Rind blemish of citrus. I. Initiation and development

Wind scarring is a major blemish of citrus fruit on the Central Coast of New South Wales. These blemishes occur almost exclusively within 12 weeks of petal fall. The rate at which blemish was initiated in 1969/70 was expressed for both ‘Valencia’ and ‘Washington Navel’ oranges by the same inverse polynomial equation. The rate of increase of blemish severity differed according to the degree of exposure to wind. Studies with anemometers showed a significant positive correlation between blemish severity and wind run. Blemishes were produced on fruits in the glasshouse by manually abrading them with leaves. The size and severity of the blemishes was related to the number of abrasions and obvious blemish was produced by 25 or more consecutive rubs.Subsequent to abrasion, dark green streaks developed on the rind and rind oil was liberated. Within 2 days wound periderm had developed. That which developed within 8 weeks of petal fall was a continuous blemish with a prominent margin. It was either a fine textured layer of interlocking cork plates or smooth and translucent if the cork plates had abscised. Blemishes initiated 8–12 weeks from petal fall were more scabby with more prominent cork production. They were not continuous and the margins were irregular. Small longitudinal slits formed on the boundary of continuous blemish to produce a rough and blackened outline. These were called stipples and were caused by the application of copper fungicides.     

遮光性套袋对黄肉桃类胡萝卜素合成及相关基因表达的影响

以‘金童6号’和‘金童8号’黄肉桃为试材,于花后60 d时套袋对果实进行遮光处理,研究遮光对果实叶绿素和类胡萝卜素积累的影响,以及类胡萝卜素合成关键基因的表达差异。结果表明：伴随果实成熟,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,且3个采样时期套袋果实中的叶绿素含量均显著低于不套袋的对照;类胡萝卜素含量逐渐升高,但未成熟期套袋果实低于对照,成熟期则显著高于对照。利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）对果肉类胡萝卜素组分的分析表明：在黄肉桃果实未成熟期,类胡萝卜素以叶黄素和β–胡萝卜素积累为主,表现出叶绿体合成途径特征;进入成熟期,有色体类胡萝卜素合成途径占据优势,形成更为稳定的酯化类隐黄质和紫黄质,并且套袋果实中酯化类胡萝卜素的积累水平明显高于对照果实。此外,分子证据表明伴随果实成熟,类胡萝卜素合成关键基因HDR（羟甲基丁烯基–4–二磷酸还原酶）、PSY1（八氢番茄红素合成酶1）、PSY2（八氢番茄红素合成酶2）、PDS（八氢番茄红素脱氢酶）和HYB（β–胡萝卜素羟化酶基因）在套袋和不套袋果实中均呈现上调表达趋势。值得注意的是,DXS（1–脱氧– D–木酮糖–5–磷酸合成酶基因）、PSY2和PDS基因在成熟期套袋果实中的表达水平低于对照,而HYB基因的表达水平显著高于对照。     

Watercore in Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder var. ‘Culta’ Rehder). I. Description of the disorder and its relation to fruit maturity

Out of 119 Japanese pear cultivars and selections and 12 Chinese ones and their 9 hybrids, 30 cultivars and selections showed a physiological disorder in the flesh of the fruit while still on the tree. The affected tissues were generally watery and translucent, and tasted sweet, but in some cultivars the area was slightly brown and tasted bitter. Cavities and/or pithiness developed in these areas both on the tree and during storage. Distribution of affected tissues on a transversely cut surface at the equator of the fruits showed 5 different types of appearance. In most cases the affected tissues were observed near or around the vascular bundles.In the most susceptible selection ‘93-3’, a higher percentage of affected fruits and severer symptoms were observed in the later-picked fruits. Greater severity of disorder was also found in the softer and more yellowed fruits with the more soluble solids. Because of several properties common to both the watercore of apples and this disorder, the term ‘Watercore in Japanese pear’ was chosen to describe it.     

利用蛋白质组学研究水果采后成熟的分子机理

果实成熟是发生在高等植物中复杂而有序的过程,由于植物种类和环境条件的不同,果实从不成熟到发育成熟过程包括了众多阶段。近年来,植物本身的生理过程与农业产业息息相关,继而影响经济效益,因此果实成熟过程的研究日益重要。果实成熟过程中,伴随着不同色素水平变化和糖等物质含量增加,果实色泽发生变化,大量生理代谢过程例如颜色、质地、风味和香气等受到外因(光照、温度)和内因(发育相关基因和激素)调控而发生变化。因而利用差异蛋白质组学方法系统研究果实从未成熟到成熟的不同生理过程和阶段分子水平上的动态变化具有十分重要的意义。到目前为止,一些重要果实及其不同发育和成熟过程的蛋白质组数据库日益完善和更新。     

