花期叶面喷施B和Ca对油橄榄完全花比率和坐果率的影响

【目的】在油橄榄花期叶面喷施硼和钙肥,研究叶面喷施硼、钙及硼-钙交互作用对油橄榄完全花和坐果率的影响。【方法】选甘肃陇南主栽的3个油橄榄品种(‘莱星’‘鄂植8’‘城固32’),采用完全正交试验,在花期前、中、后分别喷施不同浓度硼和钙的叶面肥,调查完全花比率和坐果率,并观察了硼和钙对花粉萌发的影响。【结果】花期叶面喷施硼和钙对各品种油橄榄完全花及坐果率的交互影响均不显著。但‘鄂植8’和‘城固32’在0.10%的硼酸因素下,完全花比率较对照分别提高了8.9%和11.5%;‘城固32’在0.05%的硼浓度下的坐果率较对照提高了154.2%;‘鄂植8’和‘城固32’在0.00%、0.25%的钙浓度处理下,其坐果率均显著高于更高浓度的处理,高浓度的钙反而对果实坐果率有显著抑制作用;‘莱星’的处理间差异均不显著。培养基50~75 mg·L~(-1)的硼酸对油橄榄花粉萌发促进作用最好,而培养基添加钙则抑制花粉萌发,且硼和钙存在一定的拮抗作用,因此高浓度的钙不利于油橄榄花受精和果实坐果。【结论】油橄榄不同品种对花期喷施硼和钙的响应程度不同,适量的硼(0.5%~1.0%)对油橄榄开花坐果有促进作用,而高浓度硼(大于1.00%)和高浓度钙(大于0.25%)均不利于油橄榄开花坐果,在油橄榄花期的叶面施肥中应谨慎使用外源高浓度钙。     

喷施硼肥在中甜1号甜瓜制种上的应用效果初报

为了探讨降低甜瓜制种过程中秕籽、空壳数量,从而提高其采种量的问题,以我国长江中下游地区甜瓜主栽品种之一中甜1号为试材,春秋两季分别于苗期和花期对各处理小区甜瓜依次喷施3种或2种浓度硼砂水液,研究硼肥对提高采种量的影响。结果表明:以喷施0.2%硼砂水液处理的效果最佳,较明显降低了秕籽、空壳数,使甜瓜采种量提高9.7%～14.5%,但对提高种子千粒质量没有明显作用。     

不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实品质的影响

研究了不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明,采用白色单层袋套果后,青熟和完熟时,白色单层纸袋处理的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数较低,花青苷和类黄酮质量分数均较高,果皮亮度、色彩浓度和色度角均较高或最高,使果皮在青熟时呈紫红色,完熟时呈桃红色。白色单层袋套果后,果实的内在品质如维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖质量分数最高,内在品质最佳。外黄内黑复合纸袋果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮质量分数均较低,果皮亮度、色彩浓度均最高,色度角最低,使果皮在青熟时呈浅黄色,完熟时呈橙黄色,但果实内在品质比白色单层袋差。因此,建议红杧6号杧果用白色单层纸袋进行套袋。     

Effects of foliar application of calcium chloride and urea on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruits

The effects of urea and calcium chloride and their combinations on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pomegranate fruits were studied over 2 years. Aqueous solutions of urea at 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% and calcium chloride at 0%, 2% and 4% were applied on two branches of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv Malase-Yazdi) at full bloom (FB) and 1 month after full bloom (1MAFB) stages. Urea at concentrations of 1% and 2% significantly increased aril size, fruit length and diameter. Calcium chloride at concentrations of 2% and 4% significantly increased average fruit weight and ascorbic acid (AA) content. Both urea and calcium chloride increased soluble solid content (SSC) at all of the used concentrations. In the first time of spraying, higher level of treatments reduced titratable acidity (TA), but the second time of spraying did not significantly affect the TA.     

