河北小五台山国家级自然保护区野生有色木本植物资源调查

为清楚了解、掌握河北小五台山国家级自然保护区野生木本植物资源情况,并妥善加以利用,采用野外实地调查的方法对小五台山野生有色木本植物进行研究。调查发现,小五台山内野生有色木本植物资源丰富,许多物种在不同生长季的树叶、树干、花及果实具有极高的观赏性,部分果实还具有可食性;保护区常见的有色木本植物共116种,隶属于33科67属,以蔷薇科、桦木科、榆科、卫矛科、忍冬科为主,其中观叶植物64种、观枝观干植物12种、观果植物37种;观叶树种可在园林绿化中应用,观果树种具有食用和药用价值,部分树种可应用于防护林建设;因此,应加强野生有色木本植物保护,合理利用,建立彩色植物园,加快引种、驯化、繁育基地的建设,丰富彩色木本植物资源,实现野生有色木本植物资源的可持续利用。     

Morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> fruits and seeds within and among parkland agroforests in eastern Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. is one of the priority indigenous fruit trees for rural communities in the West African Sahel. As part of a participatory tree domestication program in Niger, phenotypic variation in fruit and seed morphology was assessed in four natural populations in eastern Niger. Measured variables were weight of the fruit, seed coat and kernel; length and width of the fruit and seed (25 trees per population, 30 fruits per tree). Derived variables were the tree’s coefficient of variation (CVs) for each measured variable, and two sets of factor scores from principal components analysis of tree means and CVs. ANOVA indicated significant variation in all measured variables due to trees nested in populations. ANOVA and simple linear regression indicated significant geographic variation in some variables: the drier parts of the sample region tended to have heavier fruits and kernels, longer/narrower seeds, and lower within-tree variability in fruit and seed width. Length and width were strongly correlated between fruits and seeds, fruit weight was moderately correlated with seed dimensions, and CVs of fruit weight and width were moderately correlated with the CV of seed width. Some hypotheses for the geographic variation are presented, and some practical implications of the correlations for tree domestication programs are discussed.     

Integration of indigenous wild woody perennial edible fruit bearing species in the agricultural landscapes of Amhara region,Ethiopia

The study was undertaken in three districts of Amhara region to assess the extent and purpose of integration of wild indigenous woody perennial fruit bearing species in the agricultural landscapes, appraise their species composition and diversity and identify factors holding back farm integration. Data were gathered through interviews administered to 90 randomly chosen household heads, and fruit trees census in each and every plot of the informants. Species diversity was found to be low and vary by farm, land use type and site. Altogether 17 species were recorded in the agricultural settings. Species retention in the different land use types appears to be governed by species relative importance and compatibility with annual crops, where farm edges recorded a higher ethno-ecological importance score. Nevertheless, as it stands now fruit bearing species are retained primarily for non-fruit utilities. Free availability, land shortage, slope and altitude as well as disgrace feelings are among the major factors holding back farm integration and diversity of indigenous species for fruit production. Should they are additionally exploited for their fruits proper, there is a critical need to raise recognition and awareness at the rural grassroots level and instill knowledge about the food values, and assist in appropriate tree management techniques and inter-cropping regimes as well as accessing markets.     

Indigenous Agroforestry Systems in Amazonia: From Prehistory to Today

Understanding the historical development of indigenous systems will provide valuable information for the design of ecologically desirable agroforestry production systems. Such studies have been relatively few, especially in Amazonia. The agroforestry systems in Amazonia follow a trail that begins with the arrival of the first hunter-gatherers in prehistoric times, followed by the domestication of plants for agriculture, the development of complex societies rich in material culture, the decimation of these societies by European diseases, warfare, and slavery, the introduction of exotic species, and finally, the present-day scenario of widespread deforestation, in which agroforestry is ascribed a potential role as an alternative land use. Despite the upheavals which occurred in colonial times, greatly reducing the population of native tribes, a review of anthropological and ethnobiological literature from recent decades indicates that a great variety of indigenous agroforestry practices still exist, ranging from deliberate planting of trees in homegardens and fields to the management of volunteer seedlings of both cultivated and wild species. These practices result in various configurations of agroforestry systems, such as homegardens, tree/crop combinations in fields, orchards of mixed fruit trees, and enriched fallows. Together they constitute a stock of knowledge developed over millenia, and represent technologies that evolved along with the domestication of native forest species and their incorporation into food production systems. This knowledge is the basis for the principal agroforestry practice employed by farmers in Amazonia today, the homegarden, and has potential to contribute to the development of other agroforestry systems.     

