兽用抗茵增效剂

抗菌增效剂是广谱抗菌药物，曾称为磺胺增效剂，因其能增强多种抗生素的疗效，故现在称为抗菌增效剂。常用的抗菌增效剂有三甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）、二甲氧苄氨嘧啶（DVD）、二甲氧甲基苄氨嘧啶（OMP）。本类药物均为淡黄色或白色结晶性粉末，味微苦，难溶于水，但可溶于酸及有机溶媒。     

抗菌增效剂--三甲氧苄嘧啶

三甲氧苄嘧啶（Trimethoprim TMP）本身抗菌作用较弱,一般不单独应用,但与其他抗菌药物合用有明显的增效作用.早期专用作磺胺类药物的增效剂,故曾名为“磺胺增效剂”.近年来,逐渐发现除磺胺类药物外,TMP还可增强多种抗生素类药物的疗效,已成为可使5类20多种中西药物疗效增强的抗菌增效“多面手”.     

抗菌药物与甲氧苄啶联合抗菌作用的测定

评价甲氧苄啶（trimethoprimum,TMP）对不同抗菌药物的增效作用，确定其与抗菌药物最佳配伍比较。本试验以棋盘格法（checkboard test）测定12种抗菌药物和TMP单独试验及其联合试验时各抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），并以各药的小数抑菌浓度（fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC）及小数抑菌浓度指数（FIC index）判断各药与TMP联合作用效应，测定结果表明受试药物与TMP配伍使用均产生协同作用，使各抗菌药物的抗菌作用增强2－8倍，不同抗菌菌药物与TMP配伍的最佳比例因药物和受试菌株的种类不同而异。     

甲氧苄啶与抗菌药物联合抗菌作用效果试验

主要以液体试管法和棋盘法测定3种抗菌药物和甲氧苄啶的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)，并以各药的小数抑菌浓度(nc)及小数抑菌浓度指数判断甲氧苄啶(TMP)与各药联合作用效应来评价TMP对不同抗菌药物的增效作用，确定其与抗菌药物最佳配伍比例。测定结果表明，TMP与受试药联合应用均产生协同作用，抗菌作用明显增强。TMP与不同抗菌药物配伍的最佳比例，因药物和受试菌株不同而异。     

磺胺类药物的安全应用

磺胺类药物为人工合成的抗菌药,用于临床已近50年,它具有抗菌谱较广、性质稳定、使用简便、生产时不耗用粮食等优点。特别是1969年抗菌增效剂一甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）发现以后,与磺胺类联合应用可使其抗菌作用增强、冶疗范围扩大,因此,虽然有大量沆生素问世,但磺胺类药仍是重要的化学治疗药物。     

TMP对抗猪大肠杆菌中药体外增效作用的研究

为了研究三甲氧苄胺嘧啶(TMP)对抗猪大肠杆菌的秦皮、黄柏、白头翁、马齿苋单药及其组方的体外增效作用,试验分别采用倍比稀释法及倾注平板计数法测定中药和TMP对猪大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、中药与TMP联用时的MIC及体外杀菌率,并以抑菌浓度指数(FIC)评价中药与TMP联用的体外抗菌效应。结果表明:TMP对某些中药体外抗猪大肠杆菌具有显著增效作用,其中TMP与复方、白头翁、马齿苋联用呈协同作用,与秦皮联用呈相加作用,且TMP对中药体外杀菌率影响的差异显著性与作用时间、浓度及联用药物有关。     

禽霍乱的防制对策

１预防为主加强饲养管理，改善不良外界卫生环境，提高禽体的抗病力。２药物防制２．１氟喹诺酮类药物据近两年对禽霍乱病原菌做药敏试验，此类药均属高敏药物，且价格不高，饮水、拌料、注射均宜，副作用小，安全性高，成本较低，一般可作为首选药物，但此药尚属新兽药之类，应多注意长期使用情况。２．２磺胺类药物属于传统使用的防制禽霍乱病的药物，系抑菌药物，以磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶效果较好，一般按４００～５００mg／kg混合于饲料中应用效果良好且使用方便，尤其与三甲氧苄胺嘧啶（TMP）混合使用效果明显增加，如复方新诺明…     

动物大肠杆菌耐药性的变化趋势

本试验对50年代至90年代初分离保存的50株大肠杆菌进行了药物敏感性测定。结果表明，随着时间的推移，菌株对15种抗菌药物的耐性呈现不同程度的上升趋势，50年代的大肠杆菌分离株对15种抗菌药物均敏感，60年代的分离株对链霉素、四环素产生耐药，70年代对氨苄西林、氯霉素、磺胺甲基异唑、四环素、链霉素、甲氧苄胺嘧啶6种抗生素产生耐药，80年代至90年代初对阿莫西林／奥格门丁、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、萘啶酸、头孢噻吩、氨苄西林、氯霉素、磺胺甲基异唑、四环素、链霉素、甲氧苄胺嘧啶11种抗生素产生耐药，菌株的多重耐药性呈上升趋势。     

甲氧苄啶对中药抗菌增效作用研究进展

甲氧苄啶(TMP)是一种常用抗菌药,对多种革兰阳性和阴性细菌有抗菌作用,TMP一般用作抗菌增效剂和抗菌药联合使用,增强磺胺类药物及其他种类抗生素的抗菌作用。由于中药在抗菌方面效果不甚理想,因此,本文中药研究工作者对TMP与中药联合应用,增强中药抗菌效果进行了一些研究,本文就20余年来TMP对中药抗菌增效作用研究情况进行介绍。     

甲氧苄啶对黄连体外抗菌增效作用及量效关系研究

黄连具有广谱抗菌作用,是目前临床广泛应用的抗菌中药之一。其性味苦寒,功能泻火解毒、清热燥湿,主治温热病热盛心烦、吐血、痢疾、肠炎等。而甲氧苄啶（TMP）作为合成抗菌药,抗菌作用较弱,一般不单独应用;临床上TMP不仅可作为磺胺类药物的抗菌增效剂,还可以增强其它抗生素类药物以及中草药的抗菌作用。但目前有关TMP对黄连的抗菌增效作用研究较少,尤其增效的剂量关系研究未见报道。本试验旨在通过研究黄连与TMP联用的性质和增效的剂量关系。从而确定TMP对黄连抗菌增效的最佳剂量,为中西药复方制剂的开发提供理论依据。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.