Effects of foliar application of some macro- and micro-nutrients on tomato plants in aquaponic and hydroponic systems

An aquaponic system was designed to investigate effects of foliar applications of some micro- and macro-nutrients on tomato growth and yield in comparison with a hydroponic system. Common carp, grass carp and silver carp were stocked in the rearing tanks at 15, 20 and 15 fish m⁻³, respectively. The fish were fed three times daily with a pellet diet containing 46% protein. Fourteen days old tomatoes seedlings were transplanted on to growth bed units of aquaponic and hydroponic systems after stocking of carp fish for 2.5 months in the rearing tanks. Foliar nutrients application began 30 days after transplantation. Eight treatments were used, untreated control, foliar application at the rate of 250 mL plant⁻¹ with 0.5 g L⁻¹ K₂SO₄, MgSO₄·7H₂O, Fe-EDDHA, MnSO₄·H₂O, H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, and CuSO₄·5H₂O. Plants were sprayed twice a month. The results showed that biomass gains of tomatoes were higher in hydroponics as compared to aquaponics. Foliar application of K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B increased vegetative growth of plants in the aquaponics. In the hydroponics, only Fe and B had positive effects on plant growth. Cluster number per plant in aquaponics was lower than in hydroponics treatments, but it increased with foliar application of elements. There was no difference in fruit number and yield between aquaponics and hydroponics grown plants in the control treatments. Except Cu, foliar spray of all elements significantly increased plant fruit number and yield in the aquaponics in order of: K > Fe > Mn > Zn > Mg > B. In the hydroponics, foliar application of K, Mg and Zn increased fruit number and yield of plants compared to control. These results indicated that foliar application of some elements can effectively alleviate nutrient deficiencies in tomatoes grown on aquaponics.     

叶面喷施硒对甜樱桃硒和重金属含量及果实品质的影响

【目的】探讨叶面施用外源硒对甜樱桃叶片、果实中的硒及有害重金属含量、部分生化指标、果实品质的影响,以期为富硒甜樱桃的生产提供理论依据。【方法】以‘美早’甜樱桃为试材,选取亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)溶液为硒源,设置0、5、10、20和40 mg·L-1等5个质量浓度水平,于落花后喷施叶片,1周后再喷施1次。【结果】甜樱桃果实和叶片中的硒含量随施硒浓度的增加而递增,重金属镉和铅的含量均有不同程度的降低。叶面喷硒可显著提高甜樱桃叶片和果实中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)的酶活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)的活性,减少脯氨酸(Pro)的积累。果实维生素C含量增加、可滴定酸含量降低、果实品质改善。【结论】叶面施硒可以提高甜樱桃果实品质,降低部分重金属的含量。     

叶面喷施钙微肥防止苹果水心病的试验

应用4种钙微肥及组合，于长富2号苹果初花期、幼果期和果实着色期各叶面喷施1次，比较其对苹果水心病的防治效果。结果表明：高效补钙宝与氨基酸钙效果较好，硝酸钙次之，与对照差异极显著或显著。恒温库贮藏半月后调查，喷施高效补钙宝、氨基酸钙和硝酸钙的病情指数和病果率分别为2．2和6．7％，4、4和13．3％、6．7和20．0％，对照分别为17．8和52．0％。贮藏5个月后的调查病情指数和病果率分别为12．8和38，4％、20．6和61．8％、34．3和66．8％，对照为48，2和95．4％。     

绿色木霉菌发酵液对杧果采后病害生理的影响

【目的】为了探讨绿色木霉菌发酵液处理对杧果采后病害生理的影响,【方法】以紫花杧果为试验材料,利用绿色木霉菌(T.viride)发酵液对杧果进行处理,测定杧果采后生理指标的变化。【结果】结果表明,在(30±2)℃、RH90%~95%条件下,T.viride发酵液处理可降低采后杧果的呼吸强度,并使其呼吸高峰推迟1 d。处理组果实可溶性固形物的最大值出现在第8天,比对照组推迟了2 d;其健康组织维生素C第3天上升至最高含量,分别达164 mg.kg-1和173 mg.kg-1,而对照组和处理组的病斑周围组织的维生素C含量在0~9 d内均呈现下降趋势。T.viride发酵液处理延缓了病斑周围组织的可滴定酸下降,损伤接种至第6天,处理组果实病斑周围的可滴定酸为0.36 mg.g-1,高出对照组16%。处理组病斑周围的蛋白质含量最高峰出现在第6天,比对照组延迟1 d。T.viride发酵液处理降低了杧果组织丙二醛含量,处理组和对照组的最大值分别为4.18μmol.L-1、5.23μmol.L-1;贮藏1~9 d,处理组和对照组的总酚含量差异不显著。【结论】绿色木霉菌发酵液处理能有效减缓杧果采后病害生理活动。     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.     

