嘧菌酯与吡唑醚菌酯对烟草白粉病菌的抑制作用及在烤烟漂浮育苗阶段的防治效果

采用小苗法测定了嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯对烟草白粉病菌Erysiphe cichoracearum的毒力,以及对苗期烟草白粉病的预防和治疗作用及持效期。结果表明:嘧菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯对烟草白粉病菌抑制作用的EC50值分别为7.62和9.90 μg/mL,对该病害的预防和治疗作用的EC50值分别为8.76、12.34 μg/mL和17.32、23.40 μg/mL;2种药剂对烟草白粉病菌均具有较长的持效期,在有效成分56.25 g/hm2 剂量下、2次喷雾处理烟苗,30 d后的防效仍分别达到94.45%和88.53%;2种药剂对新生烟叶均具有良好的保护作用,且在实验剂量范围内对烟苗安全。     

新型杀菌剂—苯氧菌酯

２００１年第４季度国家质量监督检验检疫总局组织监督抽查了农药杀菌剂 :多菌灵、三唑酮、百菌清。现将抽查情况进行通报摘要如下 ,以供参考。本次抽查的多菌灵、三唑酮和百菌清３个产品均在我国使用多年 ,百菌清和多菌灵原药的产品质量达到国际先进水平 ,尤其是百菌清原药产品质量高、出口量较大。三唑酮原药质量较差 ,其中有害杂质含量较高。该３种产品加工的可湿性粉剂是较老的农药剂型 ,与国外同类产品相比 ,国内多菌灵等可湿性粉剂的质量有一定差距 ,可湿性粉剂的悬浮率低 ,而悬浮率的高低直接影响到药效 ,是衡量可湿性粉剂的重要指标…     

抗苯醚菌酯(ZJ0712)小麦白粉病菌突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

经过药剂驯化10代后,从对苯醚菌酯(ZJ0712)敏感的小麦白粉病菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici 3个菌株中获得3个抗药突变体,突变体的抗性指数均大于80,且其抗性能够通过无性繁殖稳定遗传。室内接种试验发现,突变体的致病力与亲本菌株无明显差异。细胞色素b (cyt b)基因片段序列分析发现,突变体cyt b基因的第143位密码子均由敏感菌株的GGT(丙氨酸)突变成了GCT(甘氨酸)。研究结果表明,小麦白粉病菌对苯醚菌酯存在较高的抗性风险,该药剂在使用过程中需注意采取相应的抗性治理措施,以延缓抗性发生。     

小麦白粉病菌对烯肟菌酯的敏感基线及烯肟菌酯和三唑酮的交互抗性

 由专性寄生菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici引起的小麦白粉病,是一种世界性的病害,几乎在所有小麦种植区都有发生,使用杀菌剂是目前控制该类病害流行的主要措施。但病原菌对杀菌剂抗药性的快速发展是一个很突出的问题。     

肉桂醛肟酯衍生物的设计、合成及抑菌活性

天然产物肉桂醛具有良好的生物活性,为丰富其结构并发现高抑菌活性化合物,设计、合成了未见文献报道的肉桂醛肟酯衍生物27个,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)及小麦全蚀病菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis)的抑制活性。目标化合物在50 μg/mL下对供试病原菌均表现出一定的抑制活性,其中化合物II-18和II-19对水稻纹枯病菌的EC₅₀值分别为4.62和4.19 μg/mL,化合物II-18、II-19和II-22对小麦全蚀病菌的EC₅₀值分别为3.49、3.28和6.75 μg/mL,均表现出比对照药剂对氯肉桂醛和肟菌酯更优或相似的抑菌活性。     

pH响应性吡唑醚菌酯/沸石咪唑酯骨架材料纳米颗粒的制备及抑菌活性

沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIF-8)稳定性好,比表面积大,纳米粒径可调,具有酸敏感性.为研究其在农药递送中作为缓控释载体的性能和应用,以吡唑醚菌酯(pyraclostrobin,以下简称Pyr)为模式农药,以二价锌为配位中心,二甲基咪唑为有机配体,采用\"一锅法\"制备了pH响应性吡唑醚菌酯控释剂Pyr@ZIF-8;通过扫描电...     