Advances in domestication of indigenous fruit trees in the West African Sahel

Fruit trees play an important nutritional role for livelihoods of rural people in the West African Sahel through provision of energy and nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Research on the domestication of local fruit trees has started recently through projects concentrating on some of the most important indigenous species of dry West Africa, i.e. Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica, Vitellaria paradoxa and Ziziphus mauritiana. We present a status of finalised and ongoing domestication research with the aim of defining research gaps that would need to be covered by future research activities to obtain higher yields and better quality fruits. Germplasm collection in central West Africa has been intense compared to elsewhere in the species?? distribution areas, but conservation status of the material is poor since it is only planted in few trials. Knowledge of genetic parameters, especially for fruit traits, is almost absent, but characterisation of genotypes is underway for some of the species. Mating systems and patterns are still unknown for many species. Efficient vegetative propagation based on simple techniques was shown to be possible for all species except P. biglobosa. In order to secure immediate as well as long term gains, we recommend combining clonal propagation of selected plus individuals with recombination and breeding of selected genotypes. We discuss whether local institutions in the Sahel have the financial capacity to carry out long term breeding programmes, and suggest that efforts should be made to find new ways of disseminating improved germplasm.     

甘肃省白龙江与洮河林区野生食果资源研究

为了更好地反映甘肃省白龙江、洮河林区野生食果资源情况,为开发利用提供原始资料,就该林区野生食果资源现状进行了多年的调查研究,结果表明:该林区共有野生果树52科、82属、260种;其中木本植物235种,约占总种数的90.38%,草本植物25种,约占总种数的9.62%;分布广泛和较广泛的种类约占总种数的80.77%;果实类型以浆果、核果和坚果为主;其地理分布类型共有10个,以北温带分布为主。还介绍了野生果树在6个不同景观带的分布情况;简述了主要野生果树在民间的利用方式,并提出了具体的保护和利用建议。     

佤族野生食用植物资源的民族植物学研究

沧源佤族自治县拥有142 820佤族人口,是云南省佤族分布最多的一个县。通过对文献资料的查阅收集和整理,以当地佤族人为向导,运用民族植物学研究方法对沧源野生食用植物资源进行调查。结果表明,沧源佤族民间传统食用野生植物有105种,隶属52科78属。根据民间的食用用途,当地民间野生食用植物可分为野生蔬菜、野果、调味品3种主要类型。其中可作为野生蔬菜食用的有69种,野果有34种,用于调料的植物有8种,野生食用植物以幼嫩枝叶（60.95%）和果类（39.05%）为主。佤族野生食用植物的传统知识,在食物新资源的开发利用方面具有重要的参考价值。     

Diversity and Traditional Knowledge Concerning Wild Food Species in a Locally Managed Forest in Nepal

