A critical path analysis of fruit production in strawberry

The method of Critical Path Analysis has been applied to strawberry fruit production from runner propagation to first harvest in an experimental situation. The quantitative components of yield and the stages of their creation have been identified and arranged in sequential order.Analysis of crop data showed that large variations in yield potential arose early in development, from causes not identified in the experiment. In the fruiting season there was a substantial shortfall in realisation of existing potential due to inefficient fertilisation of ovules and poor berry development.The analysis indicates three phases of development where factors not yet examined can have a large effect on yield.     

Influence of substrate on strawberry plug plant production

Summary

The plug plant technique for the commercial propagation of strawberries is increasing in importance. Several factors, including the properties of the substrate, can affect plug plant quality. Tests on nine substrates containing different proportions of perlite [from 0 – 75%, (v/v)], and dark and light peat [both from 0 – 80% (v/v)], were performed using a simplex-lattice design in order to establish a model for strawberry plug plant production based not only on the single component composition of the substrate, but also on the influences of the chemical and physical properties of the substrate on plug plant quality. Notable differences in physical and chemical properties were found among the nine different substrates tested, as a consequence of the broad range of their component compositions. Substrate mixes containing medium-to-high proportions [from 60 – 70% (v/v)] of light peat and low proportions of dark peat and perlite are recommended, as these resulted in a low nutrient content, a high organic matter content, a low pH, and a low “coarseness” index, which led to high-grade plug plants with greater root and crown dry weights.     

我国草莓生产的发展与展望

介绍了近20年来我国草莓在品种培育及推广,栽培技术,病虫害防治以及采后贮运保鲜等方面所取得的成就和进展,阐明了存在问题及解决方法,展望了未来发展。     

Spatial variation in glasshouse rose flower production in relation to solar radiation

Analysis of yield of rose flowers grown in glasshouses during the winter shows that a very significant difference exists in the total number of flowers along the east—west axis, with a centre minimum. The difference between east and centre was highest (almost 50 % difference in total number of flowers and 30 % difference in number of marketable flowers) in the first part of the season, when insolation was lowest. The variation in the north—south axis was less pronounced, but still highly significant (15 % during more than half of the season). The ratio of the number of marketable flowers to the total number of flowers varied only along the east—west axis, with the highest percentage at the centre. No significant differences in ratio were found in the north—south axis. The variations along the east—west axis and the north—south axis in number of flowers were related to variation in solar radiation within the glasshouses.     

Stability and instability of production of early glasshouse tomatoes in The Netherlands

Commercial growers are thought to aim at stability of production. Making the best of received sunlight leads to higher production, but as the amount of sunlight fluctuates, introduces instability of production. It is difficult to determine which of these two aims is given priority by growers. Data on production of early glasshouse tomatoes between 1955 and 1980 gave some indications. Although absolute stability diminished during this period, relative stability improved. Correlations between yield and hours of sunlight were higher in the period 1970–1980 than in 1955–1965. For the months of March, April and May, a value of 0.86 was found.It is suggested that the stability of tomato production can still be improved because fluctuations of the crop are still higher than those of the available sunlight. More and better use of computer-controlled growing conditions will lead to further improvement in stability.     

The production of strawberry plants by in vitro micro-propagation

In the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine strawberry plants produce many axillary buds which grow into shoots bearing more axillary buds. Rooted plantlets, however, are only formed in the absence of added cytokinins. A technique that can be used to multiply large numbers of strawberry plants very quickly is described.     

世界草莓生产及贸易现状

草莓营养价值极高,是世界广泛栽培的浆果类果树。2018年世界草莓总种植面积37.24万hm²,年产量833.71万t。2017年世界草莓总进口量94.75万t,出口量95.14万t。中国是世界上最大的草莓生产国,从1994年以来年产量一直居世界第1位,2018年中国草莓种植面积11.11万hm²,年总产量296.43万t,占全世界的1/3。对全世界、各大洲、主要生产国的草莓生产现状和特点进行了阐述,对比了世界和主要国家的草莓进出口量,分析了目前世界草莓生产存在的主要问题,并对草莓发展趋势进行了展望,将对我国草莓产业及其宏观调控有较大的指导意义。     

日本的草莓生产现状和新动向

根据对日本各草莓主产县的考察，结合相关文献，综合了日本草莓的生产特点，消费情况及生产现状，介绍最新推广的几个品种和先进的育苗技术，扼要分析了日本草莓的育种和栽培动向。     

草莓新品种华艳的选育

华艳是以达赛莱克特为母本、章姬为父本经杂交选育而成的草莓新品种.该品种果实圆锥形,一级序果平均果质量29.3 g,整株平均果质量21.4 g,果面红色、光泽强,果肉橙红色.果实风味脆甜爽口,香气浓郁,全年平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为12.6％,总糖含量7.18％,可滴定酸含量0.42％,果实硬度2.35 kg·c...     

