蟹、罗氏沼虾等推行和普及，又成为新的增长点，对卤虫卵的需…     

艾比湖卤虫在渔业中的应用

据调查,艾比湖的卤虫资源量在全国100多个盐湖中名列榜首,虫体的年存量在4000吨左右;纯净干燥卵的年存量有200～400吨。目前,精河县与科研、生产单位联合开发卤虫产业。卤虫、卤虫卵系列产品开发项目     

撂荒虾池养卤虫

<正> 卤虫是对虾喜食的最佳生物饵料。去年乐亭县水产局帮助虾农利用60亩闲置撂荒的虾池粗养卤虫,取得了2个半月产卤虫3750kg、纯效益1万多元的好效益。因此,采用撂荒的虾池养殖卤虫,是一项投资小、省人力、效益好的新路子。现将基本方法介绍如下: 利用各种旧虾池,水深为0.8～1m。进水口应设置60网目筛绢网过滤敌害鱼及虾幼体。利用阳光蒸发,使盐度逐步提高,待盐度达到40‰以上时投卤虫卵。一般每亩投     

营养条件对海蜇螅状体形成足囊及足囊萌发的影响

用卤虫(Artemia)无节动体作为海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)螅状幼体的饵料,按不同投饵频次划分为7个营养水平,考察不同营养水平对海蜇螅状体形成足囊及足囊萌发的影响。结果表明,营养条件不仅对螅状体形成足囊的数量有直接影响,而且对足囊萌发也有明显的间接影响。在具备丰富的营养条件下,螅状体形成足囊活跃,个体大,易于萌发;缺乏营养则抑制足囊形成,即使形成足囊,个体也小,不萌发或萌发率很低。     

The Use of Decapsulated Cysts of the Brine Shrimp Artemia as Direct Food for Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Larvae

Decapsulated Arremia cysts have been evaluated as a direct food source for larvae of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. All decapsulated cyst diets gave excellent survival of carp larvae during the first two weeks of culturing. Unlike traditionally brine-stored decapsulated cysts, dried Artemia embryos provided growth results comparable to those obtained with freshly hatched Artemia nauplii. Furthermore, except for Artemia embryos that lost their hatchability after long-term storage in air, several other inactivation treatments, simulating improper harvesting and processing of cysts, did not produce a significant decrease in the nutritional quality of the decapsulated cysts.
Using decapsulated cysts 89 a direct food source for carp larvae, instead of nauplii, the quantity of cysts needed can be reduced by about 25% to 35% after one and two weeks of culturing, respectively. Moreover, the use of decapsulated cysts advances the possible commercialition of poor-hatching and less expensive cyst products for culture of carp larvae.     

几种植物浆养殖卤虫的饵料效果

以各种植物浆为饵料培养卤虫,培养效果差异显著,陆生植物优于水生植物.其中以黄豆叶浆养殖的卤虫成活和生长最佳,第16天时平均存活率(69.6%)和体长(6.436±0.956mm)与螺旋藻粉组相似(分别为66.0%、6.461±1.181mm)而优于酵母组(分别为29.8%、5.216±1.030mm).以黄豆叶浆养殖的卤虫的粗蛋白及氨基酸含量略低于酵母和螺旋藻粉喂养的卤虫,在高密度卤虫养殖中可替代部分螺旋藻粉,降低卤虫养殖的饵料成本.     

The use of squid protein hydrolysate as a protein source in microdiets for gilthead seabream Sparus aurata larvae

In the present study, the use of predigested proteins as an ingredient of microdiets offered to gilthead seabream larvae was tested. The protein source (freeze-dried squid powder) was hydrolysed with protease (trypsin and pancreatin). Different levels of raw squid protein and hydrolysate (100% protein, 50% protein/50% hydrolysate, 100% hydrolysate) were added to the microdiets to produce a dietary protein level of 65%. For comparison, cofeeding of Artemia nauplii and microdiet as well as microdiet supplemented with pancreatin were also offered to the larvae. The final average dry weights of 32-day-old larvae were 1.65 ± 0.04 mg, 1.38 ± 0.06 mg and 1.13 ± 0.1 mg, respectively, for larvae cofed 0%, 50% and 100% hydrolysate microdiets and Artemia nauplii. Survival of larvae was not affected by protein source. The survival of larvae cofed Artemia nauplii and microdiet was significantly higher than that of larvae fed exclusively on microdiet (68% and 80%, respectively). These results suggest that the use of hydrolysate (at 50% greater) as a protein source in diets for seabream larvae is not to be recommended.     

