Quantification of momilactone B in rice hulls and the phytotoxic potential of rice extracts on the seed germination of Alisma plantago‐aquatica

The occurrence of herbicide‐resistant weeds has boosted interest in the use of crop allelopathy as a potential alternative to herbicides for weed control in rice (Oryza sativa). The phytotoxic compounds that are released by rice could help to enhance its competitive ability and improve weed management. This study aimed to screen rice genotypes for phytotoxic activity, quantify the amount of momilactone B in various rice tissues, and identify the potential parental lines for quantitative trait locus analysis. Therefore, a total of 41 cultivars from germplasm collections was evaluated for their effects. Significant differences were found among the rice cultivars in their ability to reduce the germination, root growth, and root dry weight accumulation of Alisma plantago‐aquatica. The leaf extract was the most inhibitory to germination. Out of the five cultivars that were tested, momilactone B was detected in four of them: Marateli, Kizilirmak, Karadeniz, and Kiziltan. Karadeniz and Kiziltan were identified as the rice cultivars with a high momilactone B content in the tissues and therefore they could be used in breeding programs to enhance the phytotoxic potential of rice. The development of a rice cultivar with proven allelopathic characteristics could provide an environmentally friendly and low‐cost approach for the control of A. plantago‐aquatica.     

Allelopathy of the moss Hypnum plumaeforme by the production of momilactone A and B

Extract of soil under colonies of Hypnum plumaeforme inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress, lettuce, lucerne, ryegrass, timothy, Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crus-galli . Increasing the extract concentration increased the inhibition, which suggest that the soil may contain growth inhibitory substances and possess allelopathic potential. The extract of the soil under H. plumaeforme was purified and two main inhibitory substances were isolated and determined by MS and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectral data as momilactone A and B. Momilactone A and B inhibited hypocotyls and roots of cress seedlings at concentrations >10 and 1 μ m respectively. The endogenous concentration of momilactone A and B in H. plumaeforme was 58.7 and 23.4 μg g⁻¹ dry weight respectively and the concentration of momilactone A and B in MS growth medium of H. plumaeforme was 4.3 and 6.4 μg g⁻¹ dry weight of H. plumaeforme , respectively. These results suggest that momilactone A and B were probably secreted into the medium during the incubation and momilactone A and B found in the soil under H. plumaeforme may have been released by the moss. Therefore, growth inhibitory activity of the soil under H. plumaeforme may be caused by momilactone A and B, which may act as allelopathic agents of H. plumaeforme .     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L^-1)外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H₂O₂和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L^-1的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L^-1的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%...     

盐碱胁迫对盐生植物种子萌发的影响

采用不同浓度的NaCl(中性盐)和Na2CO3(碱性盐)胁迫三种盐生植物盐地碱蓬、碱蓬和盐爪爪正在萌发的种子,以研究不同类型盐对种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明,随着两种盐浓度的升高,种子萌发率下降,萌发率与盐浓度间呈现显著的负相关关系;盐地碱蓬、碱蓬和盐爪爪种子萌发率与NaCl胁迫相关系数分别为0.9206、0.8989和0.8956,与Na2CO3胁迫相关系数分别为0.9148、0.7193和0.6327;蒸馏水中三种盐生植物种子萌发率最高,Na2CO3对种子萌发的抑制作用强于NaCl.     

渗透胁迫对番茄种子萌发特性的影响

采用6种不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG 6000,7.5%、10%、12.5%、15%、17.5%、20%),分别对6个番茄品种(粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2)在种子萌发期各胁迫12 d,测定种子发芽势、发芽率等萌发指标,并进行隶属函数和灰色关联度分析,以筛选番茄种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定适宜PEG浓度和鉴定指标.结果表明:研究用番茄种子萌发期抗旱性的适宜PEG浓度为10%～12.5%,活力指数可作为种子萌发期的抗旱鉴定指标.6个品种抗旱性由强到弱依次为:粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2;粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号萌发期抗旱性极显著高于绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2.8个萌发指标与隶属函数均值的关联序为:活力指数>发芽率>发芽势>发芽指数>发芽速率>胚轴伤害率>胚根伤害率>幼苗伤害率.     

