营养因素对水禽羽毛发育的影响

羽毛是水禽重要的外貌特征,其形态发生、结构组成及换羽模式等与羽毛品质高度相关。随着水禽出栏日龄的不断缩短,水禽羽毛的早期发育和及时成熟显得尤为重要。研究表明,氨基酸平衡,尤其是含硫氨基酸和支链氨基酸的平衡能够显著影响早期水禽羽毛的发育;脂类通过尾脂腺影响羽毛的光泽;粗纤维可以减少啄羽癖的发生;维生素和某些微量元素的缺乏将会引起羽毛发育异常;某些病毒、细菌和支原体可以感染毛囊进而影响羽毛的发育。     

鸡羽毛发生发育特征概况

鸡体表羽毛形态是反映鸡品种特征、发育和健康的重要表征之一,受到生产和消费者的广泛关注.本文从羽毛的生长更替及其毛囊的发生发育两个方面进行综述,为深入研究羽毛生长发育机制提供参考.     

动物园食羽症褐马鸡羽毛中十七种氨基酸含量的分析

氨基酸是合成动物机体蛋白质的主要组成成份,除供给能量来源外,还能转变为其它生物活性物质,对动物机体的生长发育和繁殖极为重要。禽类有20—30％之多的体蛋白存在于羽毛中关于羽毛中氨基酸的含量有过报道但是有关病态条件下羽毛中氨基酸含量变化的资料国内外尚未有过报道。褐马鸡(Crossoptilon     

应用回归方法估测羽毛粉氨基酸的初步研究

共采集8种国产商品羽毛粉 ,均采用高压蒸煮法加工而成。对这些羽毛粉进行理化指标的分析测定。回归分析表明 ,羽毛粉的大多数氨基酸含量与羽毛粉粗蛋白(CP)含量呈显著或极显著的正相关 ,如Arg( %)= -1.913 +0.0816×CP %(P<0.01) ,但羽毛粉含硫氨基酸(Met、Cys或SAA)含量的相关性较差(P>0.05)。进一步分析表明 ,羽毛粉Cys或SAA含量与BD、PS或PDP皆呈负相关 ,但仅与PS的相关显著(P<0.01)。     

水禽毛囊发育特征及分子调控研究进展

本文概述了鹅、鸭胚胎期皮肤初级毛囊和次级毛囊的区别,毛囊形态发育的特征,周期性生长的特点;影响毛囊发生发育的相关信号通路和信号分子,目前在鹅鸭毛囊上的相关研究,并提出了目前研究中仍存在的问题,旨在为进一步研究水禽羽绒,提高水禽羽绒的产量和质量提供参考.     

不同粗蛋白和苏氨酸水平对生长前期北京鸭羽毛发育的影响

采用2×5试验设计,研究了2个粗蛋白(CP)水平(14％和20％)和5个苏氨酸水平(0.50％、0.58％、0.66％、0.74％、0.82％)对生长前期北京鸭羽毛发育的影响.480只1日龄雄性北京鸭随机分为10组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸭.试验期为0～21 d.结果表明,日粮粗蛋白和苏氨酸水平均极显著影响北京鸭产毛率,正羽百根质量、正羽长、绒羽千朵质量和绒羽长(P＜0.01).高CP水平下,日粮苏氨酸水平从0.74％增加到0.82％对正羽百根质量、正羽长、绒羽千朵质量和绒朵长均无显著影响(P＞0.05).在低CP水平下,苏氨酸极显著增加正羽百根质量、正羽长、绒羽千朵质量和绒朵长度(P＜0.01).因此,苏氨酸在羽毛早期发育中具有重要作用,羽毛发育需要高水平的苏氨酸.     

羽毛梗制造复合氨基酸的技术及其在畜牧业的应用

鸭、鹅毛提绒后约有50%的下脚料——羽毛梗,福建省有20多个羽绒厂,每年可产羽毛梗1000吨左右。过去,羽毛梗小部分用来当肥料,大部分丢弃,污染环境。1980年开始,笔者对羽毛梗进行综合利用研究,把它水解成各种氨基酸,对猪、鸭等进行喂养试验,取得成效。1985年又进行年产2000吨的工艺设计,协助本省三市县创办了复合氨基酸厂(或车间),1986年通过省级技术鉴定。生产的复合氨基酸代替或部分代替鱼粉配制猪、鸭的配合饲料,经济和社会效益较     