内吸杀菌剂烯唑醇对小麦条锈菌和白粉菌发育影响的研究

 小麦幼苗分别用小麦条锈菌和白粉菌接种3天后,用内吸杀菌剂烯唑醇喷雾施药。电镜观察烯唑醇对条锈菌和白粉菌在寄主上发育的影响,结果表明,烯唑醇引起两种病菌和寄主细胞发生一系列变化。小麦条锈菌和白粉菌菌丝细胞壁的内层普遍不规则地加厚,菌丝细胞的隔膜发育受阻而成为畸形;两病菌的吸器外间质变宽,并沉积有电子致密度较高的物质。小麦条锈菌的部分吸器母细胞产生的畸形入侵栓,不能穿透寄主细胞壁,部分吸器不能正常发育,吸器体呈分枝状,不能完全扩张、膨大。此外,被侵小麦细胞所分泌的物质可将条锈菌吸器完全包围起来。小麦条锈菌和白粉菌以上的细胞学变化可能导致了它们进一步发育受阻。     

创制杀菌剂氰烯菌酯的应用研究

2005-2006年防治小麦赤霉病田间登记试验表明,25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂在有效成分375～750 g/hm2的剂量下能有效控制小麦赤霉病的发生与危害,对小麦生长安全。2005年防治水稻恶苗病田间筛选试验表明,25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂在1∶2 000～5 000倍液浸种时,秧苗期防效达100%;在1∶2 000～3 000倍液浸种时,大田防效达95%以上,对水稻生长安全。     

小麦白粉病菌对喹氧灵和苯菌酮的敏感基线及药剂的生物活性

采用离体叶段法,分别测定了从河北、河南、湖北、陕西和四川5省分离的53个小麦白粉病菌单孢菌株对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的敏感性,并分析了白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮以及喹氧灵之间的 交互抗性。结果表明:小麦白粉病菌群体对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的平均EC50值分别为(0.001 9±0.000 6) 和(0.013 1±0.002 0) mg/L,苯菌酮比喹氧灵具有更高的抑菌活性;小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮与喹氧灵之间均不存在交互抗性(R2值分别为0.102 6和0.491 9);室内盆栽试验结果显示:接种前1 d和接种后1d施药,苯菌酮和喹氧灵对小麦白粉病的保护与治疗作用防效分别为92.21%、84.25%和82.43%、70.25%,表明这2种药剂不仅具有优异的保护作用,同时还具有较好的治疗作用。     

2009年我国部分麦区小麦白粉菌群体对三唑酮和嘧菌酯的敏感性测定

自1976年以来,三唑酮一直就是我国防治小麦白粉病的主要药剂.1991年首次在山东省发现抗性菌株,之后其他地区也相继有抗药性菌株的报道.本实验室从1995年就开始监测小麦白粉菌对三唑酮的抗药性,研究结果表明,平均抗性水平和抗性菌株的频率均总体呈上升趋势[1-3].     

The role of primary germ tubes in the life cycle of Blumeria graminis: The primary germ tube is responsible for the suppression of resistance induction of a host plant cell

When the conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) are inoculated on barley coleoptile cells they produce short germ tubes called primary germ tubes (PGTs) about 2 h after inoculation. We evaluated the positive role of a PGT in inducing accessibility of the host cell under the germ tube. When an appressorium (APP) penetrated the same cell on which a PGT was present, the ratio of haustorium formation (penetration efficiency) was significantly higher than when an APP penetrated the cell adjacent to the one on which a PGT was present. When an APP penetrated the cell laterally adjacent to the one on which a PGT was present we killed the cell under the PGT by puncturing it with a microneedle and then investigated the penetration efficiency of the cell adjacent to the dead cell. As a control we killed the cell longitudinally adjacent to the one on which a PGT was present and investigated the penetration efficiency of the laterally adjacent cell. The results showed that the penetration efficiency of the former was significantly lower than that of the latter. This suggests that some accessibility factor might transfer from a cell on which a PGT is present to a laterally adjacent cell. The existence of a conidium body but not a PGT was not effective for induced accessibility of the host cell. Moreover, when a Bgh germling was removed 6 h after inoculation and another germling was transferred to the same cell, the penetration efficiency was significantly higher than that of control. As a control, a Bgh germling was transferred to a cell on which no germling was present. These results suggest that the existence of PGT is effective for induced accessibility of a host cell when penetrated by Bgh. However, it is unclear whether or not a PGT secretes some substance(s) which suppresses the resistance induction of a host cell.     

