Cyanides and their toxicity: A literature review

Summary

Cyanide is a potent and rapidly‐acting asphyxiant which prevents tissue utilization of oxygen by inhibition of the cellular respiratory enzyme, cytochrome oxidase. Inhalation or ingestion of cyanide produces reactions within a few seconds and death within minutes. Cyanide toxicity of dietary origin has been implicated in acute animal deaths and as major etiologic factors in toxic ataxic neuropathy in man and as a cause of vision failure in humans suffering from tobacco amblyopia and leber's hereditary optic atrophy. Diagnosis of cyanide toxicity may be confirmed by a variety of laboratory procedures, but accurate assay is essential for proper conclusions from analysis of animal tissues several hours after death or from human samples in instances of chronic dietary exposure. Biological detoxification of cyanide is available through several routes, and the application of sodium nitrite with sodium thiosulfate or administration of methylene blue are effective treatment procedure. The environmental availability of cyanide in its various forms necessitates an understanding of its pathophysiology and responsible management of hazardous situations.     

过程风险研究综述

过程风险已成为风险工程研究领域的重要方向,尤其对复杂系统研究更为如此。本文首先综述了过程风险的当前发展,尤其是一些领域的研究体现,在此基础上,最后阐述了过程风险研究的发展趋势。     

Canine congenital aortic stenosis: A review of the literature and commentary

Congenital aortic stenosis usually affects the subvalvular region, and occurs mainly in Newfoundland, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Boxer dogs. The disorder is inherited as a dominant trait with variable penetrance in Newfoundland dogs.

The prevalence of subaortic stenosis-like heart murmurs in Golden Retriever dogs appears to be very much greater than previously suspected.

Most cases of aortic stenosis represent mild lesions, are detected as incidental findings, and result in no loss of longevity or quality of life. Moderate or severe stenosis may result in exertional weakness, syncope, or sudden death. Signs of congestive heart failure are rare unless mitral valve insufficiency is present.

Generally, electrocardiography and radiography are unrevealing in this disorder. Doppler echocardiography may be the best diagnostic tool to detect even mild cases of aortic stenosis.

At present, therapy is limited due to the technical expertise and expense required. The prognosis depends on the severity of the lesion.

     

A complex malformation in a pig: case report and review of the literature

Congenital defects like myofibrillar dysplasia (splayleg), umbilical and inguinal hernias, cryptorchism, intersexes, and anal atresia occur relatively frequently in swine. On the other hand, some developmental anomalies like double monsters are very rare. The present paper reports a rare case of a congenital complex malformation including polymelia, duplicitas coli partialis et recti, atresia ani et fistula rectogenitalis, duplicitas corpori uteri, cervicis, vaginae et vulvae and duplicitas vesicae, urethrae et renalis. A plausible interpretation concerning the etiology is that the anomalies arose from unequal partial twinning. The pig has been healthy and inconspicuous. Although no anus was formed defecation took place via a fistula to one of the vaginas. Posture and behaviour of the pig were normal. Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocytes revealed no numerical or gross structural anomalies. There have been no further piglets with developmental disorders in the same litter, in a second litter of the same parents and in other twelve litters by the same boar.     

鸡球虫病免疫学研究进展

鸡球虫病是严重危害养禽业的一种寄生虫病。一直以来,鸡球虫病主要依靠药物来进行防治。但是,随着球虫抗药性问题的日益严重,抗球虫新药开发困难及人们对食品安全的关注,药物在球虫病控制中的作用越来越受到限制,因而用免疫方法来控制鸡球虫病日益受到重视,并有望成为主要的技术手段。目前鸡球虫免疫学研究主要集中在鸡球虫免疫原性、宿主免疫应答及寻找有效的鸡球虫保护性抗原等方面。近年来随着分子生物学和现代生物技术的发展,鸡球虫基因工程疫苗以其独特的优势显示其在未来球虫病控制中的诱人前景,并可能取代传统疫苗而成为鸡球虫病防治的主要手段。     

A review of the small canine piroplasms from California: Babesia conradae in the literature

Small piroplasms as a cause of canine babesiosis in southern California were first documented in 1990. Initially these piroplasms were considered to be Babesia gibsoni, the only small Babesia parasite known to infect dogs at that time. In the following decade, the use of molecular analysis made it clear that small canine Babesia in fact are comprised of at least three distinct species, and the isolates from dogs in southern California were not B. gibsoni. Molecular, antigenic, and morphological characteristics of the southern California species of canine piroplasm supported naming it as a distinct species, Babesia conradae. The renaming of this species prompted this literature review of small canine piroplasms in California in order to clarify clinical, diagnostic, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of B. conradae in comparison to other small canine piroplasms. Clinical symptoms of B. conradae are similar to those of B. gibsoni; however, B. conradae infections may be more pathogenic, resulting in higher parasitaemia and more pronounced anaemia when compared with B. gibsoni-infected dogs. The immunofluorescent antibody test is the most commonly used test to diagnose B. conradae. It is important to specify which small Babesia species to test for since there is little serological cross reactivity between the small canine Babesia antigens or cross-detection in the newer molecular tests. Molecular characterization of B. conradae, based principally on the 18S small subunit rRNA gene, and recently the second internal transcribed spacer region, demonstrate that B. conradae is most closely related to piroplasms recovered from humans and animals in the western United States.     

