Evolution of proteolytic enzymes

Proteolytic enzymes have many physiological functions, ranging from generalized protein digestion to more specific regulated processes such as the activation of zymogens, blood coagulation and the lysis of fibrin clots, the release of hormones and pharmacologically active peptides from precursor proteins, and the transport of secretory proteins across membranes. They are present in all forms of living organisms. Comparisons of amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures, and enzymatic reaction mechanisms of proteases indicate that there are distinct families of these proteins. Changes in molecular structure and function have accompanied the evolution of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, each having relatively simple roles in primitive organisms and more diverse and more complex functions in higher organisms.     

几种模拟酶的研究进展

模拟酶是一类利用有机化学方法合成的比天然酶简单的非蛋白分子.对环糊精模拟酶、冠醚化合物的模拟酶、超氧化物歧化酶模拟物等结构特征进行综述,为设计和合成更加简单、稳定的模拟酶提供参考.     

不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱种群保护酶和解毒酶的影响

采用酶活力测定法分析取食不同寄主植物的B型烟粉虱种群保护酶和解毒酶的变化.结果表明:在苘麻、番茄、茄子和黄瓜4种寄主植物中,取食茄子的B型烟粉虱种群的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力是取食番茄的2.64倍,且差异显著,取食苘麻与番茄的B型烟粉虱种群之间SOD活力的差异也达到显著水平;取食茄子的B型烟粉虱过氧化物酶(POD)活力是取食苘麻的3.13倍,且差异显著,取食苘麻与番茄的B型烟粉虱种群之间的POD活力差异也达到显著水平;4种寄主上的B型烟粉虱种群的羧酸酯酶(CarE)活力以取食茄子的最高,其次为苘麻、番茄,最低为黄瓜;取食黄瓜的与取食其他3种寄主植物的B型烟粉虱种群谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力之间差异极显著,取食苘麻与茄子的B型烟粉虱种群GSTs活力差异也达到显著水平.     

Subfractionation of human serum enzymes

Evidence is given for the subfractionation by starch gel electrophoresis of human serum cholinesterase. aromatic esterase, and acid phosphatase. These subfractions and unfractionated leucine aminopeptidase are localized with respect to the protein zones of the Smithies starch gel pattern.     

甘草对尖吻鲈生长特性、消化酶及免疫酶的影响

[目的]探究添加不同水平甘草粉的饲料对尖吻鲈幼鱼生长特性、消化酶及免疫酶的影响,为甘草在尖吻鲈饲料中的添加应用提供参考依据.[方法]将甘草粉按不同比例添加至饲料中,然后对尖吻鲈幼鱼进行饲料投喂试验,添加量0%为对照组,1%、3%和5%为试验组,各组均设3个平行,试验周期56 d,测定淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)、胰蛋白酶(TRYP)、胃蛋白酶(PP)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和溶菌酶(LZM)等指标,并对尖吻鲈消化酶指标与生长特性指标间、免疫酶指标与存活率间进行相关分析.[结果]3%和5%试验组尖吻鲈的存活率(SR)显著高于对照组(P<0.05,下同);各试验组的体长增长率(BLGR)均显著高于对照组;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)在5%试验组显著升高;前肠AMS活力在3%和5%试验组显著升高;肝脏AMS、前肠LPS、肝脏LPS和胃LPS活力在各试验组均显著升高;前肠TRYP活力在1%和5%试验组显著升高;PP活力在5%试验组显著升高.WGR、SGR与肝脏AMS活力呈显著正相关.肝脏T-AOC活力在各试验组均显著升高,CAT活力、GSH-PX活力和POD活力在1%试验组显著升高,MDA含量在5%试验组显著下降;血清T-AOC活力和CAT活力在各试验组均显著升高,GSH-PX活力在3%试验组显著升高,LZM活力在1%和5%试验组显著下降.SR与肝脏T-AOC、肝脏T-SOD、血清T-AOC、血清CAT和血清GSH-PX活力呈显著正相关,与血清MDA含量及血清T-SOD活力呈显著负相关.[结论]饲料中添加3%~5%甘草粉可更好地提高尖吻鲈消化酶活性、促进鱼体增长,协助杀菌,提高尖吻鲈的存活率;添加1%~3%甘草粉可增强尖吻鲈抗氧化能力,减少肝过氧化物积累.因此,饲料中添加适量的甘草对尖吻鲈幼鱼具有促进消化及提高免疫的作用.     

抗性选育对小菜蛾体内解毒酶和消化酶活性的影响

测定小菜蛾Cry1Ac抗性品系(Cry1Ac–R)、Cry1Ac敏感品系(Cry1Ac–S)3种解毒酶的活性。结果表明,小菜蛾抗性品系的谷胱甘肽转移酶活性高于敏感品系;敏感品系的羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性高于抗性品系,但2品系的解毒酶活性无显著差异。测定小菜蛾Cry1Ac抗性品系、敏感品系及Bt抗性品系(Bt–T2)消化酶活性,结果小菜蛾敏感品系海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶活性均最高,Bt抗性品系最低,但各品系的2种消化酶活性之间差异不显著;小菜蛾敏感品系蛋白酶活性最高,抗性品系最低,各品系的蛋白酶活性差异极显著。     

土壤酶研究进展

土壤酶是土壤有机体的代谢动力,在生态系统中起着重要的作用,与土壤理化性质、土壤类型、施肥、耕作以及其它农业措施等密切相关,其活性在土壤中的表现,在一定程度上反映了土壤所处的状况;且对环境等外界因素引起的变化较敏感,成为土壤生态系统变化的预警和敏感指标。文章综述了土壤酶及与其影响因素的相互关系。     

Selective release of enzymes from bacteria

A group of hydrolytic enzymes, including phosphatases and nucleases, is selectively released from E. coli and certain other Gram-negative bacteria by a process designated as osmotic shock. This procedure involves exposure of the cells to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in 0.5 molar sucrose followed by a sudden osmotic transition to cold, dilute MgCl(2). Osmotic shock also results in an alteration of the permeability barrier of the bacterial cell and a depletion of the pool of acid-soluble nucleotides, but there is no loss of viability. On being restored to growth medium, the shocked cells recover after a lag period. Formation of spheroplasts by treatment with EDTA and lysozyme leads to selective release of the same group of enzymes. We believe that the selectively released enzymes are confined in a region between the bacterial cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Histochemical studies indicate such a localization. Further, the enzyme activities are measurable with intact cells, even when the substrate is a nucleotide, to which whole cells are impermeable. Another piece of evidence concerns a mutant E. coli with a defective cell wall. In contrast to normal bacteria, this organism loses one of these enzymes into the medium in the course of growth. After osmotic shock, the bacteria show reduced uptake of sulfate,betagalactosides, galactose, and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the shock treatment causes the release of nondialyzable factors able to bind sulfate, galactose, and the same amino acids. A possible interpretation of these observations is the following: the binding proteins occupy sites near the bacterial surface, and they may be components of active transport systems responsible for the concentrative uptake of these nutrients.