The role of primary germ tubes (PGT) in the life cycle of Blumeria graminis: The stopping of PGT elongation is necessary for the triggering of appressorial germ tube (AGT) emergence

The conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), following contact with a host surface, first form a short germ tube, called the primary germ tube (PGT), and then an elongating germ tube emerges. It differentiates into an appressorial germ tube (AGT), and then the AGT elongates and swells. It forms a hooked, appressorial lobe that penetrates the epidermal cell wall of the host. In a series of infections, the positive role of PGT in the morphogenesis of the fungus is unclear except for the possibility reported by Carver and Ingerson that the growth of a long germ tube, with the potential to differentiate into an appressorium, seems to be dependent on the perception of a suitable host surface through contact with the PGT. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to further clarify the role of PGT in the morphogenesis of the fungus. When the conidia of Bgh were inoculated onto the coleoptile surface whose cuticle was removed with cellulose acetate, the emergence of the AGT was delayed. This delay was related to the length of the PGT. That is, on the cuticleless coleoptile surface the PGT tended to continue elongating without stopping. If there were gaps on the coleoptile surface such as a cell border on the more hydrophilic substratum like cuticleless coleoptile surface, the PGT stopped elongating there and after that the AGT emerged. Moreover, the length of PGT in the beginning of AGT emergence was same as that of the PGT after appressorium formation. This means that PGT elongation had stopped when AGT began to emerge. Therefore, it is necessary to stop the PGT elongation for the triggering of AGT emergence.     

The rapid and accurate determination of germ tube emergence site by Blumeria graminis conidia

The development of appressoria by germinating Blumeria graminis conidia depends on its germ tubes making contact with the host surface. Low angle, low temperature scanning electron microscopy showed that 80% or more of first-formed germ tubes of f. spp. hordei, tritici and avenae conidia emerged from close to the host leaf surface, and so made contact with it allowing them to become functional primary germ tubes. Light microscopy of f. sp.hordei confirmed this result and, in addition, showed that germ tubes frequently emerged close to, and contacted, various hydrophobic and hydrophilic artificial substrata. Geometric models of conidium-substratum interfaces were developed and a “surface point method” was derived to predict the frequency with which contact would result if germ tube emergence was a random phenomenon. However, observed contact frequencies were far higher (c. three to eight times) than predicted. Thus, the germ tube emergence site was determined as a response to substratum contact. In part, this appeared to be a non-specific response. Nevertheless, germ tube contact frequencies were greater on the curved surface of leaf epidermal cells than on planar surface, suggesting that specific recognition of leaf surface characteristics may promote directional emergence. The area of contact required to stimulate directional germ tube emergence was very small: contact with a microneedle tip or with a spiders’ suspension thread was sufficient for many conidia. Similarly, on leaves, the only contact is between the tips of a limited number of conidial wall projections and the edges of epicuticular leaf wax plates. Micromanipulation to roll conidia so that their original site of contact with a leaf was rotated away from it, led to the majority of first-formed germ tubes growing away from the leaf, i.e. emerging close to the site of original contact. The experiments indicated that the site of germ tube emergence is determined within 1 min of deposition. This implicated the release of conidial extracellular materials in recognition of the conidium-leaf surface contact site.     

Coleoptile cuticle of barley is necessary for the increase in appressorial turgor pressure of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Blumeria graminis</Emphasis> for penetration

To determine whether the cuticle of the barley coleoptile is responsible for a rise in appressorial turgor pressure in Blumeria graminis, we determined the appressorial turgor pressure by measuring cytorrhysis and plasmolysis in the presence of PEG6000. Appressorial turgor pressure significantly increased 13–14 h after inoculation. On the other hand, when the cuticle was completely removed from the barley coleoptile surface with diethyl ether, turgor pressure did not increase. Moreover, when we then recoated the surface with the exogenous barley cuticle fraction, appressorial turgor pressure significantly increased 12–13 h after inoculation. These results suggest that the cuticle on the surface of the barley coleoptile is necessary for the increase in the appressorial turgor pressure.     

不同机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及与三唑酮的交互抗性

为明确三唑酮和氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚5种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及交互抗性,采用田间小区试验和室内喷雾离体叶段法测定了不同杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果可达90%以上,而三唑酮最高的防治效果仅为72.17%;小麦白粉病菌群体对氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚的敏感性EC50分别在0.087~1.901、0.058~1.402、0.186~3.014、0.222~6.005、0.006~1.742μg/mL之间,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感基线。研究表明,三唑酮与氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚之间不存在交互抗性。     

Effect of root and foliar applications of soluble silicon on powdery mildew control and growth of wheat plants

Foliar and root applications of different silicon (Si)-based formulations were evaluated for their effects in reducing powdery mildew and promoting growth of wheat plants. X-ray microanalyses of treated plants revealed that root applications resulted in consistent deposition of Si in the leaves. In terms of powdery mildew control, root applications at 1.7 mM Si gave consistently the best results, reducing disease severity by as much as 80%, regardless of the product used. Although less effective than root applications, foliar treatments with both Si and nutrient salt solutions led to a significant reduction of powdery mildew on wheat plants. This suggests a direct effect of the products on powdery mildew rather than one mediated by the plant as in the case of root amendments. In our experiments, Si amendment, either through the roots or the leaves, did not increase plant growth. These results lead to the conclusion that Si is primarily, if not exclusively, absorbed by the root system and that such absorption by the roots is necessary for an optimal prophylactic effect.     