Nicht-destruktive Bestimmung der Beduftung bzw. des Duftfilmes bei Pflaumen

During their ontogeny, a range of fruits develop a semi-transparent white coating on their surface, designated as wax bloom. This wax bloom was examined non-destructively on plums of different colour i.e. blue mature European plum, yellow mirabelle and greengage using a colourimeter and an industrial luster sensor at 15 mm distance from the fruit surface; the results are displayed as ‘luster levels’. European plums contained 175–205 µg epicuticular wax cm^?2 fruit surface with linoleic and ursolic acid as predominant fatty acids. The microscopic examination identified the epicuticular fine structure of the fruit surface as platelets viz with natural wax. Polishing with a soft tissue disturbed this fine structure and doubled the luster levels relative to the natural surface from 120–170 to 300–500 arbitrary units. This is related to wax re-distribution and restructuring rather than loss of epicuticular wax. Polishing increased the a value marginally from 2.35 to 2.85, whereas the b values almost tripled from ? 14 to ? 5, representing a more intense blue impression after polishing. This luster or glossiness measurement enables a clear identification of the natural wax coating versus a polished fruit surface irrespective of the respective fruit colour, i.e. blue plum, yellow mirabelle or greengage and hence seems more suitable than colour measurement. It hence seems plausible that fruit with a similar natural wax bloom like grape berry or blueberry etc. might respond similarly and could be used as a hand-hand device or on a sorting line for fast, online and affordable detection of the glossiness of a commodity.     

中国南瓜新品种皖蜜品种比较试验初报

皖蜜为中国生态型南瓜杂交一代品种。植株生长势旺,易坐果,全生育期约105d,从雌花开放到果实成熟约28d。单果重4.0～5.0kg,果实美观,棒槌形,果面有蜡质光泽;果肉厚、橙红色,含糖量高,口感风味佳;嫩果黄绿色,成熟果深黄,嫩老果均可食用。667m2产量2500～3000kg。抗病毒病、白粉病。     

Relations Between Growth of Leaves,Fruit and Shoot of Glasshouse Tomato Plants

The weekly rates of shoot extension and total growth in leaf length of the glasshouse tomato variety Potentate increased from germination until soon after the start of ovary swelling. It is postulated that when, or soon after, the first flower primordia were initiated, an internal reaction was stimulated that eventually resulted in the cessation of the progressive increase in the rates of shoot extension and growth in leaf length. Increase in the rate of vegetative growth ceased soon after the start of ovary swelling, but this occurred even when no ovaries were allowed to swell.

The diameter of the shoot was unaffected by removal of leaves but increased when no fruits were allowed to develop. Conversely, shoot extension growth was unaffected by removal of fruit but decreased when alternate immature leaves were removed, although the removal of mature leaves had no effect on shoot extension growth.

Removal of leaves was associated with a reduction in total fruit volume and an increase in total leaf length.

Removal of immature fruit was associated with an increase in total leaf length. Removal of alternate immature fruits had little effect on total fruit . volume ; the difference between normally fruiting plants and plants from which alternate fruits had been removed was less than 0?5%.     

龙眼果皮发育解剖学观察

以储良龙眼品种为试材,观察了果皮的解剖结构发育特点。果皮发育早期(花后10d前),细胞体积小,排列紧密,细胞分裂活跃,外果皮有凸起的皱褶结构,有大量的表皮毛分化。果皮发育中期(花后10～52d),细胞体积变大,表皮毛开始脱落,外果皮逐渐平滑,中果皮处有石细胞群和海绵状组织的分化。果实发育后期(花后52d后,假种皮快速膨大阶段),有木栓形成层出现,形成周皮代替表皮起保护作用,随着果实生长,木栓层出现局部破裂。龙眼果皮可划分为外、中、内3层。中外果皮在发生次生木栓化前,由外表皮细胞及其附属物和角质层组成;在形成木栓形成层产生次生结构后,外果皮则由周皮组成。内果皮来源于子房内壁的几层细胞,由一层内表皮细胞和与之紧密相连的几层薄壁细胞组成。中果皮根据其组织特点可进一步分为上中果皮和下中果皮,上中果皮包括石细胞群、外层维管束和外果皮之内的薄壁细胞;下中果皮则主要包括海绵组织和其中的维管束。     

“南果北种”品种筛选与应用

该文通过广泛引种试栽,从33个种66个品种的南方果树中筛选出适宜北方设施栽培的有20个种33个品种(品系),并提出“南果北种”品种筛选的基本原则,旨在为“南果北种”产业发展提供借鉴。     

