菲律宾蛤仔生理生态学研究 Ⅰ.温度、体重及摄食状态对耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在室内试验条件下研究了温度、体重及摄食状态对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关关系,而与温度呈正相关关系,并符合下列模式, Ｑｏ ＝ ２ ．０１５ Ｗ－ ０ ．６３５（ Ｒ ＝ － ０．９６９, Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １４） 和Ｑｎ ＝ ０ ．０６９ Ｗ－０ ．３６９（ Ｒ ＝ ０．７５４ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ,ｎ ＝ １３）。在摄食状态下,菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率和排氨率比饥饿状态有大幅度的提高,分别提高了７５ ．３ ％ 和４０３ ．７ ％ ,表明在摄食状态下蛋白质的代谢明显增加     

Larval molting and growth of the Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT:   Ten newly hatched phyllosoma of Panulirus japonicus were cultured individually to monitor body length ( BL ) and intermolt period, and 2000 were cultured in groups to sample specimens for measurement of body weight. Phyllosoma were fed with Artemia and mussel gonad; the culture seawater temperature was 24–26°C. The individually cultured phyllosoma showed an increment in body length by the first molt of approximately 0.5 mm, and the molt increment increased to approximately 1 mm at 5 mm BL ; it was constant to 15 mm BL . Thereafter, the molt increment increased exponentially. The duration of the first instar was 6–7 days. Instar duration increased with development up to approximately 2 weeks at the 20th instar (∼16 mm BL ) and then became constant. Of the 10 larvae reared individually, five metamorphosed to the puerulus stage. The entire phyllosoma life ranged from 245–326 days (mean 289.0 days), and the number of instars ranged from 22–29 (mean 26.2). Body length in the final instar ranged from 28.50–33.10 mm (mean 30.280 mm). For the phyllosoma cultured in groups, relationships between BL and wet/dry body weights ( WW / DW , mg) were expressed as exponential equations: WW  = 0.0686 BL ^2.2023 and DW  = 0.0209 BL ^2.1905.     

黑鲪的标准代谢率及其与温度和体重的关系

在11.2~23.6℃ 之间的4个实验温度下,采用流水式呼吸仪测定了不同体重黑鲪(29.6～358.1g)的标准代谢率。结果表明,各测定温度下的标准代谢率均随体重增加而增大,二者之间的关系可用幂函数Rs = a lnWb描述,标准代谢率的组间均数差异显著,但b值却无显著性差异;修正为标准体重后的标准代谢率随温度升高而减速增大,二者之间的关系可用函数RＳＷ = m e－b/T描述,且当标准体重分别为48.6g、147.9g和243.1g 时,标准代谢率的组间均数也有显著差异;黑鲪的标准代谢率(Rs, mg/ｉｎｄ·h)和相对标准代谢率(Rs, mg/g·h)与体重和温度之间的交互作用数学模型分别为：Rs = 1.160 W0.752 e－9.494/T 和 Rs= 1.160 W－0.254 e －9.494/T 。     

黑鲪的最大摄食率与温度和体重的关系

在实验室条件下测定了黑鲪(Sebastodes fuscescens)的最大摄食率,并探讨了体重和温度等因子的影响。在15℃条件下,最大摄食率(Rmax)与体重(W）的相互关系为：Rmax=2 662.80W-0.393　2 (R = 0.936　4)。在温度为11、15、22、25℃的条件下,最大摄食率分别为119.01、328.63、287.10、226.97J/g·d,二者的相互关系为:Rmax＝-967.03 141.14T－3.76T2（R = 0.960　2）,由此式可推算出该种鱼的最佳食欲温度为18.76℃,在此温度下的最大摄食率估计为356.80J/g·d,最大摄食率与温度和体重的关系为:Rmax＝(-7 161.63 1 045.25T－27.86T2)W-0.393 2。     

水体中饵料投喂量对不同规格光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响

为研究饵料投喂量对不同规格光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus)呼吸代谢的影响,采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)投喂量(5、10、15、20和25 mg/L)对3种规格[小(S)(1.58±0.48)g、中(M)(4.90±1.06)g和大(L)(7.96±0.94)g]光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,饵料投喂量对耗氧率和排氨率均影响显著(P0.05),饵料投喂量和规格的交互作用对光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著(P0.01)。当饵料投喂量达到15 mg/L时,3组规格光裸方格星虫的耗氧率和排氨率均出现显著下降。光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率均随着饵料投喂量增加而明显降低,且与饵料投喂量呈一元三次函数关系:y=ax~3+bx~2+cx+d。对于耗氧率,a值的范围为0.003~0.033,b值的范围为–1.698~–0.053,c值的范围为–1.805~18.873,d值的范围为–15.675~79.940。对于排氨率,a值的范围为0.0003~0.004,b值的范围为–0.172~–0.003,c值的范围为–0.326~1.972,d值的范围为3.634~14.008。光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率均随着体重增加表现出曲线增加的规律。耗氧率与体重呈指数函数关系:y=ae~(bx),a值的范围为8.082~20.934,b值的范围为0.217~0.270;排氨率与体重呈幂函数关系:y=ax~b,a值的范围为1.441~3.598,b值的范围为0.521~0.747。光裸方格星虫的氧氮比(O/N)范围为1.26~10.60。研究表明,高浓度饵料投喂量会对光裸方格星虫的呼吸代谢产生负作用,当饵料投喂量达到20 mg/L时,光裸方格星虫的耗氧率和排氨率波动较大且显著下降。     

