两种渔用饲料矿物质添加剂养鱼效果的初步研究

本文报导了采用新设计的F-105与F-106两种渔用矿物质微量元素添加剂配合饲料,在水库网箱中饲养团头鲂的效果,与对照箱相比,箱产量增加12.3～15.2％。饲料系数下降18.2％,出箱时个体大、肥满度好、成本低、利润高。矿物质添加剂促使团头鲂的增长率与水温高低相关,关系式为Gw=-26.900 1.6876T。     

All-male broods of Tilapia nilotica × T. aurea hybrids

The proportion of males in single pair crosses between Tilapia nilotica females and T. aurea males was found to vary between 50 and 100%. There was no apparent influence of the T. aurea males on these proportions. In a similar test nine T. vulcani females were paired with T. aurea males, and the proportion of males in their hybrid offspring ranged between 93 and 98%. Two T. nilotica mothers of all-male hybrid broods mated with unselected T. nilotica males, and all their daughters also reproduced all-male hybrid broods when crossed with T. aurea males. The reciprocal cross of T. aurea females with T. nilotica males reproduced three males to each female offspring. Growth rate tests of the all-male T. nilotica × T. aurea hybrids, and the T. vulcani × T. aurea hybrids did not reveal heterosis.     

Effects of starvation on RNA : DNA ratio, glycogen content, and C : N ratio in columellar muscle of the Japanese turban shell Turbo (Batillus) cornutus (Gastropoda)

ABSTRACT: The validity of using the RNA : DNA ratio, glycogen content, and C : N ratio in the columellar muscle as indicators of the nutritional condition in the Japanese turban shell Turbo cornutus was examined. These biochemical indices were compared between fed and starved animals. The fed animals were fed brown algae to satiation for 108 days as a control, whereas the starved animals were not fed for the first 75 days and then fed for next 33 days. All three indices declined during the starvation period, and the values for the starved group were significantly lower than those for the fed group during days 20–75. At day 108, after the re-feeding period, the indices for the starved group were found to have increased. Among the indices, only the RNA : DNA ratio for the starved males responded rapidly to starved conditions and became significantly lower even at day 4, and only the RNA : DNA ratio for the starved males and females recovered to those levels of the fed animals at day 108. The results indicated that the RNA : DNA ratio is the most rapid indicator of nutritional stress among the three indices. However, it is recommended that glycogen content and C : N ratio be used in addition to the RNA : DNA ratio for monitoring the health of T. cornutus as the RNA : DNA ratio showed large variations.     

基于Landsat卫星影像的草海水质遥感反演及综合营养状态评价

为更高效、大范围的获取草海水质状况,分析草海水体营养状态,本文利用实测水质数据与遥感影像的关系建立反演模型,反演草海2000-2015年水质指标,包括Chl-a、TN、TP、CODMn、SD,并用综合营养状态指数法（TLI）对草海水质情况进行评价。结果表明：（1）通过波段组合与实测数据建立水质参数反演模型能高效、大面积的获得草海水质分布情况,评价得知草海从2000 - 2005年、2010 - 2015年,整体水质均为中营养、轻度富营养状态,TLI表现为先升高,后降低;（2）草海水质季节变化明显,四个季节的综合营养状态指数为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,主要原因是草海春、夏季节农耕及旅游活动等较频繁;（3）空间上看,草海入水口及湖周围综合营养指数比湖中心及出水口高,其原因是因为入水口靠近城市,城市污水排入湖中,湖四周农业污染源大量存在所致。     

Anaesthetic properties of Propiscin (Etomidaat) and 2-phenoxyethanol in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), neural and behavioural measures

The objective of the study was to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of Propiscin (2% etomidate) and 2-phenoxyethanol on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) by observing neural and behavioural measures. When exposed to the anaesthetic agent, the carp lost equilibrium after approximately 90 s of exposure. They did not breathe and the controls did not respond to tail pinch or prick or 6 V at the skin of the upper jaw. A shift to lower frequencies on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computing fast Fourier transformation was observed when exposed to water containing Propiscin or 2-phenoxyethanol. Heart rate was reduced after placement in the water containing an anaesthetic agent. It may be concluded from our results that common carp were immobilized and sedated, when exposed to water containing 2 mL L⁻¹ Propiscin and immobilized and anaesthetized in water containing 0.5 mL L⁻¹ 2-phenoxyethanol. In addition, the use of EEG provides for a sound assessment of exposure of carp to these anaesthetics.     

