Regenerative capacity of rhizomes and tubers from two populations of Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke)

The regenerative responses of rhizomes and tubers from two populations of Helianthus tuberosus L. to burial and fragmentation were studied in field experiments. The regeneration of both populations varied with planting depth and stage of growth at which fragmentation occurred. Shoots of both populations emerged from rhizomes or tubers planted to depths of 30 cm. The percentage of tubers that regenerated was higher than that of rhizomes, particularly from deeper planting depths. The regeneration from rhizomes and tubers of a riverbank population was greater than that of a‘weedy’population. Rhizomes and tubers from both populations that had failed to produce shoots I year after planting were found to have decomposed completely. The significance of these results in relation to the distribution and control of H. tuberosus is discussed.     

251份水稻品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性鉴定及抗性多样性分析

 采用稻瘟病菌22个鉴别菌株对251份水稻品种（系）进行了抗病性测定,并进行了聚类分析和基因型推导。抗病性测定结果表明,251份品种（系）对鉴别菌株表现出的抗谱类型存在明显的多样性。根据供试品种（系）对鉴别菌株的抗感反应型,可将其划分为12个组,各组的品种（系）对鉴别菌株的反应型和抗性频率存在明显差异。基因型推导结果表明,在251份品种（系）中,70份品种涉及14个抗瘟基因,181份品种（系）不含有待测基因中的任何一个,但都含有其他抗瘟基因。聚类分析结果与基因型推导结果不存在简单的一一对应关系。珍科等10份品种（系）可作为田间抗瘟性筛选的候选材料。     

半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉菊芋效应初探

2004年4~10月,在半干旱的莱州地区布置微区试验,以研究海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉菊芋的作物效应。结果表明:水分临界期淡水灌溉明显促进菊芋茎杆生长,而其它处理茎杆生长受到了不同程度抑制。1∶3,1∶4处理菊芋茎杆的横向生长最快,茎粗分别达到3.0cm和2.97cm;其次为CK1、CK2和1∶2处理,1∶1处理菊芋茎粗最小。未灌溉处理地上部的生物量最高,达到2.92kg/株。CK2次之,而各海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉处理,地上部生物量有所下降,其中1∶3、1∶4处理下降21.6%和17.5%;1∶1和1∶2处理则分别下降26.4%和29.1%。地下部生物量最高,CK2次之,但与其它处理(除1∶4处理)无明显差异;1∶1处理地下部生物量最低。水分胁迫能够促进菊芋茎、叶、根系生长,但限制了块茎的形成和干物质的积累,而低矿化度的海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉促进了菊芋块茎的正常膨大以及干物质的累积,从而取得最高产量。     

83份西农系小麦品种（系）抗性鉴定及抗病基因分子检测

为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。     

不同小麦品种(系)对小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定

利用一套较完整的小麦吸浆虫田间抗性鉴定方法对我国主要小麦产区推广或即将推广的 5 2 5分优良品种及材料对小麦吸浆虫的抗性在田间进行了鉴定。结果表明 ,不同小麦品种 (系 )对小麦吸浆虫抗性有显著差异 ,抗性较好的品种(系)有62份 ,其中高抗占2.85%、中抗3.04%、低抗5.90%。S山东928802、百农12、河农8424、郑农8号、豫展1号、中麦9号6个品种对小麦吸浆虫抗性较好     

山西高粱品种(系)的花后抗旱性评价

以22份山西历年审定(鉴定、登记)的高粱品种及预登记的高粱品种为参试材料,通过自然干旱(DS)和正常灌溉(NI)两种处理方式,采用大田自然鉴定法,调查农艺性状、品质性状和光合性状3类主要性状指标。结合隶属函数(U)和干旱敏感指数(S)的聚类分析法及热图法对材料进行分类,对抗旱指标进行综合评价。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,高粱品种除了穗柄伸出长平均增长5.26 cm和单宁含量平均增加0.09%,其余性状指标均出现下降;除净光合速率外,其余性状指标之间均存在一定程度的相关性。利用以上两种方法,筛选出极抗品种3份(S9、S10和S7即晋杂108、晋杂22号和晋杂101),极弱品种1份(S17即晋杂4号)。根据干旱敏感指数计算,主成分分析为9个性状,主成分累计贡献率84.662%,产量和单穗粒重是决定第一主成分的主要性状,贡献率为17.999%。干旱胁迫对高粱品种(系)花后主要性状指标均有显著影响。不同高粱材料间抗旱性差异显著,应用两种抗旱性评价方法,可以较为准确地评价参试高粱品种(系)的抗旱性。产量、单穗粒重、株高和倒二叶叶宽可以作为评价高粱花后抗旱性的主要形态指标。     

浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性研究

用4个稻瘟病菌小种对浙江省280份水稻新品种(系)进行稻瘟病抗性分析,结果表明:浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病菌具有较好的抗性,籼稻和粳稻对参试菌株的全抗率分别为21.62%和39.05%,说明粳稻具有较籼稻更广的抗谱;浙江省新品种(系)对ZB13小种具有较高的感病率,籼稻和粳稻的感病率分别为69.37%和52.07%。     

Genotype-isolate interaction for resistance to black stem in sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the partial resistance of sunflower genotypes to seven isolates of Phoma macdonaldii . In the first experiment, 28 genotypes, including recombinant inbred lines and their parents, M6 mutant lines developed by gamma irradiation, and some genotypes from different geographical origins, were used. The experiment consisted of a split-plot design with three replications, each with 12 seedlings per genotype per isolate, in controlled conditions. Seven days after inoculation, plantlets were scored on a 1–9 scale for percentage necrotic area. Highly significant differences were observed among genotypes, isolates and their interactions. The presence of a differential interaction between genotypes and P. macdonaldii isolates was confirmed in a second experiment using 12 genotypes representing large variability for partial resistance to P. macdonaldii isolates, as identified in the first experiment. Inbred lines B454/03, ENSAT-B5 and LC1064C were the most susceptible sunflower genotypes, whereas two American lines SDR19 and SDR18 presented high partial resistance to all P. macdonaldii isolates studied. The least and most aggressive isolates were MA6 and MP3, respectively. Isolates interacted differentially with sunflower genotypes. This study identified two genotypes (AS613 and PAC2) presenting specific resistance to isolate MP8. The results also showed a wide range of isolate-nonspecific partial resistances among the lines tested. The information presented here could assist sunflower breeders to choose parents of crosses for breeding of durable resistance to phoma black stem disease.     

黑龙江省水稻新品种（系）抗稻瘟病性鉴定及利用

1998-2009年采用稻瘟病人工接种和自然感病鉴定2种方法,共鉴定黑龙江省水稻新品种（系）485份（次）,鉴定出抗稻瘟病新品种（系）109份,12年间先后推广了‘空育131’、‘绥粳3号’、‘龙粳12’、‘龙粳14’、‘垦稻12’等49个新品种,推广了3个超级稻品种‘龙粳14’、‘龙粳18’、‘龙粳21’,18个新品种年种植面积超过6.67万hm2,获得了较高的经济效益和社会效益。     

江苏省水稻区试品种(系)对白叶枯病的抗性分析

通过 1996～2000年213份江苏省水稻区试品种(系)对水稻白叶枯病抗性鉴定 ,抗性较好的品种有94-44、96218、镇稻272、汕优抗63、汕优084、金优63、109、701、7057、9510、9619、5-172、92-133、扬粳7057、泗稻98-3789、新108、镇稻 99、44/157、9522等品种 ,其中 9510、9522等在生产上推广面积较大。试验表明 ,江苏省区试品种 (系 )中常规中籼、杂交籼稻和杂交中粳稻对水稻白叶枯病抗性较差 ,全抗率分别为36.4 %、27.3%和43.3% ,而中粳稻、单季晚粳和杂交晚粳稻对水稻白叶枯病的全抗率为67.2%、71.4%和72.2% ,抗性相对较好。根据白叶枯病菌不同致病型菌株对参试品种致病率的分布情况分析 ,浙173菌株 (致病型Ⅳ)对杂交中籼、常规中粳稻和杂交中粳稻的致病率较高。这种情况和Ⅳ型菌为江苏省白叶枯病主要致病型相一致。     

