北方冬小麦种质资源矮秆基因鉴定初报

利用赤霉酸（ＧＡ３）敏感性测定和系谱追踪的方法，测定了２４６份北方冬小麦品种对赤霉酸的反应。结果为：８４份材料为敏感型；１５２份为不敏感型；１０份为弱的不敏感型。鉴定出６３份分含有不同的矮秆基因：Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２，Ｒｈｔ２，Ｒｈｔ８＋Ｒｈｔ９和Ｒｈｔ１０。但仍有一部分对赤霉酸反应敏感或不敏感的品种，其基因来源尚不清楚，有待于进一步鉴定。     

苦荞品种温度生态特性的初步研究

１１份苦荞品种从感温指数来看，对低温的感应性可分为３类：１．强敏感型：榆５－７，圆籽荞和额乌；２．敏感型：伊盟苦荞、白苦荞、８４１－２和额洛乌且；３．弱敏感型：８６２、凤凰苦荞和黑苦荞。１１份苦荞品种从播种至现蕾天数与总积温之间均呈显著或极显著的线性关系。回归方程为Ｙ＝９５．４＋１９．７２Ｘ和Ｙ＝１３１．２５＋１８．３０Ｘ，生物学起点温度为１９．７２℃和１８．３０℃。     

春小麦品种磷营养效率研究Ⅲ.磷高效品种的特征特性

通过对不同磷效率类型品种（系）性状表现的方差分析，阐明了春小麦磷高效品种的性状特征。当受到同一缺磷胁迫时，耐缺磷的品种具有较高的的化和结实能力，品种耐缺磷能力越强，对加磷反应越不敏感；品种的磷利用效率同耐缺磷能力和对加磷反应敏感性无关。具有发达根系的品种吸磷能力强、耐缺磷程度高。     

长江流域气候差异对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响

对长江流域５个主要产棉省中９个市（县）历年气象资料分析，１９９３年（４～１０月）农业气象特点为低温寡照偏涝年型，１９９４年则为高温干旱年型；而对历年产量资料分析结果表明，１９９３年为歉收年，１９９４年为丰收年。就对气候条件敏感性大小而言，霜前皮棉＞皮棉；产量组分中单株结铃＞铃重＞衣分；纤维品质主要物理性能指标间有比强度＞麦克隆值＞２．５％跨长；同时，品种间存在着明显差异，低温阴雨对早熟品种有利，高温干旱对晚熟品种有利，而有的品种如苏棉４号、中棉所１２对气候变化相对不敏感。     

大豆品种(系)耐低钾性的筛选与评价

从国内外收集到不同来源大豆56份在低钾土壤上种植，发现不同品种（系）大豆对低钾的耐性上存在着较大的差异性。通过研究耐性与产量的关系。将这些品种（系）分为高产敏感型，高产不敏感型，低产敏感型和低产不敏感型4种类型。其中高产不敏感型与低产不敏感型具有钾高效基因。可作为基因材料应用于栽培和遗传育种的研究上。     

干旱胁迫对不同类型红花品种（系） 苗期生理生化特性的影响

为筛选抗旱品种提供依据,本试验从14份红花品种中筛选出2个抗旱品种（PI401470和PI401477 ）和2个干旱敏感型品种（系）（PI560169和川红1号）,并以此4份品种（系）为材料,研究干旱胁迫对红花幼苗光合、渗透调节物质和抗氧化物保护酶等生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,4个红花品种（系）叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且品种间差异显著（P﹤0.05）;抗旱红花品（系）的各光合特性指标降幅均低于敏感型红花品种（系）。干旱胁迫条件下,渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量均上升,保护性酶SOD、POD和CAT活性也均呈升高趋势,且抗旱型红花品种（系）的增长率高于敏感型品种（系）;抗旱型品种（系）MDA含量增长率低于敏感型品种。对11项指标进行主成分分析,提取了2个主成分,以净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率、SOD活性和CAT活性为第一主成分,以可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸为第二主成分的抗旱性鉴定指标,累计贡献率达89.50％。     

长江中下游麦区小麦地方品种幼苗耐镉性的差异

为了明确不同小麦地方品种耐镉（Cd）性的差异,采用水培方法,测定了长江中下游麦区32个小麦地方品种的苗期生长指标、叶绿素含量、荧光参数和光合参数,并对参试品种的Cd耐性进行了比较和聚类分析。结果表明,32个小麦地方品种镉耐性指数变异系数为10.4%～49.4%,耐Cd性差异较大。根据耐性指数可将参试品种分成耐镉型（7个）、较耐镉型（4个）、中间型（6个）、镉较敏感型（8个）、镉敏感型（7个）5组。     

茶树人工诱变技术的研究——Ⅲ.不同品种茶树的辐照敏感性

对我国7个主要产茶省的17个茶树品种的辐照敏感性研究结果表明:不同品种茶树的辐照敏感性可分为4种类型,即极敏感型、敏感型、中间型和迟钝型。造成这种差异的原因与品种的固有遗传特性及体内的咖啡碱、EGC 和 EGCG 等多酚类次生代谢产物的含量密切相关。茶树辐照后,体内 DNA 的最初损伤主要是发生单链断裂,进而导致 DNA 链的解聚。茶树品种间的辐照敏感性与其核酸含量之间未发现有显著相关,但与 DNA 下降的幅度有关。茶树辐照敏感系数和微核细胞率的变化在一定程度上反映了辐照损伤的大小,对预测茶树辐照敏感性具     

白绢病菌在花生品种间致病力分化和广谱抗性品种筛选

为探讨白绢病菌菌株在花生品种间的致病力差异，本研究将强、中和弱致病力菌株田间接种不同抗病性花生品种后考察发病严重度。结果表明，白绢病菌株接种后14 d为最佳调查时间；强致病力菌株ZY2、SQ1和弱致病力菌株GP3-1在所测试的10个花生品种间病情指数差异不显著，而中等致病力菌株（HA、H1-3和BL1-1）在品种间病情指数差异显著。弱致病力菌株GP3-1对各品种的致病力较弱；强致病力菌株能导致供试品种抗性的丧失；中等致病力菌株在抗感品种间的致病力存在分化。本实验筛选出1份对中等致病力菌株存在广谱抗性的花生品种。     

几个早稻型恢复系生物学特性的分析

），说明早稻型恢复系主茎叶片数的多少，将影响着抽穗夭数；六种恢复系中，福恢０１６、福恢９１１、测６４和水源２８７表现极显著水平，福恢０９０和福恢９１３未表现出农１早季任复来不同勇猢的生物学特性注：”有效积温以１２℃和２７Ｃ为上下限温度来计算，表３同。显著的相关；而同一播期中所有的恢复系却未表现出相关的显著性。（２）有效积温与抽穗天数早稻型恢复系总体表现出负相关（－０·２０３５），但未达到显著水平；但程度差异较大，其中测６４为显著水平（一０．９５８９”），说明不同的恢复系对温度敏感程度有较大的差异；而同一播期的所有恢复系都表现出正亵２早稻位复系不同槽钢备性状的变异来３几个早稻恢复系生物学特性的相关相关，其中３月２１日、４月２０日和５月５日则表现出极显著或显著关系，说明同一播期中，不同的品种要达到一定的抽穗有效积温，是通过播至抽的天数来实现的。（３）有效积温与主茎叶片数早稻型恢复系总体表现出负相关（－０．０３０５），但未达到显著水平；六个品种也表现出负相关，但差异程度较大，其中测６４为显著水平（－０．９６３４“），说明同一品种在不同的播期中，对温度敏感程度差异较大；而同一播期所有的恢复系又表现出正相关。三、小结     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).