Effects of time and rate of nutrient application on foliar nutrient concentration and cold hardiness in Viburnum species

Viburnum plicatum Thunb. f. tomentosum Rehd. and Viburnum dentatum L. were fertilized with N, P, and K at a high or low rate during late spring and late summer. V. plicatum f. tomentosum absorbed more K than N and P. Potassium applications to soil increased foliar K significantly, but increases were much greater following spring applications than following late summer applications. There was no luxury consumption of K by V. dentatum. N and K applications decreased cold hardiness of V. plicatum f. tomentosum in late October. Nutrient applications had no effect on cold hardiness of V. dentatum regardless of date of application.     

不同叶面肥对黄秋葵生长特性与产量的影响

为了研究不同叶面肥对黄秋葵产量和品质的影响,试验以‘热研1号’黄秋葵为材料,在生育期分别喷施不同浓度卢博士有机液肥(0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)和磷酸二氢钾(0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)及对照共7个处理,测定其光合特性、产量及可溶性蛋白质、维生素C、碳水化合物、钙、镁含量。结果表明:与对照相比,喷施卢博士有机液肥和磷酸二氢钾都能显著提高黄秋葵功能叶片的SPAD值和净光合速率;喷施0.1%卢博士有机液肥处理的产量最低,为每株0.66 kg;喷施0.5%磷酸二氢钾和0.5%卢博士有机液肥处理的产量较高,分别为每株0.88 kg和每株0.87 kg,比对照高24.9%;但喷施浓度为0.5%卢博士有机液肥可以改善黄秋葵的品质。说明喷施0.5%卢博士有机液肥可获得较高的产量和良好的品质。     

Fusarium mangiferae对杧果顶芽内活性氧代谢的影响

【目的】探讨杧果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内活性氧代谢的变化规律。【方法】以‘凯特’杧为试验材料,测定了接种病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)后顶芽内超氧阴离子(O2·)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(As A)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及活性氧清除相关酶(POD、CAT、SOD、APX和GR)活性的变化趋势。【结果】F.mangiferae侵染促进杧果顶芽O2·产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量的增加;抗氧化剂As A的含量在整个侵染过程中无明显变化,而GR含量急剧下降;在F.mangiferae侵染杧果后,POD、CAT、SOD和GR的活性迅速上升,且在整个测试过程中始终维持在较高水平,APX活性呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势。【结论】F.mangiferae侵染杧果后,导致大量活性氧爆发,细胞酶系统抗氧化能力下降,使其对活性氧的清除能力大大降低,加剧了活性氧的大量积累和对细胞的损伤。杧果活性氧代谢紊乱失衡可能是病菌的重要致病机理之一。     

不同生物质叶面肥配方对脐橙叶片生长的影响

采用正交设计的方法,研究了不同生物质叶面肥配方对脐橙叶片的影响。结果表明,喷施生物质叶面肥对脐橙叶片的比叶重、叶绿素含量有明显的促进作用,优化出能促进脐橙叶片生长的最佳配方:生物质提取液稀释500倍、硼酸0.05%、硫酸锰0.05%。     

Effects of floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrition of sweet cherry