草鱼PRL基因多态性与幼鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的关联分析

为了探索草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)PRL(prolactin)基因多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的关联性,通过测序法从10尾草鱼的PRL基因中筛选到6个突变率高于30%的变异位点,包括5个单核苷酸变异位点和1个插入型突变(–/CACTCACTA),分别命名为2551GA、2639GC、3247AG、5197TG、5897GA和3391–+。利用AS-PCR(allele-specific PCR)和基因分型技术对192尾4月龄草鱼的PRL基因变异位点进行检测;基于一般线性模型对变异位点多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分进行相关性分析。研究发现,2639GC、3391–+和5197TG对体长和体重具有显著影响(P0.05),2639GC对肌肉粗蛋白含量具有显著影响(P0.05)。单个位点基因型比较发现,3391–+的突变型(–+和++)个体的体长和体重均显著高于野生型(––)个体(P0.05);2639GC的GC及5197TG的突变型(TG和GG)个体的体长和体重分别显著低于2639GC的GG和5197TG的TT野生型(P0.05);2639GC突变型(CC)个体的粗蛋白含量显著高于2639GC其他基因型(GG和GC)个体(P0.05)。两位点组合比较发现,含3391–+突变型(–+和++)的组合对应体长和体重普遍高于其他组,含2639GC的CC突变型的组合对应粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白含量普遍较高,其中粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,草鱼PRL基因多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分间存在显著关联,推测相关变异位点可作为草鱼生长和肉质改良的候选辅助标记。     

多棘海盘车诱导排卵最佳KCl剂置以及水温和盐度对胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

海星的大量繁殖与入侵可对滩涂养殖贝类造成极大威胁.对海星繁殖生物学的研究可为有效控制海星过度增殖提供信息,同时也可为其胚胎和幼虫培育以及发育生物学的深入研究奠定基础.本研究以韩国和中国沿海常见的多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)为材料,研究KCl诱导海盘车排放生殖细胞的最佳剂量,以及水温和盐度对胚胎和幼虫发育的影响.采用不同剂量(1.0mL、3.0mL、5.0mL和7.0mL)0.5mol/L KCl注入性成熟海盘车体腔,皆可诱导生殖细胞的排放,3mL注射组的排放个体比例最高(80%),雌性个体排卵量最大(536.5×104个/ind),同时用诱导获得的精/卵进行人工授精后也获得了较高的受精率(92.7±2.9)%.水温和盐度对多棘海盘车胚胎和幼虫的存活率具有显著的影响.在盐度为35时,20℃时多棘海盘车羽腕幼虫的存活率最高(90.1±2.1)%,15℃时次之(84.4±5.2)%.在温度为15℃时,盐度为35时幼虫培养60 h后存活率最高(87.6±4.1)%,盐度为30时次之(85.4±4.0)%.多棘海盘车各期胚胎和幼虫的发育速度(1/t,h-1)随水温升高而加快,在一定温度范围内有明显的正相关性,其关系式为:至2-细胞:1/t=0.110 8Tw-0.599 7(r2=0.946 5);至8-细胞:1/t=0.045 4Tw-0.233 4(r2=0.947 7);至桑椹胚:1/t=0.017 9Tw-0.067 9(r2=0.868 7):至囊胚:1/t=0.004 2Tw(r2=0.89);至羽腕幼虫:1/t=0.000 6Tw-0.008 7(r2=0.878 4).盐度为35时,胚胎和幼虫的发育速度最快,发育至羽腕幼虫需55.4 h.根据不同水温和盐度条件下,胚胎和幼虫的存活率和发育速率,确定15～20℃是多棘海盘车发育的适宜温度,最适温度为20℃;适宜盐度为30～35,最适盐度为35.     