‘金冠’苹果与其无锈芽变的果皮性状比较和防锈技术研究

 为了阐明‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的时间与原因,探索防止果锈形成的方法,以‘金冠’及 其无锈芽变品种‘丰帅’为试材,利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察了果面果锈形成过程,测定了果皮色 素和次生代谢产物组分和含量。结果表明,花后4 周‘金冠’苹果果面尚无肉眼可见的果锈时,表皮细 胞蜡质层已经开裂、脱落;花后5 周表皮细胞角质层大量开裂,细胞壁木栓化;花后6 周,大量果锈出 现在果实表面。据此推断,花后4 ~ 6 周是‘金冠’苹果果锈形成的关键时期。另一方面,‘丰帅’果皮 叶绿素和类萝卜素含量显著低于‘金冠’,而总黄酮和绿原酸含量显著高于‘金冠’,特别是在花后4 ~ 6 周。花后4 周利用0.05 ~ 5 mmol · L-1 外源绿原酸处理,可以显著降低‘金冠’果皮果锈指数,且对果实 品质没有不良影响。因而,适当浓度外源绿原酸可望用于苹果防锈实践。     

Chilling-injury in cucumber fruits. VI. The mechanism of pectin de-methylation

By incubating the homogenate of cucumber fruits in vitro, pectin de-methylation was considerably accelerated especially at near neutral pH. Histo-chemical observations based on detection of SH-protein present in sieve tubes, revealed that the cell walls of the fruits chilled at 0°C for 3 days contained the tube constituents, in which pectinmethylesterase was also found. The esterase of the tubes was cold-labile. All the esterases present in a fruit were activated by an addition of ascorbic acid, a reducing agent.The set of these results, together with our previous papers, suggests that in cucumber fruits chilling may at first break the plasmalemma of sieve tubes, whose exudate outflows into the cell walls of tissue cells. The subsequent contact between the tube esterase and wall pectin results in the pectin de-methylation, which makes elastic cell walls rigid and fragile. This ultimately leads to occurrence of water-stress injury. A decrease of redox potential in the chilled fruits may serve for raising the activity of the cold-labile tube esterase.     

瓜实蝇对不同寄主果实和不同颜色的趋向性研究

研究瓜实蝇对不同寄主果实和不同颜色的趋向性,结果表明瓜实蝇性成熟和性未成熟的雌、雄虫对苦瓜的趋向性最强,其次是黄瓜,对南瓜、丝瓜、番茄的趋向性较弱。瓜实蝇对黄色的趋向性最强,其次是绿色,对黑色的趋向性最差。     

优质极早熟鲜食桃新品种——临桃一号的选育

临桃一号由北京二号芽变选育而来,是一个集极早熟与优质于一体的鲜食桃新品种。与北京二号相比:成熟期早15d左右,山西临汾地区6月上旬完熟;着色好。果实近圆形;平均单果质量99.32g,最大单果质量136.81g;果皮底色绿白,可全面着红色至深红色,色泽艳丽,茸毛少;果肉白,肉质细,汁液多,风味浓甜,品质上。果实含可溶性固形物11.75%,总酸0.17%,总糖4.860A,pH6.80,维生素C0.07mg/g,硬度4.05kg/cm2。半黏核。果实货架期长,采前落果轻,采后常温下可存放5d。早果,丰产,适应性和抗病虫性强。     

栝楼新品种‘皖蒌17号’

栝楼新品种‘皖蒌17号’是以‘皖蒌6号’为母本,‘2号雄株’为父本杂交选育而成。生长周期220 d左右,中晚熟;坐果多,果形近圆形,青果期果皮浅绿色,成熟期果皮橙黄色;1年生植株平均单果质量389.8 g,2年生植株平均单果质量399.7 g,存在一柄多果现象;种子长椭圆形,饱满,外壳深棕色,出籽率12.88%,千粒质量333.0 g;1年生和2年生单株块根质量分别为8.70 kg和16.50 kg。高抗流胶病与炭疽病。     

不同时期叶面施锌对苹果果实中还原糖及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

 在不同物候期对13年生盛果期‘富士’苹果树进行叶面喷锌处理,测定果实锌含量、还原糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,喷锌显著提高了果实中的锌含量和成熟期果实中的还原糖含量。萌芽前和花后3周喷锌的植株,幼果发育期（花后10 ~ 80 d）果实山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）活性显著高于对照;春梢停长期喷锌的植株,膨大期（花后80 ~ 160 d）果实中SDH的活性显著高于对照;膨大期喷锌的植株,成熟期（花后160 ~ 190 d）果实中SDH显著高于对照。喷锌对果实中山梨醇氧化酶（SOX）活性无显著影响。萌芽前、花后3周喷锌显著提高了幼果发育期果实中蔗糖合酶（SS）分解方向的活性和酸性转化酶（AI）的活性;果实膨大期处理显著提高了成熟期果实中AI的活性,对中性转化酶（NI）则无显著影响。不同物候期喷锌处理均增加了锌向果实中的富集,从而提高了果实中山梨醇代谢酶及蔗糖分解酶活性,有利于蔗糖和山梨醇的快速卸载,促进了果实中还原糖的积累。     