陕西省115个小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因的分子检测

 为掌握陕西省主栽与后备小麦品种对我国条锈菌的抗性水平,明确其抗锈基因分布,本研究选用条锈菌流行小种CYR32和新毒性小种V26对115份陕西省主栽和后备小麦品种(系)进行苗期抗病性鉴定,并分别利用抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9(1B/1R)、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26的紧密连锁分子标记对这115份材料进行了分子检测。结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中,抗CYR32的有61份,占53.04%;抗V26的有84份,占73.04%;对2个小种均抗病的有50份,占43.48%。分子检测发现115份材料均不含有Yr10;可能携带Yr9基因的有41份,占35.65%;可能含有Yr5、Yr18和Yr26的材料分别为3份、3份和2份,占2.61%、2.61%和1.74%。因此,当前陕西省主栽与后备小麦品种(系)对CYR32和V26的抗性整体水平还有待进一步提高,Yr9分布频率较高,而Yr5、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26分布频率较低,建议在以后小麦育种中减少Yr9的使用,加强利用Yr5和Yr18与其他有效基因聚合培育持久抗条锈病品种。     

广东省149个油茶品种（系）对炭疽病的抗性及其病原菌鉴定

为明确广东省油茶品种（系）对炭疽病的抗性及引起油茶炭疽病的病原菌种类,对广东省肇庆市、广州市和韶关市的149个油茶品种（系）进行田间抗性调查,从发病组织中分离纯化致病菌,观察菌株形态学特征,并结合3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH）基因扩增序列进行分子生物学鉴定。结果显示,有93.29%的油茶品种（系）发生炭疽病,3个调查地油茶炭疽病的平均发病率为18.86%~24.25%,较抗病的油茶品种（系）占调查总数的53.02%,感病油茶品种（系）占调查总数的46.98%。其中,海南3号、长林400号和湘林89号等10个品种（系）表现为近免疫,揭阳5号、桂14号和湘林350号等16个品种（系）表现为高抗,赣5190号、湘林27号和岑软11号等53个品种（系）表现为中抗,赣兴46号、赣州S4号和赣州R10号等36个品种（系）表现为中感,岑软11-3000号、长林53号和湘林67号等34个品种（系）表现为高感,其中岑软11-19号发病率高达65.00%。共分离获得油茶炭疽病致病菌25株,结合形态学特征和基于GAPDH序列的系统发育树分析,将其中24株鉴定为果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola,1株鉴定为为暹罗炭疽菌C. siamense。筛选的油茶抗病品种（系）可作为广东省油茶良种选育材料,且该省油茶炭疽病主要由果生炭疽菌引起。     

62份陆地棉种质资源苗期抗旱性综合评价及耐旱种质筛选

研究不同棉花品种（系）苗期对干旱引发渗透胁迫的适应性反应,通过多指标鉴定和综合评价苗期棉花供试品种（系）抗（耐）旱性,分析耐旱材料和干旱敏感材料苗期的植株和根系形态变化,为进一步提高棉花抗（耐）旱育种早代选择提供依据。采用15% PEG 6000营养钵砂培法对62份陆地棉种子进行苗期抗（耐）旱性鉴定筛选,分别测定在胁迫条件下以及对照条件下的棉花苗期植株形态、根部形态、以及生物量等18个抗（耐）旱相关指标,利用因子分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析等方法对苗期的18项相关指标进行抗（耐）旱性综合评价。结果表明,这18个指标在15% PEG 6000 (-0.4 MPa)胁迫条件下,除根冠比和根全长外其他指标均比对照显著降低,说明棉花苗期生长受PEG 6000的抑制,且根系受抑制程度低于地上部植株。通过对这18个指标的处理相对值进行因子分析,抗（耐)旱指标简化可得到6个主因子,包含根部投影面积、根像素面积、根表面积、根部体积等16个指标,其贡献率分别为35.01%、16.53%、12.46%、8.99%、6.60%、6.31%。利用这16个指标对62份陆地棉新材料进行隶属函数分析和相关性分析,并以平均隶属函数值代表抗（耐）旱性强弱,平均隶属函数值越大,抗(耐)旱性越强,结合品种聚类分析结果选出相对抗旱品系7个、相对耐旱品系4个、敏感品系6个;45份材料介于耐旱与敏感之间的过渡类型。     