淡水池塘80:20养殖模式采用中草药防治鱼病的试验

本试验采用中草药防治鱼病 ,效果显著 ,试验池彭泽鲫成活率比对照组提高 14个百分点 ,试验池草鱼成活率比对照组成活率提高近 34个百分点 ,试验组亩产量、产值、纯收入均大幅度提高。     

池塘80:20养殖技术与传统养殖技术的草鱼养殖对比试验

本试验采用淡水池塘 80 :2 0养殖技术进行草鱼养殖试验 ,并与传统的以草鱼为主的养殖生产进行对比。试验池塘面积均为 1ha。试验塘投放 12 1g/尾的草鱼 750 0尾 ,对照塘放养 12 8g/尾的草鱼 4 50 0尾。经过近 12个月的养殖 ,试验塘收获鲜鱼 12 56 2 .5kg ,其中草鱼 10 6 71.7kg,投入产出比为 1:1.16 ,饲料系数为 1.59 ,盈利 10 358.5元。对照塘收获鲜鱼 94 83kg ,其中草鱼 4 2 15kg ,投入产出比为 1:1.0 4 ,盈利 182 7元 ,饲料系数为2 .2 0。试验表明 ,淡水池塘 80 :2 0养殖技术较传统养殖方式具有显著的经济效益 ,是一种更为先进的养殖技术。     

二种不同养殖模式的病害防治技术的对照试验

采用 8 0∶2 0养殖鮰鱼与传统主养鮰鱼夏花鱼种的病害防治技术 ,在 1、2号池塘中对照试验 ,在同等条件下 ,1号试验塘斑点叉尾鮰的成活率为 81.3%。     

Does male-mating attack in the herbivorous cichlid,Petrochromis polyodon,facilitate the coexistence of congeners?

Abstract– Coexistence through male-mating attack in 3 herbivorous cichlids, Petrochromis polyodon, P. trewavasae and P. famula , was investigated on a shallow rock substratum in Lake Tdnganyika, Africa. All 3 species maintained individual feeding territories that rarely overlapped and were defended against both conspecifics and congenerics. All 3 species took similar foods from rock surfaces. Larger fish were dominant over smaller territorial neighbours irrespective of species. Male P. polyodon , the largest and most aggressive fish, attacked conspecific males far beyond their feeding territories in terms of mating tactics. Removal experiments suggested that such attacks result in male P. polyodon territories being separate. The space between P. polyodon feeding territories can be occupied by congeneric fishes.     

Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae

In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death.     

Reducing the dietary protein:energy (P:E) ratio changes solubilization and fermentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) faeces

Nutrients discharged from aquaculture industries can detrimentally affect water recipients, and this problem must be addressed if the production is to be decoupled from the natural environment. Denitrification is a process by which nitrate is removed using soluble, readily biodegradable carbon compounds. Hydrolysis and concomitant fermentation of organic solids produces such soluble carbon compounds e.g. in the form of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The current study examined the hydrolysis and the production of VFAs, the carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N), and the release of nutrients (phosphorus and ammonium) from hydrolyzing and fermenting settable faecal solids (SFS) obtained from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Triplicate tanks of fish were fed five isoenergetic experimental diets with different protein:energy (P:E) ratios: 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23. The SFS from four consecutive days were collected and pooled prior to incubation in 15, 1 L anoxic/anaerobic batch reactors maintained at 20 ± 2 °C and continuous magnetic stirring. Daily samples from the batch reactors were obtained for 7 successive days and analyzed for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), phosphorus expressed as orthophosphate (PO₄³⁻-P), VFA, and soluble COD (sCOD). The results showed that the two lowest P:E ratio diets (i.e. 15 and 17) produced SFS with a significantly higher degree of solubilization measured as sCOD:total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), compared to the higher P:E ratio diet 21 (0.30–0.29 versus 0.24 g sCOD/g TCOD). Inversely, SFS deriving from the lowest P:E ratio diet (i.e. 15) displayed the lowest degree of fermentation measured as VFAs/sCOD, compared to SFS deriving from the four higher P:E diets (0.36 versus 0.51–0.56 g VFA/g sCOD). In the same way, the lowest P:E diet showed a significantly lower solubilization of nitrogen measured as TAN:total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) compared to the three highest P:E diets (i.e. 19–23; 0.14 versus 0.26–0.34 g TAN/g TKN). The two lowest P:E diets (i.e. 15–17) showed on the contrary the highest solubilization of phosphorus expressed as PO₄³⁻-P/total phosphorus (TP) (0.15 and 0.08 g/g, respectively) probably due to the lower pH obtained. All SFS produced enough soluble carbon, measured as VFAs, to stoichiometrically denitrify the nitrogen (N) contained in the faeces and potentially additionally 86–100% of all N produced from the fish culture process.     

