不同杂交组合肉兔繁殖性能及生长性能的对比研究

引进国内外5个优良肉兔品种,选择8个不同的杂交组合,对比研究不同杂交组合肉兔的窝均产仔数、40日断奶成活数、40日断奶成活率、初生窝重(平均个体重)、40d断奶窝重(平均个体重)、90d个体重等技术经济指标,筛选出适合攀枝花肉兔发展的优良肉兔杂交组合2～3个,以指导攀枝花肉兔的生产实际。对比研究结果表明:适合攀枝花肉兔发展的优良肉兔杂交组合为比利时♂×加利福尼亚♀,新西兰♂×加利福尼亚♀,比利时♂×新西南♀。     

农区不同品种肉羊杂交组合模式效益分析

选择波尔山羊、南江黄羊、本地羊进行杂交组合,分析不同组合模式的产羔数、初生重、双月龄断奶重、六月龄出栏重等生产指标,筛选农区适度规模舍饲肉羊的最优杂交组合。结果表明:不同品种肉羊杂交生产性能明显提高;不同杂交组合模式效益依次为本♀×波♂×波♂>本♀×南♂×波♂>本♀×波♂。     

虹鳟不同养殖群体杂交F1及其自繁系生产性能的比较

利用5个不同遗传背景的虹鳟养殖群体(以A、B、C、D、E分别表示虹鳟的渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威、加州养殖群体)为材料,采用单因子和多因子两种交配策略,于2004年12月14日,建立了虹鳟不同亲本的杂交系和自繁系,由20个正、反交组合与5个自繁群组成,对其生产性能进行了近两年的比较试验。结果表明:从开食到1+龄鱼阶段(2005-03~2006-10),各杂交组合成活率的平均值与渤海、丹麦、道氏、挪威和加州自繁系相比分别提高了25.21%、2.34%、7.18%、4.18%和5.92%;各杂交组合饲料系数的平均值比渤海自繁系降低了19.74%,与其他养殖群体相比差异不显著(P>0.05);A♀×B♂、C♀×A♂和C♀×B♂组合的生长速度相对于五个自繁系分别提高了13.1%、9.2%和1.5%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。而从11月龄到22月龄(同环境饲育阶段),A♀×B♂、C♀×A♂、C♀×B♂和D♀×B♂组合相对于五个自繁系的平均生长速度分别提高了9.3%、17.5%、16.7%和8.9%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。五个群体间存在的遗传差异是它们能够获得杂种优势和性状得到改良的基础。     

条纹鲈正反交杂种与其亲本生长比较

白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂、条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂及白鲈Ⅱ期平均体重分别为40g、39.7g 和41g,投喂饲料均含粗蛋白40 %,日投喂2次 ,投饵率为鱼体重的3 %,饲养12周 ,试验结束白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂鱼体重由40g长至124g,白鲈体重由41g 长至126g,个体均显著大于条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂杂种93.5g,成活率100%。Ⅲ期鱼种试验中3种鱼的平均体重分别为177.5g、185.9g和153.8g,投喂浮性饲料均含粗蛋白44.1 %,日饱食投喂2次。试验结束白鲈♀×条纹鲈♂个体重由177.5g长至611g ,条纹鲈♀×白鲈♂个体重由185.9g长至517g ,白鲈由153.8g仅长至254.4g。杂种饲料系数均低于白鲈 ,成活率98 %～100%     

罗氏沼虾不同群体杂交效果分析

对罗氏沼虾3个群体:缅甸群体(AA)、浙江养殖群体(BB)和广西养殖群体(CC)及其6个杂交组合子一代5月龄的4个生长性状进行了测定。计算了各项指标的杂种优势率,并对各性状进行了方差分析和多重比较。结果表明,除BB♀×AA♂杂交组合的子一代在腹长和体重上没有表现出杂种优势,CC♀×BB♂杂交组合的子一代在头胸甲长指标上表现出杂种劣势外,5月龄的杂交子一代在4个生长指标中均表现出一定程度的杂种优势(0.11%～10.18%)。不同杂交组合间和不同性状间的杂种优势存在差异,AA♀×CC♂杂交组合子一代4个指标的杂种优势率均高于其他杂交组合子一代,体重的平均杂种优势率均高于其他3个指标的平均杂种优势率。方差分析结果表明,自繁群体后代间在4个生长指标上不存在显著差异;杂种子一代与该组合的自繁后代相比较,只有缅甸群体、广西养殖群体及其杂种子一代的体长指标在群体间存在显著差异;6个杂交子一代的体重指标差异不显著,其他3个指标均存在显著差异。LSD多重比较结果显示,AA♀×CC♂杂交子一代体长与自繁(CC♀×CC♂)后代的体长存在显著差异;在头胸甲长、腹长和体长3个指标中,CC♀×BB♂杂交子一代与AA♀×BB♂杂交子一代和AA♀×CC♂杂交子一代均存在显著差异,并且CC♀×BB♂杂交子一代在3个指标中的平均值均低于这两个杂交组合。     