Crown branching and cropping potential in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) can be enhanced by daylength treatments

Summary

When strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) are produced in a greenhouse, usually two crops a year are obtained; in the fall and in the spring. To increase productivity, new cultivation techniques are needed. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of daylength treatments on the performance of strawberry plants to improve plant production protocols. The possibility of obtaining two successive crops during forcing was explored by exposing plants of cultivar Korona to two successive short day (SD) treatments followed by cold storage. The following daylength treatments were studied: 3 wk SD + 2 wk long day (LD) + 3 wk SD (3SD2LD3SD), 3 wk SD + 4 wk LD + 3 wk SD (3SD4LD3SD), and 10 wk SD (10SD). In addition, crown branching was studied in plants subjected to SD treatments. Two successive SD treatments enabled two successive flowering and cropping periods during greenhouse forcing after eight weeks of cold storage.The first SD treatment caused crown branching and induced flowering in the apical meristem of the main-crown and in the oldest axillary meristem(s), whereas younger axillary meristems were induced during the second SD treatment. Marketable yield and the number of inflorescences were comparable in 3SD4LD3SD and 10SD, but considerably lower in 3SD2LD3SD. However, this study demonstrated the high cropping potential of artificially SD treated plants, which makes them a potential alternative for greenhouse strawberry cultivation. Multi-crowned plants of ‘Korona’ can be produced by subjecting young plants to a three week SD treatment, and crown branches can be induced to flowering by a new SD treatment resulting in a very high cropping potential. Induced plants can be stored at –1°C for later forcing.     

黑龙江省设施草莓生产存在的问题及改进措施

调查结果表明，目前黑龙江省的设施草莓生产存在栽培品种混乱、退化现象严重、种苗质量差、扣棚过早、设施结构不合理、授粉不良、种植模式单一、栽植密度偏低及病虫害防治不及时等许多问题。提出了开展品种适栽性研究，选择优良品种、培养利用壮苗、适时扣棚、改善设施结构、保证授粉良好、开展立体种植、合理密植、积极推广利用无病毒种苗、及时防治病虫害等改进措施和今后发展草莓生产的几点建议。     

草莓新品种—幸香

幸香是日本以丰香×爱莓杂交获得的草莓新品种。该品种果大色红 ,果实圆锥形 ,含糖量高 ,维生素C含量丰富 ,硬度大 ,耐贮运。植株抗白粉病 ,长势旺 ,繁殖系数高 ,栽培容易 ,管理简单 ,是保护地栽培的更新换代品种     

Nonlinear regression for description of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production

The aim of this study was to select growth models to describe strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)fruit production. To do this, data on 16 treatments (combination of 2 cultivars [Albion and Camarosa], 2 origins [National and Imported], and 4 organic substrates mixed [70% crushed sugar cane residue + 30% organic compost, 70% crushed sugar cane residue + 30% commercial substrate, 70% burnt rice husk + 30% organic compost, and 70% burnt rice husk + 30% commercial substrate]) conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates were used. Different parameterizations of the Logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy models were adjusted for number and weight of fruits per plant (g) accumulated in multiple harvests. The model adjustment and parameter estimation were obtained by ordinary least squares, using a Gauss Newton algorithm. The selection of the best model was chosen by intrinsic and parametric nonlinearity. Among the adjusted nonlinear models, the best adjustment for both variables was achieved by the parameterization 2 of the Logistic model and parameterization 1 of the Gompertz model, because they had lower results with less parametric and intrinsic nonlinearity. However, care should be taken when using the Gompertz model because it tends to overestimate the production estimate and may cause misunderstandings in interpretation.     

提高大棚草莓前期产量的技术探讨

从促进花芽分化、不同育苗方式和不同定植时期三方面对提高大棚草莓前期产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明：促进花芽分化能提早现蕾开花和采收,12月底前和1月底前增产明显,营养钵苗比对照增产205．1kg和232．3kg,假植苗比对照增产136．8kg。3种育苗方式前期是产量以营养钵育苗最高,其次为假植育苗。因假植育苗简便易行,更有推广价值。假植苗9月5日定植前期果产量最高,其次为9月15日,再次为8月25日。生产上以适期偏早定植,即9月上中旬为佳。     

Effect of prolonged cold storage on the production capacity of strawberry plants

After cold storage for various periods (42, 99, 155, 189, 227 and 259 days) strawberry waiting-bed plants cultivar ‘Elsanta’ were planted on six dates between January and August. Plant performance was evaluated simultaneously in a growth chamber under controlled environmental conditions and in a greenhouse. Starch content in the crown tissue was clearly reduced during the cold storage period.

