银胶菊对苘麻化感作用初步研究

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊水浸提液对苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,根、茎、叶、花水浸提液的化感作用强度存在差异,花、叶水浸提液对苘麻的化感抑制强度高于根、茎,且抑制强度随处理浓度的升高而增强;在20％浓度下,花、叶水浸提液完全抑制苘麻幼苗生长,对苘麻种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9％、78.4％.     

地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻的化感机理研究

为了探明地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻的化感机理,以盆栽试验结合实验室分析,研究了不同浓度的地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻抗氧化性酶——超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及脂质过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,在不同浓度地肤地上部水浸提液胁迫下,胡麻的SOD、POD活性均随着胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,MDA含量呈平稳上升趋势;在同一处理时间段,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD活性促进(抑制)率变大,MDA含量增大。表明地肤地上部水浸提液化感物质对胡麻保护性酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用有重要影响。     

肿柄菊水浸提液对3种作物的化感作用研究

采用培养皿滤纸法测定肿柄菊不同浓度水浸提液对豌豆、萝卜和水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:肿柄菊浸提液对豌豆和萝卜种子萌发有抑制和延缓作用,对水稻最终萌发率无显著影响;低浓度的浸提液可促进受体植物幼苗生长,高浓度则有显著的抑制作用,同时还发现高浓度浸提液可降低受体植物叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和糖的含量.     

核桃叶水浸液对四种作物的化感作用

研究了核桃叶水浸液对玉米、花生、豌豆和辣椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用.结果表明,不同浓度核桃叶水浸液对4种作物各项测定指标抑制作用各异,随着处理浓度增大,抑制作用不断增强,其中对4种受体发芽势和根长的抑制效应与对照相比差异显著;随处理浓度降低,抑制作用减弱,在0.025g/mL处理时甚至表现为促进作用,体现出双重浓度...     

蒲公英水提液对几种植物的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法,以反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus L．）、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Miller．）、生菜（Lactuca sativa L．var．ramosa Hort）、小白菜（Brassica rapa L．Chinensis Group）和小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）5种植物为受试植物,对蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）水提液的化感作用进行了测定。结果表明,蒲公英水提液对5种植物种子的萌发均有一定的抑制作用。当浓度为0．1g／ml时,对5种植物种子萌发的抑制率均为100％,随着浓度降低,对种子萌发的抑制率减小。当浓度为0．1、0．05、0．025g／ml时,对5种植物根的生长、茎的生长均有一定抑制作用。当浓度为0．0125g／ml时,对反枝苋、番茄和生菜的幼苗茎生长有抑制作用,而对小白菜和小麦幼苗茎生长有促进作用。     

银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量.     

石刁柏4种浸提液对几种受体植物的化感作用

用白菜、假臭草和红毛草为受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究了石刁柏新鲜茎叶4种浸提液的化感作用,结果表明：红毛草受石刁柏茎叶浸提液的抑制作用最强;4种溶剂的浸提液对假臭草萌发率的作用效果表现出“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”的双重效应,而对其幼苗根茎生长具有明显的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;4种溶剂的浸提液对白菜萌发率和根长的作用在总体上也表现出显著的抑制作用,但对其茎长却有明显的促进作用。说明4种浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、幼苗的根长和茎长均有不同程度的化感作用,这为利用石刁柏的化感作用控制杂草提供了理论基础。     

银胶菊的花对小麦的化感作用机制

采用温室盆栽法,研究了银胶菊的花水浸提液对小麦生长及其生理生化机制的影响,以明确其对小麦的化感作用。结果显示,花水浸提液抑制小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而加强;随着花水浸提液浓度的增加,小麦叶片光合作用、光合色素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,磷(P)和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氮(N)含量呈现先降低后趋于正常的变化趋势,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性没有显著变化,而过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。表明银胶菊的花水浸提液抑制小麦叶片光合作用,提高了小麦叶片的MDA含量,并降低了小麦叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性。     