栉孔扇贝中国种群与日本种群杂交一代的中期生长发育

在对栉孔扇贝中国种群(C)和日本种群(J)的亲本后代及其正反交两个杂交种群的杂交个体9月龄生长发育研究的基础上,进行了各种群的中期(11、13、16、18月龄)生长发育比较研究。结果表明,中国种群的生长速度略低于日本种群;正反两个杂交组合的杂种群体的壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重4个生长发育指标在中期4个测定阶段生长速度均高于亲本种群,表现出不同程度的杂种优势,其范围在5%～50%之间,J♀×C♂杂交组合优于C♀×J♂杂交组合;杂种优势在性状间存在明显差别,体重的杂种优势远大于壳长、壳高和壳宽,变化趋势为体重>壳高>壳长>壳宽;生长发育季节对栉孔扇贝各个性状的生长速度影响非常大,18月龄处于冬季最寒冷的时间,栉孔扇贝在第2个冬季不仅停止生长,而且体重降低,越冬期间仅能维持生命。     

栉孔扇贝中国种群与日本种群杂交一代的早期生长发育

对两个不同地理种群的栉孔扇贝的两个群体———中国种群(C)和日本种群(J)的纯种后代及其正反两个杂交组合(C♀×J♂和J♀×C♂)的杂种个体,早期(10月龄)同地同期生长发育进行了测定和统计分析比较。结果表明,两个种群正、反交杂种一代在壳高、壳长、壳宽、活体重及成活率5个生长发育指标上均表现不同程度的杂种优势,反交杂种F1′除成活率外,其余各项生长发育指标显著优于正交杂种;中国和日本两个亲本群体各个性状的测定性能表现为壳宽差异显著和成活率差异极显著外,其它各项指标均没有显著差异。实验证明杂交是提高扇贝生产性能和抗逆性的重要途径。     

YY型莫桑比克罗非鱼与尼罗罗非鱼杂交产生全雄鱼实验报告

<正> 引言近年,国外一直在从事罗非鱼杂交产生全雄鱼的研究,但结果并非全部理想。到目前为止,在许多种间杂交中获得全雄鱼的组合仅限于以下几个: T.mossambca♀×T.hornorum♂,T.nilotica♀×T.hornorum♂,T.nilotica♀×T.macrochir♂,T.nilotica♀×T.aurea♂,T.nigra♀×T.hornorum♂。其中有二个全雄杂交组合(T.mossambica♀×T。     

互花米草与水稻远缘杂交试验初报

引种栽培了互花米草560株,栽培了水稻品种(组合)14种,进行了互花米草与水稻杂交试验。结果表明:互花米草♂×水稻♀6个品种(组合)杂交39穗,共得杂交种子115粒,杂交穗结籽率5.4%;互花米草♂×F132、F134(♀)杂交12穗,得杂交种子18粒,杂交穗结籽率2%。     

框鳞镜鲤♀X团头鲂♂杂种F1与亲本性腺组织学比较研究

鱼类亚科间杂交组合的受精生物学如受精率、孵化率、胚胎畸形率,胚胎从受精至孵化出膜所需时间,后代1~2龄鱼的生长情况等以及杂交F1的可育性的研究表明,鱼类亚科间杂种不育不是绝对的。虽然如草鱼♀×长春鳊♂杂种F1为三倍体,其性腺不发育;草鱼♀×团头鲂♂杂种F1有性腺存在,但发育很差,是不育的;草鱼♀×花鲢♂杂种F1,Marian等人从染色体观察是三倍体,性腺不育,但鳙♀×草鱼♂杂种F1近似母本的雌性鱼可以达到性成熟,并连续进行了3年人工繁殖;红眼鱼♀×拟鳊♂杂种F1部分雌鱼可育,而雄鱼发育很差,但从个别个体可以取得精液,并获得了后代…     

Hybridization between Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis discus hannai: evaluation of fertilization,larval development,growth and thermal tolerance

Two introduced abalone species are currently produced in Chile, red abalone Haliotis rufescens and Japanese abalone Haliotis discus hannai. However, red abalone accounts for 99% of total production, while the Japanese abalone has not adapted well to Chilean coastal waters. This study reports the hatching, growth and thermal tolerance performance in interspecific hybrids produced between red (R) and Japanese (J) abalone. Our results show that egg age and sperm concentration were critical factors to produce hybrids. The cross R♀ × J♂ showed a fertilization rate of 55.3 ± 3.5% using 20‐min‐old eggs and sperm concentrations of 14 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1, while the reciprocal cross (J♀ × R♂) was not successful. Further, larval development stages were similar in RR, JJ and RJ hybrid abalones. Among the experimental trials, settlement rate varied from 12.3% to 18.6% and final survival from 20.1% to 31.7%, being the RJ hybrid rates intermediate between parental species. The final shell lengths were similar between RR and RJ hybrids, but significantly higher in JJ abalones. In addition, thermal tolerance was ascertained due its pivotal role for the abalone physiology. Thus, RJ hybrids showed the highest HSP70 gene expression and offers new possibilities to expand Chilean abalone production in warm waters zones.     