This study documents wild food species in a locally managed forest by the inhabitants of nine villages in the Dolakha district, Nepal. It presents data on their diversity, and traditional knowledge on plant use, propagation and local domestication collected through household and key informant interviews, forest transects inventories and herbaria verifications. Sixty-two wild food plants belonging to 36 families were recorded; most of them (80%) have multiple uses. Many of the food plants are herbaceous (24 species) and produce fruits for consumption (46%). Most of the food plants are consumed by the local communities as snacks, and are supplementary and nutritionally important especially prior to the harvest of staple foods. Elder women (>35 years) are the most knowledgeable group, being able to describe the use of 65% of all edibles as compared to only 23% described by young men (<35 years). Many villagers also possess knowledge on the modes of propagation for the food plants that may be used in the process of domestication. The local communities expressed a strong desire for the establishment of community enterprises based on the wild food resources for long-term income generation sources. To accomplish this, development of collective co-operative strategies based on assessments of the biology, size of harvestable population, sustainable harvesting techniques, and marketing value and demand of promising species would be required. Moreover domestication potential based on species identified in this paper and other species that local communities have knowledge on ought to be encouraged through incentive and policy interventions.     

Bioinventory and documentation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild edible fruits of Kodagu-Western Ghats,India

Forty-five species of wild edible fruits were identified and traditional local knowledge of their usage was recorded in 40 villages of Kodagu district in Central Western Ghats, India one of the eight top hotspots of biodiversity in the world. We combined biodiversity inven-tory of trees with village interviews to record traditional ecological knowledge. Wild edible fruits were an opportunistic source of food for rural people. Wild edible fruits were rich in minerals, vitamins, carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and fiber. In recent years there has been a decline in numbers of wild fruit trees due to changes in land use from uncultivated private wooded area to cardamom and coffee cultivation. The availability of wild edible fruits that were once very common on private cultivated areas has declined and their distributions are now restricted more to jungles and wildlife sanctuaries. We propose methods for conservation and describe the need for sustainable utilization to provide supplemen-tary sources of nutritional and pharmaceutically useful edible wild fruits.     

丽水生态示范区野生果树资源及开发利用

通过野外调查,初步查明丽水生态示范区野生果树共计28科56属178种,其中包括直接作果品食用、加工成果品制成品食用和作栽培果树育种材料3大类型。文中按果树栽培学的分类方法,将它们划分为仁果类(17种)、核果类(34种)、坚果类(23种)、浆果类(76种)、聚复果类(10种)和柿果及其他(13种)等6类。详细介绍了这些野生果树的种类、性状及其利用方式,并对野生果树资源的利用与保护提出了建议。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mangifera sylvatica</Emphasis> Roxb. in the Forests of South-Eastern Bangladesh: A Potential Underutilised Tree for Small-Scale Forestry

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. is an underutilized wild tree species valued for its fruit, timber and medicine. It was believed to be widely grown in sub-tropical forests of Bangladesh, but nowadays can be seen only sparsely. Even though it has multiple uses, only the indigenous people in hilly areas use the fruit of this species, for cooking and making pickles. This study was designed to (1) observe the population status of M. sylvatica in the forests of south-eastern Bangladesh, (2) evaluate domestication potentiality through seed germination and early growth of seedlings, and (3) assess its suitability for small-scale forestry. Through 16 field visits in eight forest beats, 66 individual trees were identified and their GPS (global positioning system) coordinates were recorded. A seed germination rate of 83 % at 6 weeks after direct sowing was attained. The early growth of seedlings with fertilizer treatments showed no remarkable difference with seedlings without fertilization. The seed germination rate and early growth of seedlings indicates that this species can be easily domesticated and be incorporated into small-scale plantation programs. In that it has multiple use values, this species warrants promotion in small-scale forestry programs for conservation and benefiting the villagers.     

Human impact on population structure and fruit production of the socio-economically important tree Lannea microcarpa in Burkina Faso