小花棘豆根、茎、叶水浸液对3种草原植物的化感作用

小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra)是多年生有毒草本植物,在退化的草场上可成为优势杂草,扁蓿豆(Melilotoides ruthenica)、草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)、沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)为草原常见优质牧草。以小花棘豆为供体植物,分别研究其不同浓度的根、茎叶水浸液对上述3种受体植物种子发芽的影响。结果表明:根、茎叶水浸液对受体植物发芽率、发芽指数、胚根与胚芽长均有不同程度的化感作用,两种水浸液对3种植物发芽指数的化感效应均强于发芽率,对胚根长的化感效应均强于胚芽长。供体植物的不同部位对不同受体植物的化感效应有明显的差异,茎叶水浸液的化感效应强于根水浸液,综合效应结果显示:3种受体植物对两种水浸液化感作用的敏感性依次为:沙芦草草木樨状黄芪扁蓿豆。不同质量浓度根、茎叶水浸液对受体植物的影响表明,浓度越大化感效应越强,高质量浓度(≥10 mg·m L~(-1))水浸液抑制作用显著,低质量浓度水浸液(≤5 mg·m L~(-1))化感作用不显著。     

假臭草化感作用研究

假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)水浸提液对小白菜和萝卜的发芽率、根生长、茎生长具有不同程度的化感作用,总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象,且随着溶液浓度增大抑制作用也增强。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.25g/m l、0.50g/ml时,小白菜不能发芽、幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.50g/ml时,萝卜幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液和干样浸提液的化感作用有显著差异。     

Phytotoxic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus residues on three Brassica species

A study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of residues of Parthenium hysterophorus , an exotic invasive weed, towards the growth of three Brassica species ( Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa ). The early growth of crops, measured in terms of seedling length and dry weight, was significantly reduced when grown in soil amended with varying amounts of Parthenium residues. A direct relationship was observed between the amount of residue incorporated in the soil and growth reduction. This adverse effect on Brassica crops indicates the presence of some growth-retardatory substances which are possibly released by the residues into the soil medium. In order to test this, aqueous extracts (1, 2, and 4%) of residues were prepared. It was observed that, in a laboratory bioassay, these extracts severely reduced the early growth of Brassica species, thereby indicating the presence of some water-soluble, inhibitory principles in Parthenium residues. A significant amount of the phenolics, the largest group of secondary metabolites usually implicated in allelopathy, was estimated in residue extracts, as well as in residue-incorporated soil. The phenolic content increased with increasing residue concentration, thereby showing their direct involvement in the observed growth inhibitions. Therefore, the study establishes that Parthenium residues exert an allelopathic influence on the early growth of Brassica crops by releasing water-soluble phenolics into the soil.     

Alternaria zinniae on Parthenium hysterophorus

Altemaria zinniae is reported for the first time on the weed Parthenium hysterophorus , at Udaipur, Rajasthan (IN).     

银胶菊花对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。     

Pesticidal properties of parthenin (from Parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds

Eleven sesquiterpene lactone derivatives of parthenin ( 1 ), obtained from wild feverfew, Parthenium hysterophorus, were prepared by chemical and photochemical transformations. The compounds tested were a pyrazoline adduct ( 2 ) of parthenin, its cyclopropyl ( 3 ) and propenyl ( 4 ) derivatives, anhydroparthenin ( 5 ), a dihydro‐deoxygenated product ( 6 ), a formate ( 7 ) and its corresponding alcohol ( 8 ) and acetate ( 9 ), a rearranged product ( 10 ), lactone ( 11 ) and hemiacetal ( 12 ). All these derivatives, along with parthenin, were tried for their antifeedant action against sixth‐instar larvae of Spodoptera litura, for insecticidal activity against the adults of store grain pest Callosobruchus maculatus, for phytotoxic activity against Cassia tora, and for nematicidal activity against the juvenile stage‐II (J₂) of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Antifeedent bioassay revealed that parthenin is moderately antifeedant. Among the derivatives, the saturated lactone ( 11 ) was found to be about 2.25 times more active than parthenin. The pyrazoline adduct ( 2 ) was found to be the most effective as an insecticide, with LC₅₀ values after 24, 48 and 72 h of 96, 43 and 32 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, which are comparable with neem extract. Compound 4 was found to be the most effective inhibitor of germination and seedling growth of C tora, with ID₅₀ values for germination, plumule length and radicle length of 136, 326 and 172 compared with 364, 738 and 427 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, for parthenin. Compound 10 was found to be the most effective in terms of nematicidal activity. The LC₅₀ values for this compound were 273 and 104 mg litre⁻¹, respectively, after 48 and 72 h compared with 862 and 512 mg litre⁻¹ observed for parthenin after 48 and 72 h. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Behaviour of buried and surface-sown seeds of Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus L. seeds were buried at a depth of 5 cm for periods of 2–24 months to determine their longevity. The majority (73.7%) of these seeds were still viable after 24 months of burial. The remainder could not be recovered (18.0%) or were no longer viable (8.3%). There was a log-linear decline in persistence of germinable seeds over time, which indicated a constant rate of loss and a half-life of about 6 years. Seedling emergence from surface-sown seeds was also studied. Although there was considerable rainfall (31 mm), seedlings did not emerge during the first month of this experiment. In the succeeding 3 months, there was substantial seedling emergence after rainfall, and 51.4% of seeds had germinated by the end of the fourth month. After 5 months had passed, further seedling emergence was not detected, and intact seeds could not be located. These findings suggest that seed incorporation into the soil is important to the long-term persistence of P . hysterophorus seeds. In an initial test of germination, unburied seeds from the same seed lot exhibited a degree of innate dormancy, and this may explain the delayed germination observed in the surface-sown seeds. In the seed burial and recovery experiment, innate dormancy was lost after 2 months of burial in the field, although in situ germination of buried seed remained low for at least 24 months. Therefore, it appears that more than one dormancy mechanism may contribute to the persistence of P. hysterophorus seeds.     