During 2003 and 2005, plant growth promoting effects of Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU-142 were tested alone or combinations on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. 0900 Ziraat in terms of yield, growth, nutrient composition of leaves in the province of Konya, Turkey. The presence of Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 stimulated plant growth and resulted in significant yield increase. Floral and foliar applications of BA-8, OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 in sweet cherry significantly increased yield per trunk cross-sectional area (16.3, 10.9 and 21.7%), fruit weight (4.15, 5.37 and 1.24%) and shoot length (11.3, 11.8 and 29.6%), respectively, compared with the control. In addition, N, P and K contents of sweet cherry leaves with BA-8, OSU-142 and BA-8 + OSU-142 treatments, Fe and Zn contents of leaves with BA-8 + OSU-142 treatment and Mn content of the leaves of sweet cherry with BA-8 and OSU-142 applications significantly increased. Nitrogen, P and K contents in leaves were determined to be increased from 2.00, 0.17 and 0.43% in the control to 2.19, 0.20 and 0.54% by BA-8 application, to 2.32, 0.24 and 0.54% by OSU-142 application and to 2.43, 0.22 and 0.51% by BA-8 + OSU-142 application, respectively. Co-inoculation of BA-8 + OSU-142 increased Fe and Zn contents of leaves up to 50.5 and 35.5% compared with the control, respectively. Manganese content of leaves significantly also increased by BA-8 (26.6%) and OSU-142 (27.0%) applications compared with the control. The results of the present study suggested that Pseudomonas BA-8 and Bacillus OSU-142 alone or in combination have a great potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition of sweet cherry plant.     

叶面喷施金雀异黄素对套袋蟠桃果实着色及品质的影响

以转色始期早硕蜜蟠桃为试材,探讨了叶面喷施金雀异黄素(GNT)对套袋果实花青素积累与其他品质的影响。结果表明,纸袋提高果实花青素含量,增幅约为70%,塑膜袋降低花青素含量,约为6%;GNT能提高套袋和未套袋果实花青素含量,增幅为16%～73%。套袋使果实可溶性糖降低约8%,可滴定酸含量增加20%;GNT提高果实可溶性糖4%～26%,并降低可滴定酸10%～28%,明显提高果实糖酸比。叶片组织相对电导率和丙二醛含量分析表明,GNT对叶片细胞膜透性和脂质过氧化没有明显影响。因而,即使在套袋条件下用适宜质量浓度GNT也能提高蟠桃果实内外品质,并且不会对叶片造成伤害。     

Physiological response of onion plants to foliar application of putrescine and glutamine

Two field experiments were carried out in Egypt during two successive seasons (2007/2008 and 2008/2009). This study aimed to investigate the response of growth, yield quality and some metabolic constituents of onion (Allium cepa L. cv. ‘Giza 20’) to foliar application of putrescine (Put; 25, 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹) and glutamine (Glut; 50, 100 and 200 mg L⁻¹), the former a diamine and the latter an amino acid, either alone, or in combination. Foliar application of Put and Glut, either alone or in combination, significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of leaves/plant, fresh and dry weight/plant, leaf area, leaf area/plant, bulb length, bulb diameter and weight, as well as yield of onion and quality of bulbs. Total soluble sugars, sulfur compounds, total soluble phenols, total free amino acids and total photosynthetic pigment content in leaves were increased by increasing Put and/or Glut concentrations up to 100 and 200 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Generally, foliar application of Put at 100 mg L⁻¹ and Glut at 200 mg L⁻¹ singly, or combined, effectively increased bulb yield and quality. In conclusion, the yield-contributing characters and quality of onion could be improved by application of Put and/or Glut.     

叶面肥对设施番茄产量、品质及经济效益的影响

探究不同种类叶面肥对番茄植株生长势、产量、品质、商品率以及经济效益等方面的影响,为设施番茄叶面追肥提供参考依据.以番茄品种西润2007为试材,在番茄生长发育期叶面喷施5种不同叶面肥.结果表明,叶面肥均能显著促进番茄植株的生长发育,美盖美可以显著提高番茄产量,磷酸二氢钾不仅能提高番茄结果盛期和结果后期的商品率,同时也可以...     