Rapid pregermination and germination responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe pisi</Emphasis> conidia to contact and light

In darkness, most Erysiphe pisi conidia responded rapidly to contact with a hydrophobic artificial substratum and released extracellular material (ECM) in the same way as on pea cuticle. On this substratum and barley leaf epidermis, conidia then produced a germ tube that emerged close to the substratum, contacted it, and differentiated an appressorium. By contrast, on a hydrophilic substratum, ECM release and germination were delayed and infrequent, and germ tubes often emerged and faced away from the substratum toward vertical light, thereby failing to make contact and form appressoria. This finding supported the hypothesis that ECM release is involved in both triggering germination and sensing substratum contact. Exposure to white light dramatically affected the germ tube emergence site so most emerged from a site in the conidial wall facing the light. Lateral light did not affect the frequency of germ tubes making substratum contact; but when lit from above, most germ tubes emerged up, facing away from the substratum. The germ tubes formed in light were longer than those formed in darkness, but no phototropism was found for the elongating tubes. Examination of Blumeria graminis indicated that its conidia and germ tubes are insensitive to white light.     

草地早熟禾PpMLO14基因的克隆及其对禾布氏白粉菌诱导的响应

为明确禾布氏白粉菌早熟禾专化型Blumeria graminis f.sp.poae在侵染草地早熟禾Poa pra‐tensis过程中对抗白粉病相关基因MLO （mildew resistance locus O）表达的诱导作用,采用PCR技术克隆PpMLO14基因,分析该基因编码蛋白的序列结构及系统进化关系,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术比较草地早熟禾抗、感品种不同组织部位（根、茎、叶片和叶鞘）以及接种禾布氏白粉菌早熟禾专化型后PpMLO14基因的表达情况。结果显示：克隆得到的草地早熟禾PpMLO14基因编码区为1 851 bp,编码599个氨基酸;具有一个高度保守的MLO超家族结构域,是典型的MLO型抗病家族蛋白。草地早熟禾PpMLO14和节节麦Aegilops tauschii AtMLO14聚在一个分支,亲缘关系较近。草地早熟禾PpMLO14基因在不同抗性品种中均在叶片中高表达,该基因在抗病品种叶片、叶鞘和茎中的相对表达量是根中相对表达量的44.65倍、7.18倍和4.11倍;在感病品种叶片、叶鞘和茎中的相对表达量是根中相对表达量的217.51倍、71.73倍和27.52倍。接种禾布氏白粉菌早熟禾专化型后24 h和48 h,抗病品种中PpMLO14基因的相对表达量显著升高,分别是对照的28.61倍和19.93倍,而感病品种中PpMLO14基因的相对表达量在接种后24 h达到峰值且显著高于对照,是对照的202.44倍。表明PpMLO14基因在植物抗病早期就发挥着重要作用,叶片和病菌侵染后24 h分别是其发挥抗病功能的关键部位与时期。     

Synthesis of six heterocyclic multifunctional alkylating agents and evaluation of their activity againstPyrenophora avenae andBlumeria graminis f.sp.hordei

Six heterocyclic alkylating agents were synthesized and examined for activity against the oat stripe pathogenPyrenophora avenae on agar plates and against the barley powdery mildew fungusBlumeria graminis f.sp.hordei on barley seedlings. Radial growth ofP. avenae was not significantly affected by any of the compounds, but four of them,α,α-bis[4,7-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane]-para-xylene[3], 1,4,8,11-tetra(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane[4], 8,11-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraaza-5,7-oxocyclotetradecane[5] and 7,16-bis(2-chloroethyl-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazaoctadecane[6], gave significant reductions in biomass ofP. avenae grown in liquid culture and in powdery mildew infection on barley when used at 25μM. Polyamine biosynthesis was examined by following the incorporation of labeled ornithine into polyamines inP. avenae. The four compounds3–6 which reduced mildew infection all reduced the flux of label through to the polyamines inP. avenae. Whether the reductions in mildew infection caused by these compounds is related to reduced formation of polyamines is not known and awaits investigation. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 22, 2005.