Suppressive ability of selected fodder plants on the growth of Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed in Australian rangelands. It displaces valuable fodder plants and causes significant production losses within the cattle industry. Glasshouse screening trials were used to test 20 selected fodder species (test species) for their suppressive ability against P. hysterophorus growth. The trials used two planting densities (four or six plants per pot) and five planting frequencies. Each density by planting frequency was replicated three times. The dry shoot biomass of the test species was used to calculate a suppression index, in order to rank the relative suppressive abilities of the test plants. Setaria incrassata, Panicum maxicum and Cenchrus ciliaris were ranked as strongly suppressive, while Astrebla squarrosa, Bothriochloa pertusa, Themeda triandra, Astrebla elymoides, Bothriochloa decipens, Eulalia aurea and Lablab purpureus were moderately suppressive. The other test species had only poor suppressive abilities. A second glasshouse trial assessed the growth characteristics of the test plants at 13, 27 or 40 days after transplantation (DAT). Test species that strongly suppressed the growth of Parthenium hysterophorus had several attributes that included the ability to attain a greater height, the rapid production of tillers or a branched canopy and an extensive leaf area and root system; these growth attributes were present as early as 13 DAT. The present glasshouse screening approach identified several fodder species for further testing in field trials, and because the attributes that allow the test species to suppress Parthenium hysterophorus are present at the earliest stages of the plant’s life cycle, a rapid screening method is proposed that assesses these attributes at 27 DAT.     

黄顶菊水提取液对植物种子发芽及胚根伸长的化感作用研究

采用培养皿滤纸法研究黄顶菊水提取液对30种受体植物种子发芽及胚根伸长的化感作用。结果表明，浓度为0.1g（干重）／ml的成熟黄顶菊植株水提取液对供试的29种植物种子发芽和28种植物胚根伸长有不同程度抑制作用，对2种植物胚根伸长有促进作用。该浓度下，有24种植物的发芽率或胚根长降低50％以上，占供试植物种数的80％。提取液浓度越高对受体植物发芽和胚根伸长的抑制作用越强。黄顶菊不同生育时期和不同器官提取液对受体植物种子发芽及胚根伸长的抑制程度有差异，表现为成熟期植株〉营养生长期植株；叶片〉花（果实）〉茎〉根。揭示黄顶菊可能通过产生化感物质抑制周围生境中植物的萌发和早期生长，从而降低这些植物在群落中的多度。一旦黄顶菊大面积、高密度发生，就有可能导致入侵地植物多样性的降低。     

恶性杂草银胶菊发生规律及综合除治措施初步研究

银胶菊是近年从美国传入的危险性杂草.通过对该杂草生物学特性、扩散途径、危害情况和除治药剂等的初步研究.提出了加强植物检疫及监测、物理和化学防除相结合的综合除治措施.