The obvious heterosis and genetic characters of intergeneric cross and backcross juveniles between blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and topmouth culter (Culter alburnus)

In this study, we used artificial insemination to generate hybrid groups of fish [MC‐F₁(MA♀×CA♂) and MC‐F₂(MC‐F₁♀×♂)] by intergeneric crosses of Megalobrama amblycephala (MA) and Culter alburnus (CA); sequential backcrosses [CAM‐B₁ (CA♀×MC‐F₁♂) and MCC‐B₁ (MC‐F₁♀×CA♂)] were also performed. All these hybrids showed high rates of fertilization, hatching and survival (p > 0.05). For genetic traits, compared with those of the M. amblycephala and C. alburnus parental lines (Table 1), the fertilization rate, hatching rate and 7‐day survival rate of MC‐F1(MA♀×CA♂), MC‐F2(MC‐F1♀×♂), CAM‐B1 (CA♀×MC‐F1♂) and MCC‐B1 (MC‐F1♀×CA♂) by artificial insemination exhibited similar high rates (p > 0.05). The morphology of the four hybrids MC‐F₁/F_2, CAM‐B₁ and MCC‐B₁ were intermediate between those of their parents. Compared with their parents of MA and CA, weight gain rate (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of hybrids MC‐F₁/F₂, CAM‐B₁ and MCC‐B₁ were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after 3 months feeding. Moreover, protein content of muscle for MC‐F₁/F₂, CAM‐B₁ and MCC‐B₁ was significantly (p < 0.05) higher and carbohydrate content of muscle was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than their parents. The females and males of the four hybrids had normal gonadal development. In this study, we successfully generated intergeneric and backcross hybridization lines with fertile potential among fish of the Cultrinae subfamily and these hybrids had obvious heterosis in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and muscle quality.     

Survival,growth and sexual maturation of the tiger trout hybrid (Salmo trutta ♀ × Salvelinus fontinalis ♂)

Brown trout ♀ × brook trout ♂ hybrids, together with parental species controls from the same breeders, were tested up to the age of 3 years at four different fish farms. Aside from egg and newborn alevin mortalities, the survival rate of the hybrids was similar to that of brown trout while that of brook trout was much lower. Hybrid growth was about intermediate between those of brown trout (inferior) and brook trout (superior). Sexual maturation was severely impaired in the hybrids, which resulted in high dressing rates: females had practically no ovarian development and male gonadogenesis, although limited, caused some morbidity during the spawning season. The feasibility of hybrid fish culture using genetic improvements is discussed in the light of these results.     

Early Growth and Morphology Among Hybrids of Ictalurid Catfishes

Half-sib ictalurid families were produced when eggs from three channel catfish, "Ictalurus punctatus," females were fertilized with a mixture of sperm from channel catfish, blue catfish, "I. furcatus," black bullhead, "Ameiurus melas," and flathead catfish, "Plyodictis olivaris." Sperm from all four species successfully fertilized channel catfish eggs, although individual families contained different percentages of the various crosses. The enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase distinguished the different hybrids and parental groups, and confirmed sorting of offspring based on morphology. At 1 month of age, channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrids (0.36 ± 0.07 g, mean ± SD) were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) than channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ (0.12 ± 0.03 g), channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ hybrids (0.11 ± 0.03 g ), and channel catfish (0.10 ± 0.4 g). By 8 months of age, channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ hybrids (36.4 ± 21.9 g) and channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ hybrids (34.5 ± 24.2 g) were similar in weight, and each was significantly heavier than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ (26.9 ± 16.1 g), while channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ (17.0 ? 6.8 g) weighed the least. Morphometric ratios of channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ were intermediate between channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ and blue catfish for four of 16 features and were similar to either or both of the parental species for 10 others. Ratios for channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ hybrids were intermediate between channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ and black bullhead for seven of 16 features. Ratios for channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrids were larger than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♀ for eight of 16 features and smaller than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ for five of 16 features. All channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrid offspring were female, based on examination of the urogenital region or gross appearance of the gonands, while other groups had normal sex ratios. Production of half-sib interspecific hybrid families provides a unique opportunity to evaluate genetic influences on commercially important traits and to evaluate the potential of these ictalurid hybrids in aquaculture.     