盐分和水分胁迫对补血草种子萌发的影响

在不同昼夜温度条件下用不同浓度NaCl(mmol/L)溶液及等渗聚乙二醇溶液处理大叶补血草(Limo-nium gmelinii(Willd.)Kuntze)和耳叶补血草(Limonium otolepis(Schrenk)Kuntze)种子,分别测定其萌发率、发芽势和发芽指数,测定处理9 d未萌发的种子移入蒸馏水后的萌发恢复率,以研究温度、盐胁迫和模拟干旱胁迫对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:两种补血草种子萌发的最适温度为25~15℃,在蒸馏水中的萌发率最高,随着盐浓度和PEG6000溶液浓度的增加,种子的萌发率、发芽势和发芽指数递减,对萌发产生抑制作用;PEG6000溶液对种子的萌发抑制程度与等渗NaCl溶液相当。较高盐浓度和PEG6000溶液处理下的种子复水后萌发可以恢复。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型冬小麦发芽和出苗的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对4种不同基因型冬小麦种子发芽及出苗的影响。试验结果表明,50～150mmol/LNaCl处理对小偃6号和NR9405发芽的抑制作用较小,50、100mmol/LNaCl处理对陕229和RB6的发芽有一定促进作用;150～200mmol/L的盐浓度可能是影响小麦种子萌发的临界浓度。盐胁迫下,小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数下降,且活力指数对盐害反应最为敏感。盐胁迫抑制小麦发芽期间芽和根生长,且在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下根受抑制敏感程度大于芽;盐浓度上升则相反。小麦根数在低盐浓度(50mmol/L)下增加,高盐浓度(>150mmol/L)下减少。盐胁迫下,小麦种子出苗延迟,出苗率下降。不同基因型小麦发芽过程对盐胁迫的反应不同。小麦种子耐盐性存在基因型差异,4个冬小麦品种中,小偃6号种子耐盐性相对较好,NR9405次之。陕229和RB6耐盐性相对较差。     

桃小食心虫成虫GOBPs与PBPs的基因克隆及表达谱分析

基于桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii触角转录组测序数据,利用RACE技术克隆了桃小食心虫2个普通气味结合蛋白GOBPs和3个性信息素结合蛋白PBPs全长基因,分别命名为CsasGOBP1、CsasGOBP2、CsasPBP1、CsasPBP2和CsasPBP3。5个基因的核苷酸序列全长分别为617、811、755、795和561bp,开放阅读框分别为504、492、507、492和498bp;蛋白分子量分别为16.6、16.34、16.5、15.76和16.66kDa,等电点分别为4.85、4.92、5.41、4.91和4.93,并具有的6个典型保守的半胱氨酸位点。进化树分析结果表明,5个基因能够与其他鳞翅目昆虫中的GOBPs和PBPs聚在不同的分支。qPCR对其雌雄不同部位表达谱分析发现,5个基因均在雄虫触角中显著表达,在头、胸、腹、足和翅中低量表达。该研究为更好地了解其在桃小食心虫嗅觉识别过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同化学药剂和植物激素浸种处理及种球色泽、粒径、储藏时间等对叶甜菜种子发芽的影响。研究表明,用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理叶甜菜种子,可提高种子发芽率、发芽势与发芽指数,其中以10g/kgH2O2、0.5g/kgH3BO3和5g/kgKH2PO4处理效果最好。赤霉素处理(10、30、50、70、100mg/L)叶甜菜种子,促进种子发芽的效果不明显。吸湿-回干处理对叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用。叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切,黄色或黄褐色的种球比黑色或褐色种球及大、中粒种子比小粒种子发芽力显著;叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏,发芽力下降较快,使用年限仅为1a。     

Effects of temperature on germination of sporangia,infection and protein secretion by Phytophthora kernoviae