羽毛微波水解制备复合氨基酸的工艺研究

以鸡羽毛为原料,采用正交试验研究微波水解法制备复合氨基酸的工艺条件。研究了固液比、水解时间、硫酸浓度和微波功率对水解效果的影响,确定优化工艺条件为:固液比1∶5、水解时间3h、硫酸浓度3mol/L、微波功率500W。在此条件下,与传统水解法相比,微波水解法具有水解时间短的优势。     

家禽羽毛发生、发育及分子调控的研究进展

文章对家禽羽毛的类型、发生发育过程、毛囊的基本结构与再生,以及影响羽毛发育的信号分子调控网络进行了综述,并探讨了家禽羽毛形成的遗传调控机制和生物学基础。     

氨基酸对胚胎体外发育的影响

1 前言 氨基酸是胚胎培养液的重要成分,在培养液中添加氨基酸可促进胚胎发育[1],提高囊胚率、孵化率和胚胎质量,使胚胎的细胞数增加[2].但不同氨基酸对胚胎发育的作用不同,不同添加方式其效果也不一样.Bavister和他的同事对小鼠的研究工作,第一次揭示了氨基酸在体外胚胎培养中的作用.     

Properties of alkaline‐hydrolyzed waterfowl feather keratin

The properties of hydrolyzed feather keratin (HFK) were compared to those of hydrolyzed wool keratin (HWK) with the aim of developing better ways to utilize feather keratin waste. Amino acid analysis showed that HFK contained more hydrophobic amino acids did than HWK. Although gel permeation chromatography indicated that HFK and HWK had more low‐molecular weight peptides than their intact sources, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that both hydrolyzed keratins retained their original secondary structure. The physical properties of HFK were evaluated by treating HFK to human hair fibers. HFK treatment enhanced significantly the surface hydrophobicity and strength of fibers, and HFK was more permeable into hair fibers. These results suggest that HFK is suitable for industrial applications to improve fibers. In addition, HFK may be suitable for raw material of products requiring both flexibility and hydrophobicity, such as films and biodegradable plastics.     

饲用羽毛肽粉营养成分分析

采用国标及通用的方法,对饲用羽毛肽粉中各营养成分进行分析,并与其它饲料蛋白源进行比较。结果表明,饲用羽毛肽粉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖分和粗灰分、盐分含量分别为85.05%、7.9%、1%7、.76%、0.9%。饲用羽毛肽粉含有18种氨基酸,总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占总量的70.47%、27.78%、38.70%,总氨基酸占蛋白质的82.86%,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的39.42%和54.92%。饲用羽毛肽粉作为鱼粉替代品的限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)、色氨酸(Trp)、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。饲用羽毛肽粉含14种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、ω-3不饱和脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量的25%、15%、10%、2%,EPA占脂肪酸含量的2%,未发现含有DHA。饲用羽毛肽粉含有丰富的营养成分,但其作为水产动物饲料蛋白源在氨基酸平衡及不饱和脂肪酸含量较鱼粉差,可通过调整营养配方,改善其应用价值。     

填饲饲粮对水禽肥肝形成的影响

甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)的沉积可能是水禽肥肝形成的重要原因,而很多因素均与TG的积累密切相关。本文从水禽肥肝组织学特征、肝脏内脂肪酸代谢途径以及不同营养素对肥肝脂肪代谢的影响方面,详细综述了肥肝形成的可能机制及最新研究进展。     

鸡羽毛的生物转化

从自然界中分离了一种可以降解鸡羽毛粉中角质蛋白的菌种,纯化后菌种中有较强的蛋白质分解能力。生物转化后的羽毛粉氨基酸含量充足,蛋白质的表观消化率达到91.08%,蛋白质的生物学价为83.79%。该菌种不产毒素,动物可以安全饲用。生物转化后的羽毛粉可以替代豆粕、鱼粉等饲料蛋白质,是一种新型、优质的饲料蛋白源。     

Effects of rearing system on meat quality,fatty acid and amino acid profiles of Hu lambs