红鲤4群体间红细胞免疫功能及其差异

应用红细胞C3b受体花环试验和红细胞天然免疫粘附肿瘤细胞花环试验方法，证实兴国红鲤(Cyprinuscarpio.var.singguonensis)、玻璃红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)、荷包红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)及瓯江彩鲤(C.carpio.var.color)的红细胞表面都存在C3b补体受体，均可形成花环；红鲤的红细胞免疫粘附能力存在着种群间差异，上述2种花环试验的花环率大小的顺序均是：兴国红鲤＞荷包红鲤＞瓯江彩鲤＞玻璃红鲤，差异都极显著(P＜0．01)；4群体红鲤的红细胞均具有吞噬作用。结果证实，鱼类红细胞免疫功能在机体防御病原的过程中占有重要地位。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵罗非鱼下脚料过程相关参数变化及产脂肽动力学

为了探明发酵参数与脂肽生成间的关系,实验以罗非鱼下脚料为主要基质接种纳豆芽孢杆菌,控制一定条件在三角瓶中进行固态发酵,测定发酵过程中菌体量、基质的温度、pH、水分含量、生物酶活性、蛋白含量及水解度和抗菌脂肽生成量;通过数学拟合建立底物消耗、菌体生长、脂肽生成的动力学模型,并分析各参数与脂肽生成和蛋白水解间的关系及其变化规律。结果显示,在下脚料固态基质中生长曲线为典型的S型,最大生长速率μm为0.2355×10~8 cfu/h,48 h菌体处于最大生长量,通过动力学模型拟合,符合Logistic模型。脂肽的生成趋势和菌体生长基本一致。同样符合Logistic模型,最大生成量为7.30 g/kg,最大生成速率为0.1112 g/h。在菌体生长过程中,基质中的蛋白酶活性在前期呈直线上升的趋势,48 h达到最高30 304.56 U/g,随后迅速下降。在菌体生长前60 h,基质中的粗蛋白含量呈直线下降,最终水解度达26.26%,蛋白消耗动力学模型符合物料衡算理论模型。发酵过程中,基质的温度、pH和水分会发生小幅波动。研究表明,脂肽生成和菌体生长是偶联型;蛋白酶是同步合成型,蛋白酶产量可以为后续二步酶解制备小肽提供充足酶源;建立的动力学模型拟合度好,可以用于描述发酵过程和脂肽生成规律。本研究为利用罗非鱼下脚料固态发酵生产抗菌脂肽和营养小肽复合型活性肽工业化生产调控提供了重要的理论依据。     

Proteolytic enzymes in fish development and the importance of dietary enzymes

The development of proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin and aminopeptidase) was studied in three species of fish: Coregonus sp. (hybrids of C. wartmanni and C. lavaretus from Lake Constance), Salmo gairdneri and Rutilus rutilus. Enzyme activity increased more or less with increasing age, particularly in R. rutilus. In this species (a stomachless cyprinid), the level of proteolytic activity was considerably higher than that of S. gairdneri and Coregonus. However, in trout, the low activity of pancreatic enzymes may be compensated by the action of the stomach whereas in coregonids the stomach is not developed until 50 days (body weight without gut content: 65 mg; temperature: 10°C) after hatching. In coregonids this may lead to insufficient digestion of proteins which nevertheless can be compensated by the use of exogenous (dietary) enzymes ingested together with the natural diet. In coregonid larvae fed with Moina sp., exogenous trypsin represents a very high portion of the total tryptic activity. In juveniles older than 60 days (> 150 mg) and in the other two species, the exogenous portion of tryptic activity is less important. Furthermore, a change in the pattern of tryptic isozymes has been found during development of coregonids. It is concluded that low enzyme production as well as the absence of a stomach in the first few weeks after hatching are two important reasons for difficulties in rearing coregonids on an artificial diet.     