检出虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei)的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的体长和体重关系

对采自天津、浙江和山东等养殖场5个凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的442尾个体进行虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)的TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测,并测量各群体每尾对虾的生物学体长和体重.引入医学上的劳累尔(Rohrer)体重指数(Ponderal index,PI,W/L3)关系建立对虾体重(W)和体长(L)关系函数.结果显示,4个凡纳滨对虾的EHP阳性群体[平均体长为(5.37±1.19) cm]的体重指数PI平均值为(5.19±0.26)×10-3 g/cm3,EHP阴性群体的凡纳滨对虾群体[平均体长为(2.49±0.21)cm]为(7.96±0.51)×10-3 g/cm3,根据PI=a·L(b-3)的函数矫正EHP阴性和阳性群体的体长差异引起的PI差值后,同等体长EHP阳性群体的PI值为阴性群体的(70.5±8.7)％,表明同样大小的个体,EHP阳性群体的平均体重比阴性群体平均体重低30％;EHP阳性群体中凡纳滨对虾体长和体重的变异系数是EHP阴性群体的(2.39±0.93)和(2.05±0.86)倍,表现为对虾EHP阳性群体个体大小不均匀;EHP阳性群体体重偏差率是EHP阴性群体的2.34-3.45倍,体长相同时,EHP阳性的体重波动变大.     

温度和盐度对红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率与排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法,研究了不同温度(7、12、17、22、27℃)、盐度(23、26、29、32、35、38)对两种体重S组(1.68–3.48 g)和L组(15.78–20.79 g)红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率(OCR)和排氨率(AER)的影响。结果显示,温度对红刺参OCR和AER均有极显著影响(P<0.01);体重对红刺参OCR无显著影响(P>0.05),而对AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。温度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。S组红刺参的OCR和AER随温度的升高而增加;L组红刺参OCR和AER均随温度的升高而升高,而在22℃有所降低后又升高。盐度、体重对红刺参OCR和AER均有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER均无显著影响(P>0.05)。S组和L组红刺参的OCR和AER均随盐度的升高而呈M形变化,在盐度为29和32时较低,而在盐度为26和35时较高。红刺参OCR和AER与体重呈负相关的幂函数方程R = aW b。不同温度下S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为4.75–11.74和10.71–15.52;不同盐度S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为6.37–12.29和8.24–12.10。综上所述,L组红刺参对高温的耐受能力较S组弱;S组和L组红刺参对低盐和高盐的耐受性较差,其最适盐度范围为29–32。     

Variation in content of Ω3 fatty acids in farmed Atlantic salmon,with special emphasis on effects of non-dietary factors

The main aim of the present study was to examine the impact of some biological and environmental factors on the lipid and fatty acid compositions of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with special emphasis on 3 fatty acids. Two year groups of salmon at nine fish farms distributed along the Norwegian coast were fed the same diet and were sampled every second month. The data are believed to give a representative characterization of lipid and fatty acid content of salmon farmed in Norway.Multiple regression analysis revealed that variation in lipid content and body weight explained 80% of the variation found in 3 fatty acids in farmed salmon, and 22:6 3 showed greater variation than other 3 fatty acids. Further analysis of lipid-corrected values revealed only minor effects of latitude on the per cent content of highly unsaturated 3 fatty acids, and hardly any effect of seawater temperature, with the exception of 22:6 3, which decreased slightly with increasing temperature.The per cent 22:6 3 in the fillet became gradually reduced with increasing fish age and body weight, whereas the content of 20:5 3 and other 3 fatty acids remained relatively constant. The per cent content of 22:6 3 of young salmon was higher than in the feed, but approached the feed value gradually as body weight increased. The lipid content of the salmon increased with fish age, and the absolute quantitative contents of both 22:6 3 and 20:5 3 increased meanwhile, even though the per cent content of 22:6 3 decreased quite pronouncedly.The per cent 22:6 3 and other 3 fatty acids was higher in wild than in farmed salmon, but the absolute quantitative content was higher throughout in farmed salmon, which had higher lipid contents. The 3/6 ratio, which is important in human health evaluation, was lower in farmed than in wild salmon. The large flexibility of 3 fatty acids and lipid content of farmed salmon leave us with the option of producing a wide variety of salmon qualities requested by the market. Both per cent and absolute quantitative 3 contents, as well as the 3/6 ratio, may readily be manipulated.