Soil‐less bioassays for early screening for resistance to imazapyr in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

BACKGROUND: Rapid and efficient diagnostic tests for early screening of herbicide resistance are convenient alternatives to field screening methods. There is a need for a quick, reliable and cost‐effective method for rapid diagnosis of imidazolinone resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). RESULTS: Two seed germination bioassays were developed. Seeds from three sunflower inbred lines differing in resistance to imidazolinones were germinated either on solid culture medium or placed in plastic pots filled with commercial perlite. After 8 days incubation under controlled conditions, both assays successfully distinguished susceptible genotype from the resistant and intermediate ones. The susceptible genotype showed arrested root growth at all herbicide treatments (root length < 1 cm). The resistant genotype developed a complete root system even when exposed to the highest dose of herbicide. However, no definite differences were observed for the intermediate and resistant genotypes with respect to root growth under the different herbicide treatments. CONCLUSION: The simple and rapid screening assays described in the present study were useful in discriminating imidazolinone resistance at the seedling stage. Therefore, these bioassays could be potential tools for early screening of imidazolinone resistance genes from large sunflower populations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

滨海盐渍区利用异源海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐能源植物(菊芋)研究

通过田间微区试验,研究了异源养殖废水农业利用对耐盐能源植物(菊芋)栽培体系土壤性状、植物生长及产量的影响,同时利用Watersuit直观模型对系统作了安全性评估.结果表明:异源养殖废水灌溉土壤有明显积盐趋势,尤其是高盐度的对虾养殖废水,土壤盐分高达2.69 g/kg;而钠吸附比(SAR)海参养殖废水最高,其值为7.4 (mmol/L)1/2;异源养殖废水灌溉菊芋茎叶生长受到抑制,但能明显促进根系生长;与淡水灌溉相比,除对虾养殖废水块茎产量受到影响外,其他两个养殖水处理块茎产量均无明显差异;以菊芋块茎产量作为基准,其耐盐临界值为24.65 dS/m.安全评价结果表明,适宜盐度养殖废水补充灌溉菊芋,可保证土壤安全和取得较高块茎产量.     

湖北省小麦品种(系)对赤霉病、条锈病、白粉病和纹枯病的抗性评价

为了解湖北省小麦品种(系)的抗病性水平,对2001年以来湖北省审定的46个小麦品种和在湖北省进行区域试验的447份小麦品系进行赤霉病、条锈病、白粉病和纹枯病等4种主要病害的抗病性评价。结果表明:1)参试品系中有1份材料对赤霉病表现高抗,未发现对纹枯病表现高抗或免疫的材料;对赤霉病和纹枯病的平均抗性评价分值分别为14.30和3.49,介于中感和高感之间;对条锈病和白粉病的平均抗性评价分值分别为13.43和8.34,介于中抗和中感之间。2)审定品种的综合抗性水平不高,对条锈病的抗性评价分值为12.47,介于中抗和中感之间,对其他3种病害的抗性介于中感和高感之间;审定品种的单产呈增加趋势,株高在不断降低,生育期相应延长,综合抗病性也在增强。3)审定品种的综合抗病性与对条锈病抗性的相关系数最高,为0.738;对纹枯病的抗性与株高呈显著正相关,与单产呈显著负相关;对赤霉病的抗性与株高无显著相关。鉴于此,湖北省需加强抗病育种力度,同时应充分做好小麦病害的防控。     