Phytophthora kernoviae is a pathogen on a wide range of plants, but little is known of optimal infection conditions. Rhododendron ponticum leaves were inoculated with six different isolates of P. kernoviae sporangia and incubated at different temperatures from 10 to 28 °C. After 1 week, lesion development and pathogen recovery were only observed from all isolates at 15 and 20 °C and a few isolates at 10 °C. In an experiment with temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 °C, lesion development and pathogen recovery on R. ponticum, Magnolia stellata and Viburnum tinus occurred consistently at 20 and 21 °C, was limited at 22 °C, and did not occur at 23 °C and above. There was no difference in sporangia and zoospore germination at 20–25 °C. In a temperature fluctuation experiment, the necrotic area of inoculated R. ponticum leaves increased with longer incubation at 20 °C and decreased with longer incubation at 24 °C. Crude extracts of secreted proteins from P. kernoviae cultures grown at 20 and 24 °C were compared to determine any effects of temperature on pathogenicity. When spot tested on R. ponticum leaves, crude protein suspensions from cultures grown at 20 °C induced necrosis, while proteins from cultures grown at 24 °C did not. Proteomic analysis confirmed that a 10 kDa protein secreted at both 20 and 24 °C shared sequence homology to the conserved domains of known elicitins of other Phytophthora spp. The protein secreted at 20 °C that was responsible for necrosis has not been identified.     

环境条件对灰葡萄孢菌菌核萌发的影响

<正>灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)引起的灰霉病可导致植物幼苗猝倒或花朵和果实腐烂,多在冬春季节发生,是保护地蔬菜、水果和花卉生产或储藏过程中一类重要的病原菌。灰霉菌的初侵染主要由菌核或病残体在适宜温湿度时萌发产生的菌丝或孢子侵染植物,关于灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝、分生孢     

7种激素对蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽的影响

本实验旨在研究蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽对外源激素的响应。使用6-BA、GA3、ABA、NAA、乙烯利I、AA和IBA共7种激素,每一激素各设0.1、1.0、1.5、2.0、5、10、201、000μmol/L共8种浓度梯度,浸湿滤纸发芽床,置50粒蒺藜状苜蓿种子进行发芽试验,以蒸馏水处理为对照,设3个重复,统计发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽天数。结果显示:外源激素20μmol/L 6-BA、GA3、乙烯利和5μmol/L IAAI、BA促进蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽,NAA和ABA抑制蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽,ABA抑制能力较强。     

微波处理对豌豆种子萌发及芽苗中营养成分的影响

以豌豆为试材,采用6种不同微波处理(100W10s,200W10s,300W10s,100W30s,200W30s,300W30s),以未经微波处理者为对照,研究微波处理对种子发芽率和芽长,芽苗中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质、还原糖和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明:微波100W10s处理下豌豆的发芽率(Germination Rate,GR)比对照高10.0%,但微波300W30s处理比对照低19.67%。培养7d,微波300W30s处理下的最终发芽率最低(Final Germination Rate,FGR),比对照低21.67%。微波200W10s处理的豌豆芽长比对照高12.31%。发芽3 d时,微波300W30s处理的芽苗中的蛋白质含量和CAT活性均最高,分别为15.47 mg·100mg~(-1)和1.23 mg H_2O_2·g~(-1)FW·min-1。微波200W30s处理,芽苗中总黄酮含量最高,达1.48 mg·100mg~(-1),而300W10s处理的含量最低,为0.96 mg·100mg~(-1)。微波处理300W10s时还原糖含量最高,达10.11 mg·100mg~(-1)。微波处理对豌豆的萌发和芽长有一定影响,对芽苗中CAT的活性及可溶性蛋白质、还原糖和总黄酮含量的影响显著。     

光对入侵性植物黄顶菊种子萌发及植株生长的影响

入侵性杂草黄顶菊原产南美,2003年在我国河北省衡水湖首次报道。采用室内控制试验,对光与黄顶菊种子发芽及植株生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明：黄顶菊种子属光敏型,种子需要光刺激才能发芽。但其萌发对光强要求不严,1 000 lx光照强度30 ℃培养6、12 h和24 h转入暗培养,5 d后黄顶菊种子发芽率分别为67.0%、88.0%和95.8%。黄顶菊种子出苗与光照关系密切,播种在土壤表面、0.5 cm和1 cm深土层的种子出苗率分别为96.0%、8.0%和0。随光照强度减弱,植株的生物量及繁殖力显著降低。黄顶菊在35%自然光强下生长时其生物量、结实数比自然光强下分别降低55.0%和55.6%。上述结果为预测黄顶菊的适生区域及制订有效的防除策略提供了科学依据。     