Replacing Soybean Meal with Alternative Protein Sources in Diets for Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus

The present study investigated the replacement of soybean meal with combinations of two or three alternative protein sources in diets for pond‐raised hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. Alternative protein sources evaluated included cottonseed meal, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), peanut meal, and porcine meat and bone meal (PMBM). Hybrid catfish fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 35 g/fish were stocked into 25 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 14,826 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 166 d. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, net yield, weight gain, survival, carcass yield, fillet yield, or fillet proximate composition among dietary treatments. Results show soybean meal may be completely replaced by combinations of cottonseed meal and one or two other alternative protein sources including DDGS, peanut meal, and PMBM in the diet without markedly affecting production and processing characteristics and fillet proximate composition of pond‐raised hybrid catfish. These alternative diets may be used during foodfish production when prices are favorable.     

肉兔血浆AKP、GPT活性与生产性能关系的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)、齐卡兔(G系)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)(♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系)(♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系)(♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)100日龄血浆碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,及其与100日龄体重、平均日增重和料重比的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:齐卡兔(G系)、齐卡兔(G系)(♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)血浆AKP活性显著高于新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)(♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)(P<0.05)。加利福尼亚兔血浆GPT活性显著高于齐卡兔(G系)(♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀),其它六个品种(或组合)兔之间差异不显著。八个品种(或组合)兔血浆AKP活性与100日龄体重、平均日增重均呈正相关,总相关系数均达极显著水平(P<0.01),与料重比呈负相关,相关不显著。八个品种(或组合)兔血浆GPT活性与100日龄体重、平均日增重基本上呈负相关,且总相关系数达显著或极显著水平,与料重比基本上呈正相关,总相关系数不显著。     

Preliminary observations on growth and survival of Oreochromis spilurus x GIFT Oreochromis niloticus F1 reciprocal hybrids in fresh and seawater

Tilapia has a significant potential for culture in saline environments. There is an increasing demand among tilapia producers to develop a tilapia hybrid that can survive well in marine water conditions. This study compared mean weight (MWT), daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), condition factor (K), production rate (PR) and rate of skin lesions, and tail and fin rot as well as eye cataract in the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia strain (GIFT) of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (NN) and the salt‐tolerant Oreochromis spilurus (SS), and their F₁ reciprocal hybrids; O. niloticus ♀ x O. spilurus ♂ (NS) and O. spilurus ♀ x GIFT O. niloticus ♂ (SN) in freshwater (0 g L^?1) and seawater (40 g L^?1). Fish (3.5 g) were stocked at 150‐fish m^?3 and fed with sea bream pellets (47% protein) for 180 days. Results showed that in seawater, the SN hybrid had the highest values for MWT (165.9 g), DGR (0.9 g fish^?1 day^?1), SGR (2.14% day^?1), survival (96.3%), PR (23.9 kg m^?3) and best FCR (1.53) followed by the NS hybrid and the NN parent. Both hybrids had significantly lower rates of skin lesions and fin and tail rot than the NN genotype. In freshwater, the NN had the highest values for MWT (255.1 g), DGR (1.40 g fish^?1 day^?1), SGR (2.38% day^?1), K (2.13%) and PR (34.9 kg m^?3) followed by the NS and SN hybrids. High estimate of heterosis for MWT (41.3%), DGR (42.5%), SGR (10.7%) and survival (22.1%) was obtained in the hybrids reared in seawater, indicating that a hybrid vigor was produced and the fast growth trait from the GIFT parent was successfully combined with the salinity tolerance trait from the O. spilurus parent. The better growth performance and survival of the SN hybrid in seawater indicate that this hybrid is more suitable for culture in seawater than its reciprocal hybrid.     

Production of interploid triploids by 4n × 2n blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala. Yih) and their first performance data

Positive and negative interploid triploids of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) were produced by reciprocal crossing autotetraploids with diploids. Fertilization and hatching rate of negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂, at different reproductive ages was similar to that of control, but higher than that of positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂. Additionally, the development rate of embryos of the positive interploid triploid, 4n♀× 2n♂, was slower than that of control and the negative interploid triploid, 2n♀× 4n♂. Gonad growth of the positive and negative interploid 3n was significantly (P<0.01) affected by parents, and spawning could not be induced both in females and males at the 2+ age. The negative interploid 3n (2n♀× 4n♂) had a significantly higher survival rate than the positive interploid 3n (4n♀× 2n♂), but close to the level of the control (P<0.05). The daily growth rate of the negative interploid 3n was similar to that of the good breed ‘Pujiang No. 1’ blunt snout bream (2n) during the early life stages.