COMPETITIVENESS OF U.S. AQUACULTURE WITHIN THE CURRENT U.S. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Increased attention has been paid in recent years to both positive and negative effects of increasing numbers of regulations on businesses in the United States. The decline in U.S. aquaculture has been attributed in part to increasing volumes of imports and high feed prices. However, there is increasing concern that the U.S. regulatory environment, as compared to that of international competitors, may also have contributed to this decline. More than 1,300 laws apply to U.S. aquaculture and even though the majority has been issued by individual states and apply only to specific types of aquaculture businesses in that state, the cumulative regulatory burden has increased over time. Major compliance categories include: 1) environmental management; 2) food safety; 3) legal and labor standards; 4) interstate transport of aquatic products; 5) fish health; and 6) culture of commercially harvested species. A substantial portion of the regulatory burden is the managerial and labor time spent on compliance in addition to the direct cost increases. The streamlined one-stop process adopted in Norway appears to have allowed growth of aquaculture within a comprehensive regulatory framework, yet the lack of such a streamlined approach in the United States appears to have contributed to the decline of existing industries and to serve as a deterrent to investment in newly emerging technologies. Favorable regulatory environments in countries that export to the U.S. contrast sharply with the increasingly inefficient, cumbersome and/or restrictive U.S. environment. Such disparities have created competitive disadvantages for U.S. producers. Attention is needed by policy makers to search for streamlining mechanisms and by the scientific community to address the growing competitive disadvantage to U.S. aquaculture to respond to increased global demand for farmed seafood.     

羊栖菜孢子体人工育苗试验

羊栖菜Sargassum fusiforme是多年生经济海藻,具有较高的经济价值。本文作者经两年的试验,在孢子体人工育苗上探索出了一套科学合理的工艺流程,研究结果达到国内先进水平。     

Application of soya phosphatidylcholine in tuna orbital oil enrichment emulsions for Artemia

Oil-seawater emulsions of 12%, 8%, 4% and 2% soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) in tuna orbital oil (TOO) (w:w) were tested with respect to their suitability as Artemia enrichment media. Levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) accumulated by feeding Artemia nauplii were measured after enrichment periods of 0, 14, 18 and 20 h, and the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in the emulsions were also monitored throughout the enrichment process. Artemia enrichment efficiency in terms of %DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6w-3) and DHA:EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5w-3) ratios were similar for all four types of emulsions (10-12% and 1.7-1.8, respectively). However, 8% and 12% soya PC/TOO emulsions yielded nauplii with slightly higher mean lipid contents than the other two treatments (235-243 and 217-229 mg lipid g-1 dry body weight, respectively). Stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels within the emulsions in seawater, and of DHA and EPA levels in particular, correlated with soya PC concentration. In 12% soya PC/TOO emulsions, PUFA levels remained high after 20 h enrichment whilst those in the 2% and 4% soya PC emulsions showed a marked reduction by 18 h enrichment time. It is suggested that soya PC may protect PUFA levels in the emulsions in a dose-dependent manner, probably by acting as an antioxidant. No significant improvement in Artemia total lipid content or DHA:EPA ratio occurred when enrichment was continued for longer than 18 h. When using this enrichment system, it is preferable, therefore, to employ the 12% soya PC/TOO emulsion and to terminate the enrichment process at 18 h, thus preventing the risk of PUFA levels deteriorating in the emulsion.     

中国红鲤四群体线粒体DNA遗传多样性、起源及分化

用13种限制性内切酶对兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤及瓯江彩鲤4种红鲤的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析。共产生17种限制性态型,其中5种酶为限制性片段长度多态性(RFLPs),归结为5种单倍型;兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤和瓯江彩鲤的核苷酸多样性(Ⅱ)分别为0．0087、0．0059、0．0094、0．0286,瓯江彩鲤的遗传多样性最为丰富;瓯江彩鲤起源于单倍型Ⅱ为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约在11．5万年、9．5万年前;玻璃红鲤和荷包红鲤起源于单倍型I为主的母系祖先,推算分化时间分别约为5～5．6万年、2万年前。