Bovine sole ulcer: a literature review

Sole ulcers are the most frequently encountered lesion in lame cattle. They are of growing concern to the dairy industry since the incidence of ulcers is increasing. Ulcers cause financial losses, the animal's wellbeing is disturbed to a high degree and they harm the image of the industry in general. Biomechanic factors and laminitis are of particular significance in the pathogenesis of the sole ulcer. The development of sole contusions and ulcers is assumed to occur in 3 phases (Sinking theory). In the first phase there is a general disturbance in the vascular system of the corium. The second phase follows when the structures that suspend the claw bone within the horn shoe give way. The locus minoris resistentiae has yet to be identified. The claw bone sinks and causes various lesions when it pinches the underlying sole or heel corium. The third phase begins when haemorrhages become visible on the horn surface of the sole or when the sole ulcerates; socalled third phase lesions. The relationship between the development of sole ulcers and anatomical structures such as the claw bone's tuberculum flexorium or the fat bodies under the bone are unclear. Epidemiological studies have shown that sole ulcers have a high rate of recurrence. The healing processes and the factors that influence them have hitherto not been studied.     

Nonhuman primate dermatology: a literature review

In general, veterinary dermatologists do not have extensive clinical experience of nonhuman primate (NHP) dermatoses. The bulk of the published literature does not provide an organized evidence-based approach to the NHP dermatologic case. The veterinary dermatologist is left to extract information from both human and veterinary dermatology, an approach that can be problematic as it forces the clinician to make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on two very disparate bodies of literature. A more cohesive approach to NHP dermatology – without relying on assumptions that NHP pathology most commonly behaves similarly to other veterinary and human disease – is required. This review of the dermatology of NHP species includes discussions of primary dermatoses, as well as diseases where dermatologic signs represent a significant secondary component, provides a first step towards encouraging the veterinary community to study and report the dermatologic diseases of nonhuman primates.     

中草药预防治疗雏鸡球虫病效果好

雏鸡球虫病是一种传染性寄生虫病,15～50日龄的雏鸡发病率和死亡率极高,一般的消毒药品不能杀灭球虫卵,一旦饲养场地被污染就很难净化。由于球虫病极易产生耐药性,小鸡对此病无免疫力,容易反复交叉感染,用药量大,常给养鸡业带来较大经济损失。笔者在实践中采用中草药预防雏鸡球虫病效果明显,现介绍供参考。1基本情况笔者领办一鸡场,采取平养与笼养相结合的方式,育雏16批,出壳鸡苗2.3万只。后期有三批鸡苗由于购买鸡苗的人员进出频繁,消毒不严,2000年9月18日引进的一批固始乌鸡1500只,育雏25天后暴发感染球虫病。开始从笼中飞到地面上的鸡苗…     

Crown restoration of the endodontically treated tooth: literature review

The reviewed literature supports full crown restoration in all endodontically treated teeth other than incisors in humans [corrected] In general terms, a crown is a cemented, extra-coronal restoration that covers the entire outer surface of the clinical crown. Prosthodontic treatment, and particularly crown restoration in veterinary patients has been the subject of general informational articles and veterinary dental texts. These publications have discussed techniques for crown preparation, fabrication, and cementation as well as the general principles of prosthodontic treatment. The purpose of this review is to present available information on this topic in an organized manner which will help veterinary dentists to use an evidence-based approach when deciding on a type of final restoration for their endodontic patients.     

张家口地区兔球虫感染情况初步调查

采用饱和盐水漂浮法对张家口地区的家兔球虫种类及感染情况进行了调查,结果表明：该地区家兔球虫感染率为68％;鉴定出6种艾关耳球虫,其中最主要的有三种,即大型艾关耳球虫、盲肠艾关耳球虫和穿孔艾关耳球虫。     

Ischemic bandage injuries: a case series and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE:To determine the prognosis and distribution of ischemic injuries caused by inappropriate bandaging of the lower limb in dogs and cats. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMAL POPULATION: Eleven client-owned animals, including 9 dogs and 2 cats with a history of injuries consistent with incorrect application of a bandage. METHODS: Medical records for dogs and cats referred to the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital with limb wounds between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed for clinical history and referring veterinary surgeons' reports, indicating that the injury was directly related to the application of a bandage to the limb. RESULTS: The indications for bandage application included 2 postoperative cruciate ligament ruptures, 2 lacerations, 3 internal fixations, an onychectomy, a shoulder dislocation, a dog bite, and a tendon strain. None of the patients had other body systems involved or underlying or concurrent diseases. Five different types of bandage were described (support, Robert Jones, pressure, splint, and Velpeau), and no particular age or breed was overrepresented. Of the 11 animals, 5 required full-thickness skin grafts, 3 had to have digits amputated, and 2 required limb amputations. Nine animals survived, but only 4 became fully functional on the affected limb. CONCLUSIONS: Bandage-related injuries are potentially serious sequelae to a routine procedure. A guarded prognosis should be given when there is loss of deeper structures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A review of bandaging principles is presented. Method of application, choice of materials, and close monitoring of the bandage are important factors in preventing iatrogenic injury.     