In the greenhouse trials a variable decline in fruit number and yield per plant was found in relation to the length of cold storage and the temperature conditions during the growth and harvest period. Also in the growth chamber, under a constant temperature regime, a significant decline in the number of flowers per plant developing up to anthesis was observed after increasing periods of storage. This indicates that it is not only stressing climatical conditions after planting which are influencing the performance of cold stored plants. Also, the length of cold storage strongly affects plant vigour and productivity. This is related to the carbohydrate status of the plants after cold storage.     

江苏省不同区域草莓连作土壤养分及微生物区系分析

【目的】探究不同区域草莓连作障碍的发生原因。【方法】用典型调查法调查并统计江苏省邳州港上镇、东海石榴镇和溧水白马镇草莓连作土壤的养分含量及微生物区系,并采集当地连作土与非连作土盆栽草莓,观察植株茎粗、鲜质量、株高、根长和根质量的生长状况。【结果】港上镇和石榴镇的草莓连作土壤有机质和碱解氮含量缺乏;港上镇0～10 cm土层的土壤有机质,有效钙、镁、铁和硼含量比10～20 cm土层低10.50%～54.65%,根际土壤养分流失严重;港上镇土壤有效锰含量缺乏,白马镇的土壤硼含量很缺乏;港上镇和白马镇的草莓连作土壤已发生轻度盐渍化,石榴镇土壤已发生中度盐渍化;各地连作土壤微生物均以细菌为主,真菌的数量最低;连作会给植株茎粗、鲜质量、株高、根质量和根长带来显著的负影响。【结论】草莓连作会使土壤理化性质改变、养分失衡以及微生物群落结构失衡,影响植株生长。生产上应尽可能采取措施避免连作,并及时对连作土壤进行修复改良。     

A novel type of seaweed extract as a natural alternative to the use of iron chelates in strawberry production

The new generation of seaweed extracts, such as Actiwave^®, may represent a promising strategy to reduce the use of phytochemicals in agriculture. Actiwave^® is a metabolic enhancer derived by the algae Ascophillum nodosum, but differently from some older seaweed extracts, it has a constant and balanced formulation containing kahydrin, alginic acid and betaines which synergistically contribute to the efficacy of the product. Actiwave^® has been proposed to increase the mineral nutrient uptake and the abiotic stress tolerance. The aim of this work was to evaluate, under a multidisciplinary approach, the effect of the biostimulant on the vegetative and productive performances of strawberry plants grown on a lime inducing iron chlorosis substrate. This biostimulant increased the vegetative growth (10%), the leaf chlorophyll content (11%), the stomata density (6.5%), the photosynthetic rate and the fruit production (27%) and berry weight. The most significant result was the increase of the plant biomass: the shoot dry matter was increased up to 27% and root dry matter up to 76%. Finally, preliminary experiments showed that Actiwave^® positively influenced also the root-associated microbial biocoenosis. These results are discussed in relation to the physiological and ecological mechanisms proposed to explain the beneficial effects of this seaweed extract. Finally, the effects of Actiwave^® and sequestrene were significantly similar, thus showing that this biostimulant may represent an environmental-friendly substitute of the iron chelates.     

信都红籽瓜重茬优质增产综合技术

信都红籽瓜为籽用西瓜,俗称"红打瓜"[1,2]、"瓜籽瓜".其商品"信都红瓜籽"是广西传统出口的名优特产,畅销于桂、粤、港澳台和东南亚等30多个国家和地区."信都红瓜籽"以籽实粒大饱满、色泽深红油亮、籽仁晶莹如玉、壳薄肉厚、味道芳香、久藏不褪色等特点而闻名遐迩.人们常用之作喜庆或节日的待客送礼佳品,也是旅游休闲的天然绿色食品,享有"桂东明珠"的盛誉,是全国各地红瓜籽中的佼佼者.1983年曾荣获国家外贸部授予"优质产品"称号[3].     

黑皮冬瓜新品种‘黑优2号’

‘黑优2号’是以自交系B94-2-1-4为母本,B184-1-3-1为父本配组而成的黑皮冬瓜杂交品种。瓜形匀称、整齐,长圆柱形;单瓜质量14.0kg,长64.5cm,横径22.0cm,肉厚6.0cm;皮墨绿色有光泽,转色快,浅棱沟;肉质致密,品质优,商品率高;抗枯萎病,中抗疫病和病毒病。     

早熟南瓜吉祥1号的选育

吉祥1号南瓜是由从2个日本引进材料的分离后代中选出的两个自交系A3-13-5和A4-7-1配制而成的早熟印度南瓜一代杂种，与黄狼南瓜比较，第1雌花节位低5～6节，成熟期早15～17 d(天)，干物质含量高8%，总糖含量高5.1%；长蔓类型，生长势较强，瓜扁圆形，瓜皮深绿色带有浅绿条纹，瓜肉桔黄色，肉质细密，粉质重，口感甜面，露地栽培每667m2产量1500～2000kg，保护地长季节栽培每667m2产量7000kg左右，已在北京、河北、山西、内蒙古、广东等地推广种植。