Chilling-injury in cucumber fruits. I. Effects of storage temperature on symptoms and physiological changes

Cucumber fruits transferred to a warm temperature after chilling displayed various symptoms of chilling-injury. In cucumbers chilled to 0°C, vertical fine wrinkles and/or shallow pitting was observed, while after chilling to 5°C deep pitting and/or surface depressions were apparent. Moreover, in the 0°C fruit compared with 5°C fruit, a higher $\text{210}\text{264}$ mμ UV absorption ratio of leakage substances during chilling was observed. These results suggest that the causes of chilling-injury in the 0°C and 5°C fruit are distinct from one another. Weight loss after chilling, the amount of leakage substances, the exudate content from the cut surface of the fruit, redox potential, titratable acidity and respiratory activity were also checked after periods of chilling of 3 to 15 days.     

不同果袋类型对紫花杧的套袋效果

以主栽品种紫花杧为试材,探讨不同果袋类型的套袋效果.结果表明:套袋可大幅度降低采收果的果面流胶和雨水污染,极显著地降低果面虫伤率.套袋可改变采收时的果面颜色,但不同果袋类型间存在差异.后熟完成时,果面均为品种固有颜色,不因果袋种类而改变.套袋能促进果实后熟转黄和果色均匀,能显著降低炭疽病的病果率,但不同果袋对蒂腐病的防效存在较大差异.套袋能提高可溶性固形物含量和减轻果实失重.供试品种用外黄内黑复合纸袋套袋效果最为理想.     

李的裂果机制及防止措施

 研究李果皮组织细胞生长以及水分和可溶性固形物( TSS) 与裂果发生的关系, 对裂果发生的组织解剖特点进行了观察, 探索了喷施硼砂溶液、氢氧化钙溶液以及搭建塑料大棚等措施防止裂果发生的效果。研究结果如下: 1. 解剖学观察和显微测量表明, 绥李3号果实开裂的直接原因为果实外皮层与内部薄壁组织细胞生长不协调所致。与吉林6号和绥棱红相比, 绥李3号果实在快速生长期内部薄壁组织细胞生长速率显著过大( P < 0.05) , 而表皮细胞生长缓慢或停止。加之其表面纹饰空隙较大容易形成潜在突破口, 这样内外相互作用致使果实开裂。2. 裂果的可溶性固形物含量显著高于正常果( P < 0.05) 。3. 喷施硼砂可以减轻裂果, 但喷施氢氧化钙溶液无明显效果。4. 果实临近成熟时(8月初) , 土壤含水量与裂果程度呈正相关( P < 0.05) ; 搭建塑料大棚并在周围挖排水渠可以有效地减少绥李3号果实开裂, 说明水分是影响绥李3号裂果的主要驱动因子。     

黄瓜畸形果种类及其发生规律研究

为了明确黄瓜畸形果产生的原因和发生规律,以不同类型的8个黄瓜品种为试验材料,对田间黄瓜畸形果种类及其不同采收时期的发生率进行了详细调查,并分析了其产生的原因。结果表明:(1)黄瓜畸形果主要类型有曲形瓜、尖嘴瓜、大肚瓜、蜂腰瓜、瘦肩瓜和钩子瓜6种,其中除无籽黄瓜外,大肚瓜所占比例最高,其次是曲形瓜和尖嘴瓜,钩子瓜比例最低;(2)不同品种黄瓜畸形果发生率差异显著,其中超市2号品种畸形果发生率最低,其次是无籽黄瓜和南抗1号,美洲豹品种畸形果发生率最高;(3)不同采收时期黄瓜畸形果发生率不同,前期和中期黄瓜畸形果发生率低,后期发生率高。     

杂柑类新品种——建阳橘柚的选育

建阳橘柚是从国外引进的橘柚品种中通过芽变选育成的杂柑类新品种。该品种果实扁圆形或圆球形,平均单果质量为171g,果面亮黄色,有蜡质光泽,油胞较突出,果皮较厚,较耐贮藏,果肉橙黄色,无核,肉质细嫩,多汁,兼有橘和柚的风味,可溶性固形物14.0%,12月上中旬果实成熟,果实生育期220～230d。该品种具有品质优,风味独特,适应性广,抗逆性强等特点,适宜在福建省温州蜜橘种植区推广。