Effect of light irradiation on dynamics of vitamin A compounds in rotifers and Artemia

ABSTRACT:   The dynamics of vitamin A (VA) compounds in live food during enrichment were examined under different light conditions. Rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii ( Artemia ) were enriched with or without 10 mg VA palmitate (VAp) in 1 L of culture medium for 24 h under either bright (2000 lx), or dark (<1 lx) conditions. VAp, retinol (ROH), retinal (RAL) and retinoic acid (RA) contents were analyzed at 0 h (before enrichment) and at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the onset of enrichment. Retinoid content in rotifers enriched in darkness was always higher than that enriched under light. VAp content showed two peaks at 3 and 18 h in rotifers enriched in darkness, but it showed one peak at 3 h in rotifers enriched under light. ROH and RA contents increased over the 24-h period in rotifers enriched in darkness, whereas they decreased 12 h onward in rotifers enriched under light. In Artemia , VAp and ROH contents were always higher than when enriched under the bright condition, but their dynamics showed a similar pattern in Artemia enriched under dark and bright conditions.     

Effect of artemia nauplii enriched with vitamin A palmitate on hypermelanosis on the blind side in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT:   The effect of Artemia nauplii enriched with different level of vitamin A (VA) palmitate (1 µg = 1 IU) on the occurrence of hypermelanosis on the blind side of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined. Artemia were enriched with 0, 1, 2, 5 or 10 mg VA palmitate/L (control group, and 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-mg groups). The enriched Artemia were fed to the larvae from 27 to 31 days post hatching (dph) corresponding to the F–G stage. VA palmitate, retinol and retinoic acid (RA) contents of Artemia were correlatively elevated with increasing VA palmitate in the culture medium. RA was detected in Artemia enriched with 5 mg and 10 mg, and a significantly high frequency of hypermelanosis on the blind side was observed in these groups at 65 dph ( P  < 0.05). These results suggest that RA synthesized from VA palmitate in Artemia could induce hypermelanosis on blind side of flounder when Artemia are enriched with more than 5 mg VA palmitate/L.     

辽宁沿海盐田孤雌生殖卤虫种群组成研究

对辽宁省大连市金州盐场、普兰店盐场、瓦房店复州湾盐场和营口市二道沟盐场孤雌生殖卤虫种群进行了野外调查,发现这4个沿海盐场中原有的孤雌生殖卤虫种群中出现了大量雄体。分析成体卤虫的性比,卤虫卵的卵色、卵径及卵重,初步认为辽宁省孤雌生殖卤虫种群中外来的两性生殖卤虫可能是美国旧金山湾卤虫。外来的两性生殖卤虫占有一定优势,本地的孤雌生殖卤虫种群已经有了转变,这样的种群组成表明已经形成了生态入侵,有可能影响卤虫的生物多样性。     

活饵料中n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸对黑鲷仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响

采用乳化油直接添加法,用n－3高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA）含量不等的4种乳化油分别强化轮虫、卤虫活饵料,培育4组黑鲷仔鱼和稚鱼,各自历时15d,结果表明,n－3HUFA对黑鲷仔鱼和稚鱼的生长和存活均有重要影响。在该条件下,轮虫体内n－3HUFA含量为0．233％（湿重计）,卤虫体内n－3HUFA含量为4．273％（湿重计）时,仔鱼和稚鱼达到最佳生长和成活率。     

关于藤壶Ⅱ期无节幼虫的饵料效果

本文叙述了藤壶Ⅱ期无节幼虫对星点东方饨仔稚鱼的饵料效果的实验结果。单独投与藤壶Ⅱ期无节幼虫时，其饵料效果不太好。而当藤壶Ⅱ期无节幼虫与其他饵料生物混合投饵时，效果较好，特别是与盐水丰年虫一起投饵，可得到更好的结果。     

Larval Lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards) Development with Great Salt Lake, Utah and Reference I Strains of Artemia Nauplii

Lobster larvae were reared on a diet of unfed Artemia nauplii from either Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA (harvested in late 1981), or from the Artemia Reference Center, Ghent, Belgium. The two strains produced equivalent survival, development, and growth rates in the experimental animals. Success at metamorphosis for lobsters fed each strain was high despite observations in the literature that other larvae which experience a pronounced metamorphosis could show high mortalities when fed Utah Artemia . The results indicate that either temporal variability in nutritional value of Utah Artemia can alter growth patterns of predaceous lanae or that larval lobsters have appropriate metabolic mechanisms to overcome dietary deficiencies previously associated with Utah Artemia .