To determine the effects of early rearing system on meat quality traits, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of meat, 48 Hu lambs were selected and randomly divided into four treatments: control lambs were ewe‐reared from birth to 60 days of age (ER), while treatment lambs were segregated from their dams at 10, 20 and 30 days of age, then artificially reared with milk replacer until 60 days of age (EW10, EW20 and EW30, respectively). All lambs had no access to the milk replacer or their dams from 61 to 90 days. Creep feed was supplied ad libitum to all lambs from 15 to 90 days of age. Artificially reared lambs (EW10, EW20 and EW30) had higher (p < .05) creep feed intake, average daily gain, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, meat ether extract content, bright meat color (lightness and yellowness) than ewe‐reared lambs. The content of unsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids in EW10 and EW20 were greater (p < .05) than that in ER, whereas the proportions of saturated fatty acids in EW10 and EW20 were lower than that in ER (p < .05). The percentages of C18:0, C18:2, C18:3 and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids of artificially reared lambs were greater than ewe‐reared lambs (p < .05). The meat proportions of leucine, alanine and proline were higher (p < .05) in artificially reared lambs than ewe‐reared ones. Finally, the artificially reared system increased meat production and changed the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of meat, and it would be appropriate to rear Hu lambs artificially from 10 days with milk replacer.     

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance,creatine metabolism and plasma amino acid profile in broilers

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on growth performance, creatine deposition and blood amino acid (AA) profile on broiler chickens. In Exp. 1, a total of 540 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres male broilers (average initial body weight, 45.23 ± 0.35 g) were divided randomly into five treatments with six replicates of 18 chicks each. Broilers were fed corn–soybean meal‐basal diets supplemented with 0, 600, 800, 1,000 or 1,200 mg/kg GAA for 42 days respectively. Results showed that dietary GAA inclusion increased average daily gain (ADG) and improved gain‐to‐feed ratio (G:F) from 1 to 42 days (p < 0.01). However, average daily feed intake was unaffected by dietary supplementation of GAA. As GAA inclusion increased, the contents of creatine in plasma and kidney were increased (linear, p < 0.01), while the contents of GAA and creatine in liver were decreased (linear, p < 0.01). Similarly, GAA supplementation was inversely related to concentrations of most essential AA in plasma. In Exp. 2, a total of 432 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres male broilers (average initial body weight, 39.78 ± 0.58 g) were divided randomly into four treatments with six replicates of 18 chicks each. Birds were fed a corn–soybean meal‐basal diet supplemented with 0, 200, 400 or 600 mg/kg GAA for 42 days respectively. Dietary inclusion of 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased ADG and G:F of broilers (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 600–1,200 mg/kg GAA can effectively improve the growth performance in broiler chickens by affecting creatine metabolism and utilization efficiency of essential AA, and 600 mg/kg GAA is the minimum dose for improving performance.     

氨基酸复合微肥对苜蓿生产和营养品质的影响

试验阐明了在景泰的土壤条件下施用氨基酸复合微肥对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa生长、品质和营养吸收的影响,为苜蓿的合理施肥提供了依据.结果表明:氨基酸复合微肥能够不同程度地增加株高并提高草产量.适当施用氨基酸复合微肥还能提高苜蓿粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量.且在此试验条件下苜蓿喷施氨基酸复合微肥的最佳用量是1 350 mL/hm2.     

紫茎泽兰对建昌黑山羊肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

为研究紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)对建昌黑山羊肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响,本研究采用氨基酸自动分析仪和氯仿-甲醇抽提法,对自然放牧采食紫茎泽兰的建昌黑山羊背最长肌中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量进行测定分析.结果显示,与对照组比较,建昌黑山羊肌肉必需氨基酸(essential amino-acid,EA...     

排酸处理对湘南黄牛氨基酸以及脂肪酸的影响

[目的]为改善湘南黄牛肉用品质,并在生产中推广应用。[方法]试验选取6头同一品种、月龄接近的湘南黄牛经同一饲喂条件育肥后进行屠宰,测定排酸前后牛肉中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量等指标。[结果]结果表明,排酸牛肉组氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、肌氨酸、色氨酸、∑鲜味氨基酸、∑苦味氨基酸含量显著升高(P0.05);丙氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、瓜氨酸、∑甜味氨基酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。排酸牛肉十二酸、十四酸、十五酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著升高(P0.05);顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸、顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸、顺-5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、PUFA/SFA、n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA含量显著降低(P0.05)。[结论]最终得出,通过排酸处理湘南黄牛能够满足人体从肉类摄取氨基酸的需求,同时有效改变脂肪酸含量,提高肉用品质。