本生烟病程相关蛋白PR-10的原核表达及抗血清制备

病程相关蛋白(Pathogenesis-related proteins,PRs)是植物受生物或非生物胁迫后诱导并积累的一类蛋白质,具有抗病抗逆的多种功能。为检测本生烟病程相关蛋白10(Nicotiana benthamiana Pathogenesis-related protein 10,NbPR10)的表达,制备其抗血清,并用以探究其可能的特性和功能。将已有的NbPR10基因构建到原核表达载体p GEX-KG中获得重组质粒p GEXKG-NbPR10,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经0.2 m M IPTG诱导表达分子量约44 k Da的融合蛋白(含GST标签),用GST亲和柱纯化获得纯化的融合蛋白。以纯化的融合蛋白为抗原免疫家兔制备NbPR10蛋白的抗血清,经Western blot测定抗血清效价达1∶10 000,能至多检测到稀释比例为1∶320的转基因本生烟叶片中的PR10蛋白或1 ng原核表达的蛋白,且能检测到本生烟根和茎中的PR10蛋白,证明PR10在本生烟根和茎中表达量较在叶部高,为进一步研究NbPR10蛋白的功能提供参考。     

4种外源激素处理对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了100~600μg/g赤霉素(GA3)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)、25~100μg/g 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和脱落酸(ABA)对羊草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,100~300μg/g GA3和IAA以及25μg/g 6-BA对羊草种子的萌发最终表现为促进作用,总体效果为GA3>IAA>6-BA。当GA3和IAA浓度大于400μg/g或6-BA浓度大于50μg/g时对羊草种子的最终发芽率均表现为不同程度的抑制;25~100μg/g的外源激素ABA对羊草种子萌发没有抑制作用。GA3处理均能显著促进羊草幼苗的伸长,IAA和6-BA则表现为不同程度的抑制作用;GA3、IAA和6-BA 3种促进激素对羊草的根长和根冠比均表现为抑制作用;25~100μg/g ABA对羊草苗长、根长以及根冠比没有显著影响。     

杀菌剂对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响

研究了10种杀真菌剂在田间使用浓度的中间浓度及其10倍稀释液下,对昆虫病原真菌块耳霉孢子萌发的影响。结果表明各杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈大。多菌灵、普力克对孢子的抑制作用最小,与块耳霉表现出良好的相容性,是与块耳霉实施菌药合用的候选药剂。施保功、大生、达科宁3种杀菌剂对块耳霉孢子的杀伤力最大,在两种浓度下孢子萌发率均为0。施佳乐、速克灵和敌力脱在低浓度下,与块耳霉的相容性良好,处理后24～48 h与对照无显著性差异;但在中间浓度水平下,处理后48 h孢子萌发率分别为12.45％,0,0。其余药剂随处理时间和浓度不同,对块耳霉孢子萌发有不同程度的抑制。     

12种田间常用杀虫剂对两种蚜虫虫霉菌孢子萌发的影响

在2种浓度(田间推荐使用浓度R和0.2R浓度)下研究了12种田间常用杀虫剂对努利虫疠霉和块耳霉孢子萌发的影响。研究表明:杀虫剂对虫霉菌孢子萌发的影响随浓度的降低而减弱,不同种类杀虫剂的影响程度各异;在R浓度下所有的杀虫剂均完全抑制努利虫疠霉孢子萌发,块耳霉孢子仅在6种杀虫剂处理平板上有不同程度的萌发;即使在0.2R浓度下,仍有5种杀虫剂能完全抑制努利虫疠霉和块耳霉孢子萌发。可见,杀虫剂对田间蚜霉菌的发生与流行的影响作用不容忽视。同时,结合对12种杀虫剂依据Hassan的标准划分的抑制等级,对田间实际抑菌效果进行了初步探讨。