Leishmaniasis: Report of 33 cases and a review of the literature

Leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases in extension. They appear in new foci, because of important displacements of populations, and they affect immunocompromised patients (under chemotherapy, transplanted, or HIV infected). Study of 33 cases of leishmaniasis, 22 visceral and 11 cutaneous, at the Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, France, showed predominant contamination in Maghreb and in the south of France. In the case of Kala-Azar, fever (18 cases) and hepatosplenomegaly (19 cases) are frequent, and the serodiagnosis and the search of parasites by myelogram are always positive. In HIV-infected individuals, clinical signs are similar, but the serodiagnosis is less reliable. Evolution is bad in transplanted patients who must remain under immunosuppressive drugs. In the case of cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagnosis is based on local sample, while the serodiagnosis remains negative. Treatment is sometimes long, necessitating repeated treatments.     

一起鹅球虫病的诊治

鹅球虫病主要是由艾美尔属和泰泽属的各种球虫寄生于鹅的肠道或肾脏引起的一种原虫性寄生虫病。各日龄的鹅均易感,对幼鹅危害严重,2周龄以上雏鹅和幼鹅最易感染,死亡率高;耐过的鹅发育不良,成为带虫者。发病季节与气温、湿度有关,一般每年5—8月份多发。病鹅主要表现为轻度腹泻和血便,生长发育受阻,食欲减退,羽毛松乱,精神萎靡。严重者脱水死亡或继发其它细菌感染而发生死亡,耐过鹅生长迟缓。     

鸡球虫病病情调查及综合防制策略

2004年3～4月份南充市顺庆区许多乡(社)的各大养鸡场中，鸡球虫病的发病率都很高，并继发或并发其他细菌性或病毒性等疾病，给当地养鸡业带来较为严重的损失，并给生产者的诊断和防治带来了诸多困难，成为危害该地区养鸡业发展的主要因素之一。为此，特进行如下调查，并提出防制策略。     

鸡球虫耐药性的机理检测方法及其延缓措施

文章对鸡球虫耐药性的产生机制、检测方法及其延缓措施的研究进展进行了概述。     

A literature review and investigation of staphylococcal necrotic dermatitis in sheep

An outbreak of necrotic dermatitis in sheep was intensively investigated. Initially 19 of 147 Letelle (Merino-type) ewes were identified but closer inspection revealed 57 sheep that had skin lesions, some very slight, and that the majority (46 or 80%) had lesions only above the lips. A small number of them had multiple lesions on the legs or vulvae apart from lip lesions. Seven had only vulvar lesions and 2 only leg lesions. Among the sheep with lip lesions, twice as many had lesions on the right as on the left. Electron micrographs did not reveal any virus particles from the lesions, but all bacterial swabs yielded pure cultures of beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci that were catalase, coagulase and DNase positive. The organism was identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Histopathology was consistent with a dermotoxic insult. A review of available literature indicated that this outbreak was consistent with a diagnosis of ovine necrotic (staphylococcal) dermatitis, supported by data on signalment, lesions, distribution, size, number, epidemiology as well as specific tests. The range of differential diagnoses and possible confusers are discussed.     

Feline systemic reactive angioendotheliomatosis: eight cases and literature review

A rare, multisystemic intravascular proliferative disorder was identified postmortem in eight cats. The majority of these cats died or were euthanized following episodes of dyspnea, lethargy, and anorexia. Microscopic examination revealed occlusive, intraluminal proliferations of spindle cells within small vessels. The heart was consistently involved, and myocardial dysfunction was the probable cause of illness in all cats. Immunohistochemically, the majority of intravascular cells expressed von Willebrand factor, and a smaller number expressed smooth muscle actin, compatible with a dual population of endothelial cells and pericytes, suggesting a reactive rather than a neoplastic process. Four cases of a similar feline vascular disorder from the veterinary literature are reviewed. The histopathology resembles reactive angioendotheliomatosis in humans, a benign cutaneous intravascular endothelial and pericytic proliferative condition. However, in contrast, this feline disease is multisystemic and fatal. We propose the name "feline systemic reactive angioendotheliomatosis" for this unique, idiopathic disorder of domestic cats.