采前喷施赤霉素(GA_3)对杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮藏特性的影响

【目的】探明‘贵妃’杧果生长期喷施GA_3对果实产量、品质和采后贮运特性的影响,以期为GA_3在杧果生产中的规范与合理使用提供科学的理论依据。【方法】选用‘贵妃’杧果为试材,用不同质量浓度(50、100、250 mg·L~(-1))的GA_3于盛花期后15、25、35 d各喷1次,测定‘贵妃’杧果的产量、坐果量、单果质量、果皮色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷)、果实色泽参数(L、a、b值)、可溶性固形物含量、果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量和采后病害发生等指标。【结果】采前喷施GA_3能够增加‘贵妃’杧果的产量和坐果量,促进果实膨大,增加果形指数,但果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量下降,可滴定酸含量上升,果实品质下降,采后病害发病率上升。较高质量浓度下(250 mg·L~(-1))GA_3增产不显著,但果实品质明显降低,并诱导果实出现采后滞绿现象。【结论】海南‘贵妃’杧果采前喷施GA_3,较低质量浓度(50~100 mg·L~(-1))可以增产,促进坐果和果实膨大,果实食用品质小幅下降。较高质量浓度(250 mg·L~(-1))增产不明显,果实品质下降幅度大,可诱导果实出现采后滞绿现象。因此,海南‘贵妃’杧果采前喷施GA_3质量浓度以50 mg·L~(-1)为宜,可以增加产量、拉长果实、提高果实色泽,对果实品质影响较小,不会诱导果实采后滞绿。     

喷施噻苯隆(TDZ)对杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮藏特性的影响

【目的】弄清采前使用噻苯隆(Thidiazuron,TDZ)对‘贵妃’杧果产量、品质和采后贮藏特性等指标的影响,指导TDZ在‘贵妃’杧果生产上合理使用,避免其滥用造成果实果皮滞绿、品质严重下降等不利影响。【方法】用不同质量浓度(5、10和20 mg·L~(-1))的TDZ在盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次。【结果】采前喷施适宜质量浓度的TDZ增加了杧果的产量,促进果实膨大,增大果形指数,5和10 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理单株产量分别增加了29.89%和33.56%,但20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理增产不明显;5、10和20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理无胚果单果质量分别增加56.78%、73.86%和110.56%;在生理成熟期,TDZ处理的果实颜色偏绿色;在完熟期,果实叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量较高,花色苷含量较低。TDZ处理延缓了采后果实的转色及果实硬度和原果胶含量的下降,抑制了可溶性果胶含量和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的上升,果实的后熟软化推迟。TDZ处理的果实品质下降,果实的TSS含量降低,可滴定酸(TA)含量升高。另外TDZ处理可降低杧果采后病害(炭疽病和蒂腐病)的发病率,延长杧果采后贮藏时间。在完熟期果皮中未检测到TDZ残留。【结论】‘贵妃’杧果采前喷施TDZ的适宜质量浓度为5~10 mg·L~(-1),于盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次,果实适时采收,可以显著增加产量和单果质量,对果实品质影响较小,并能延长贮藏时间。     

几种矿物元素对紫花杧果果实海绵组织形成的影响

以紫花(Mangiferaindicacv.Zihua)为供试品种,采用地面施钙肥、树干高压注射Ca和K处理,研究紫花杧果果实海绵组织与Ca、K等矿质元素的关系和发病规律。结果表明:海绵组织的发病率随单果重增加而增加,果重200-250g、251-300g、301-350g、351-400g和>401g以上的发病率分别为:10.24%、14.78%、24.91%、23.95%和30.16%,呈显著相关性。在果实生长发育的各个阶段中,病害出现于果实生长的中后期阶段。随着果实成熟度的增加,病害的发生率呈上升趋势。正常果实中的Ca含量应维持0.023%,K含量应维持在1.234%-1.452%,N含量应维持在0.41%-0.58%水平。Ca含量低于0.018%会诱导病害发生;当Ca含量正常时,高K(>1.541%)或低K(<0.966%)也会诱导病害发生。N对病害的影响小于Ca和K。果实中K/Ca小于34或大于62,都能诱发病害。