Infection of endothelial cells with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules: a mechanism for transfer of virus

Evidence is presented to show that activation of endothelial and leucoyte adhesion molecules is a key step in transferring virus from infected leucocytes; and determines the restricted tissue tropism. A range of tissues from 2 experimentally infected mares in late pregnancy at 4 and 8 days after infection with EHV-1 were compared with those from normal pregnant and nonpregnant mares. Rabbit antisera to equine activated endothelial cell molecules were used to identify which tissues expressed these molecules in normal nongravid and gravid mares, and to investigate whether the range of tissues was altered in pregnant mares as a consequence of infection. The results indicated that the endothelium of the pregnant reproductive tract did express these molecules. In the 2 pregnant mares infected with EHV-1, the endothelial cells in the nasal mucosa also expressed these activated endothelial cell molecules. Therefore, the sites expressing these molecules closely correlated with those where virus infection of endothelial cells has been described and is consistent with experimental in vitro data, indicating that expression of these molecules is an essential stage in the transference of virus from leucocytes to endothelial cells.     

Diverse functions of perlecan in central nervous system cells in vitro

Therapeutic treatment targeting one cell type is considered ineffective in remedying any injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Perlecan, a multi‐functional, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, shows diverse effects on distinct cell types, suggesting that it is one of the candidates that can augment the regenerative mechanisms in the injured CNS. Therefore, we examined the functions of perlecan in CNS cells in vitro by using perlecan purified from bovine kidney. Perlecan‐coated cell culture plates, unlike their type I/III collagen‐coated counterparts, did not inhibit the adhesion of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) and neurons. The coated perlecan and the perlecan added to the culture medium suppressed astrocyte proliferation; however, perlecan added to the medium promoted NS/PC proliferation. Neurons were promoted to extend their neurites on the perlecan‐coated substrate, and perlecan added to the medium also showed a similar effect. NS/PC proliferation and neurite extension is a major regenerative reaction in CNS injury, whereas excess proliferation of astrocytes cause hypertrophy of glial scars, which repels neurons. Our in vitro study suggests that perlecan is an attractive candidate to promote regenerative mechanisms and to suppress reactions that hamper regenerative processes in cases of CNS injury.     

Nogo与中枢神经再生

哺乳动物体内大部分组织如肌肉、皮肤、肝脏和外周神经，损伤后均有很强的再生能力，而中枢神经系统(CNS)却很难再生，损伤后的轴突及神经元几乎不能再生，导致损伤后功能迟迟不能恢复。1981年，David和Aguayo报道了成年动物的轴突能够在外周神经移植物中再生，提示在CNS内环境中可能含有某种抑制性物质，从而导致其再生能力受限。     

Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system

Inflammatory diseases involving the central nervous system can be difficult to diagnose and frustrating to treat. The clinician can maximize successful treatment of these patients by recognizing the clinical signs in the early stages of disease, following a logical diagnostic plan to identify the specific etiologic agent involved, and formulating an appropriate and aggressive therapeutic plan. Treatment will not always be successful owing to lack of effective treatments and irreversible neurologic damage.     

Acute injury to the central nervous system

Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is divided into brain and spinal cord injury. A basic understanding of the pathophysiology of CNS trauma helps the practitioner more accurately evaluate, treat, and prognose cases of CNS trauma. The progressive nature of CNS injuries and the contribution of microvascular ischemic are explored.     

Diseases of the central nervous system of pigs

Abstract

Extract

Sir — The recently published advances by Done (1957 Done, J. T. 1957. Vet. Rec., 69: 1341–1341.  [Google Scholar]). Done et al. (1957 Done, J. T., Brooksbank, N. H. and Buntain, D. 1957. Vet. Rec., 69: 67–67.  [Google Scholar]) and Harding cl al. (1957 Harding, T. D. J., Done, J. T. and Kershaw, G. F. 1957. Vet. Rec., 69: 824–824.  [Google Scholar]); ill Great Britain concerning the knowledge of different disease of the central nervous system ot pigs have prompted a closer examination of these diseases by Diagnostic Officers of the Animal Research Division in this country.     

Congenital anomalies of the porcine central nervous system

Three trials were conducted in Central Hawkes Bay and in the Piopio areas of New Zealand in which ewes naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica were treated with ‘Vermadax’ (thiophanate &; brotianide.) Liver fluke counts on slaughter showed overall reductions in the number of immature (estimated to be largely 6 weeks and older) and adult liverfluke of 96.0% to 100.0% compared with untreated controls.     

Infectious diseases of the central nervous system.

Neurologic disease is seen commonly in cats, with infectious causes accounting for 30-45% of cases. However, since a specific infection cannot be identified in 12-40% of these cases, it is essential that we try to understand these cases better in the hope that we can eventually identify the cause(s), and so determine how best to treat and/or prevent them.     

高氟对中枢神经系统的影响

综述了氟对智商影响的流行病学调查结果,并通过总结氟对中枢神经系统的直接损伤和氟与其他元素互作对中枢神经的影响,多角度阐释了高氟对中枢神经系统机能影响的机理.     

Congenital defects of the bovine central nervous system

Congenital brain defects in cattle are usually obvious at birth, but detection may depend on the nature and extent of the defect. The cause may be genetic or environmental, or the cause may be unknown. Many central nervous system defects are inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait and may have a significant economic impact on purebred and commercial cattle operations. A common structural defect of genetic nature is internal hydrocephalus. A functional defect of simple autosomal recessive inheritance is bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy. The most significant teratogenic agents causing central nervous system defects are prenatal viral infections such as bovine virus diarrhea and bluetongue viruses. Many other defects of the central nervous system are reviewed.     

Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in placental sections of naturally occurring EHV-1- and EHV-4-related abortions in the UK: use of the placenta in diagnosis

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis is based upon detailed examination of the aborted fetus. However, in some cases, only the placenta is available for examination. Furthermore, the contribution of lesions in the placenta to pathogenesis and diagnosis of EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion has been neglected. OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of placental examination in equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis. METHODS: Sections of allantochorion from 49 herpesvirus abortions were analysed by PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunostaining. RESULTS: Virus-specific nested PCR confirmed the presence of viral DNA in 46 cases; 41 cases were EHV-1-positive and 5 EHV-4-positive. Microscopic changes were nonspecific. Examination of the PCR-positive sections of allantochorion revealed EHV-1 DNA by in situ hybridisation (ISH) in 21 cases and EHV-4 in 4 cases. In 2 samples, DNA of both viruses was present on PCR and ISH. Viral antigen was found by immunohistology in 15 cases. Regarding the localisation of virus in the placentae, both viral DNA and antigen of EHV-1 and EHV-4 were found in endothelial cells of chorionic villi and, occasionally, in trophoblast epithelium. In the stromal endothelium, only EHV-1 was found. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that examination of placentae is a useful diagnostic aid in EHV-1 and EHV-4 abortion diagnosis. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Virological examination of the placenta should become standard practice in equine abortion investigations, particularly in those cases where the fetus is not available for examination.