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are of high socio-economic value for rural people in West Africa. Main factors determining the status of the populations of socio-economically important tree species providing those NTFPs are human activities. This study assesses the impact of human population density, land use, and NTFP-harvesting (pruning and debarking) on population structure and fruit production of the socio-economically important tree Lannea microcarpa that is normally conserved by farmers on fields. We compared L. microcarpa stands of protected sites with those of their surrounding communal sites in two differently populated areas in Burkina Faso. Our results reveal an opposed land use impact on the population structure of L. microcarpa in the two areas. In the highly populated area, the species population was more stable in the protected site than in the communal site, while the opposite was observed for the less populated area. Trees of the communal sites bore more fruits than trees of the protected sites. Debarking and pruning had a negative impact on fruit production of the species. We conclude that low intensity of human impact is beneficial for the species and that indirect human impact facilitates fruit production of L. microcarpa. In contrast, in the densely populated area, human impact has reached an intensity that negatively affects the populations of L. microcarpa. While the extent of protecting L. microcarpa on fields still seems to be enough to guarantee the persistence of this important species in the less populated area, it is no longer sufficient in the densely populated area.     

Fruit- and seed-germination characteristics of Strychnos cocculoides an indigenous fruit tree from natural populations in Zambia

Domestication and improvement of traditionally used wild indigenous fruit trees hold great promise in agroforestry development. Strychnos cocculoides is a wild indigenous fruit tree that was ranked third by farmers and is one of the priority species chosen for domestication in southern Africa. This study was conducted with the objective of determining the variability in fruit, seed and germination characteristics of four populations of Strychnos cocculoides collected from Zambia. Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between and within provenances in fruit, pericarp and pulp weights. Fruits from Kalulushi provenance were heaviest (296 g) whereas the lightest were Petauke provenance fruits (158 g). The pulp content of heavy and light fruits were 52.8% and 47.6% respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the number of seeds per fruit within and between the provenances. In contrast, the seed weight was significantly different (P < 0.05) within and between provenances. The heaviest seeds were found in the heaviest fruits — Kalulushi while the lightest were found in Serenje provenance. Fruit weight was positively correlated with pulp weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.70), pericarp weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.54) and seed weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.76). The provenances differed significantly (P < 0.05) in cumulative germination percentage, ranging from 56 (Kalulushi) to 83 (Kasama).This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agroforestry in the humid lowlands of West Africa: some reflections on future directions for research

Means have to be found for rural people to supply both their own needs and those of the urban dwellers, without further loss of natural resources. Some examples from around the humid tropics suggest that complex agroforests may be able to achieve this goal. In West Africa, the concepts of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farm and compound garden, coupled with the domestication of indigenous trees for the production of improved non-timber forest products, need to be developed. There are numerous candidate species both for domestication and for inclusion in multi-strata systems. Research is needed on the development of various forms of multi-strata agroforests, coupled with short-term tree fallows especially to rehabilitate degraded land. More ecologically-oriented studies are required to build sustainable and productive multi-strata agro-ecosystems, while domestication requires greater understanding of the needs of the food and pharmaceutical industries and the development of marketing infrastructures. Incentives are required to promote entreprenurism in rural communities, especially near urban centres. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification of indigenous fruits with export potential from Mukono district,Uganda: an assessment of two methods

Ethnobotanical studies and scorecard-based assessments have been used in identification and prioritisation of indigenous fruit trees with domestication and income potential at local levels. Less has been done to systematically identify species with potential for international markets. This study compared the applicability of the two methods to identify indigenous fruits with economic potential for export. The ethnobotanical study consisted of household and market surveys based on questionnaires, focus group discussions and key-informant interviews. The scorecard was based on pre-determined scoring criteria applied to species identified in the ethnobotanical study. Priority indigenous fruits identified in the ethnobotanical study included Canarium schweinfurtii, Vangueria apiculata, Garcinia buchananii and Tamarindus indica whereas the scorecard assessment identified a different set of species; i.e. V. apiculata, G. buchananii, Myrianthus arboreus, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Phoenix reclinata and Rhus vulgaris as having export potential. The ethnobotanical methods were effective in identifying species with local economic potential and hence high likelihood of adoption by local farmers while the scorecard method was found more useful to identify species with export potential.     