芦笋对烟粉虱的抗性品种筛选及抗性机制研究

为了探明芦笋对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 的抗性机制, 为芦笋抗性品种的选育及烟粉虱的综合防治提供理论依据，本研究以收集的16份芦笋品种为材料, 于苗期人工释放烟粉虱后测定各品种抗性相关指标叶绿素a、叶绿素b、POD、SOD、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、单宁、类黄酮、总酚和表皮蜡质等的含量, 利用“隶属函数法”“虫量比值法”和“表型观察法”对其抗虫性进行鉴定并研究其抗性机制。结果表明, 释放烟粉虱后不同时间, 品种间烟粉虱数量存在显著差异, 不同芦笋品种对烟粉虱诱集能力不同;各生化指标在烟粉虱为害下变异程度较大, 变异系数变幅在24.46%～47.43%;16个芦笋品种中, ‘浙丰1号’‘阿特拉斯’和‘紫色激情’的抗虫能力相对较强。12个生化指标降维为5个主成分, 累计贡献率达84.136%;相关分析表明:芦笋抗虫性与单宁、表皮蜡质含量呈极显著正相关, 与POD活性、总酚、可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关, 与丙二醛含量呈极显著负相关, 与其他性状无明显相关性。选育单宁、总酚、表皮蜡质和可溶性糖含量高、POD活性高、丙二醛含量低的品种, 可提高芦笋对烟粉虱的抗性。     

留兰香菌核病的发生与防治

留兰香(Menthe spicata L.)又名绿薄荷,系重要的特用经济天然香料作物,是多年生宿根性芳香类草本植物.20世纪80年代初苏北垦区从美国引入,随着连年种植,留兰香菌核病[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary]在80年代末已成为主要病害,近几年普遍严重发生,一般减产10%～15%,严重时达35%以上.有关此病在国内至今未见报道,为了解决生产上的问题,对该病的发生规律及防治技术进行了调查研究.     

Pyrethroid resistance and cross‐resistance in the German cockroach,Blattella germanica (L)

A German cockroach (Blatella germanica (L)) strain, Apyr‐R, was collected from Opelika, Alabama after control failures with pyrethroid insecticides. Levels of resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin in Apyr‐R (97‐ and 480‐fold, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain, ACY) were partially or mostly suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,‐tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), suggesting that P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases are involved in resistance to these two pyrethroids in Apyr‐R. However, incomplete suppression of pyrethroid resistance with PBO and DEF implies that one or more additional mechanisms are involved in resistance. Injection, compared with topical application, resulted in 43‐ and 48‐fold increases in toxicity of permethrin in ACY and Apyr‐R, respectively. Similarly, injection increased the toxicity of deltamethrin 27‐fold in ACY and 28‐fold in Apyr‐R. These data indicate that cuticular penetration is one of the obstacles for the effectiveness of pyrethroids against German cockroaches. However, injection did not change the levels of resistance to either permethrin or deltamethrin, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of cuticular penetration may not play an important role in pyrethroid resistance in Apyr‐R. Apyr‐R showed cross‐resistance to imidacloprid, with a resistance ratio of 10. PBO treatment resulted in no significant change in the toxicity of imidacloprid, implying that P450 monooxygenase‐mediated detoxication is not the mechanism responsible for cross‐resistance. Apyr‐R showed no cross‐resistance to spinosad, although spinosad had relatively low toxicity to German cockroaches compared with other insecticides tested in this study. This result further confirmed that the mode of action of spinosad to insects is unique. Fipronil, a relatively new insecticide, was highly toxic to German cockroaches, and the multi‐resistance mechanisms in Apyr‐R did not confer significant cross‐resistance to this compound. Thus, we propose that fipronil could be a valuable tool in integrated resistance management of German cockroaches. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Screening for resistance to canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera)

A test involving infection of seedlings in a glasshouse was evaluated for potential use in screening breeding material by comparing the results with those of field tests. The two tests correlated well for some resistant selections, particularly those closely related to Jet Neuf, and for very susceptible selections. However, two small groups of selections were resistant in the field but consistently susceptible in the glasshouse. Inoculation of mature plants in the glasshouse resulted in similar discrepancies and therefore gave no advantage over the seedling test. These discrepancies limit the usefulness of glasshouse techniques for routine resistance screening. A very high correlation was found overall between internal and external canker symptoms of the crown in nine field trials. Significant differences were found, however, between selections and cultivars in the relative severity of these two symptoms. Upper stem canker and crown canker were found to be very poorly correlated for individual plants, but highly correlated for eultivar means. The significance of these observations is discussed with respect to scoring canker in the field.