九寨沟县野生木本森林食品种质资源调查初报

为合理保护和开发九寨沟县具有食用价值的野生林木种质资源,采用野外样线调查和咨询访谈的方法,总结了九寨沟县野生木本森林食品资源的种类和特征。结果表明:在九寨沟县境内的野生木本森林食品植物主要包括森林蔬菜类、森林水果类、森林饮品类、木本蜜源植物类、干果类、木本油料类和其他加工食品类7个类型,发现玫红省沽油、青荚叶、盘叶忍冬、华中五味子和藏刺榛等具有潜在开发价值的野生食品资源,可为九寨沟县野生林木种质资源科学保护和合理开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.     

动物取食和扩散森林植物种实研究进展

动物取食扩散森林植物种实作为森林生态系统中植物和动物联系的-个重要方面, 不仅是联系母株与其子代幼苗的重要桥梁, 也是植物生活史中的-个重要阶段。文中综述了近年来关于动物取食森林植物种实及其与这些植物种子散布、萌发、幼苗生长和种群扩展等方面关系的研究成果。动物在取食和破坏森林植物种实的同时也将这些植物的种子扩散到-个新的生境斑块, 其消化道机械的或化学的作用提高了这些森林植物的种子萌发率和萌发进程, 促进了其早期定居和种群扩大。动物对森林植物的这种作用具有长期性, 形成特定动植物间或多物种间的协同进化。近年来, 森林生态系统受到了严重的干扰和破坏, 可能会因为干扰了森林植物种实的动物散布者而影响森林植物种群的扩展。     

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra)in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruit traits

Studies of tree-to-tree variation in fruit traits are a pre-requisite for cultivar development. Fruits were collected from each of 63 marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and from 55 trees from the North Central Region of Namibia. The South African trees were in farmers fields, communal land and natural woodland, at three sites: Acornhoek road, Allandale/Green Valley and Andover/Wits Rural Facility. The Namibian trees were all from farmers fields in three areas: North east, North west and West. The fruits were partitioned into skin and flesh/juice to examine the extent of the variation found in different components of marula fruits from different trees. Namibian fruits were significantly larger than those from South Africa (26.7 vs 20.1 g), due to their greater pulp mass (22.2 vs 16.2 g), especially the flesh/juice component. In South African fruits, those from farmers fields were significantly larger in all components (Fruit mass = 23.6 vs 19.3 and 18.0 g in natural woodland and communal land respectively). In Namibia, mean fruit mass did not differ significantly across sites (25.5 − 27.0 g). However, within each sample there was highly significant and continuous variation between trees in the pulp (S Africa = 7.5 − 31.3 g; Namibia = 8.3 − 36.0 g) and flesh/juice mass (S Africa = 2.2 − 7.6g; Namibia = 3.8 − 22. 6g), indicating the potential for selection of trees producing superior products. The fruits of the Namibian trees were compared with the fruits from one superior tree (‘Namibian Wonder) with a mean fruit mass of 69.9 g The percentage frequency distribution of fruit mass from trees in farmers fields in South Africa was skewed, while being bimodal in North east and North west populations from Namibia, suggesting that at these sites farmers are engaged in domestication through truncated selection of the best mother trees. It is concluded that there are trees in on-farm populations that have great potential to be propagated vegetatively as selected cultivars.     

甘肃野生果树物种资源研究

通过对甘肃各主要林区、保护区的野生果树物种资源调查研究表明:甘肃野生果树资源十分丰富,共有32科、70属、312种和46变种(变型)。甘肃野生果树主要集中在蔷薇科、虎耳草科、小檗科、猕猴桃科、葡萄科、胡颓子科。本文首次对甘肃不同地理区域野生果树资源的丰富度和相似性进行了研究,结果表明甘肃野生果树资源在各地理区域间分布不平衡,陇南、陇东南、陇西南、陇东野生果树资源较丰富,陇中、祁连山区、河西走廊较贫乏。各地区野生果树资源的相似性系数表明,陇南与陇东南野生果树物种资源最为接近,陇南与河西走廊差异最大;提出了甘肃野生果树可持续利用策略。