黑曲霉FnD5-2产木聚糖酶液体发酵及酶学特性

试验旨在研究黑曲霉FnD5-2产木聚糖酶液体发酵及酶学特性。选用黑曲霉FnD5-2为出发菌株,采用单因素、正交试验设计、盐析等试验方法,开展木聚糖酶发酵条件优化及酶学性质研究工作。结果表明:最适发酵条件为28℃、pH5.0、Tween80添加量1.5 mL、脱脂豆粉添加量4 g/100mL、培养基装液量50 mL。黑曲霉木聚糖酶最适温度为50℃;最适pH为5.0;在4～50℃及pH 4～6的条件下稳定性较好;Mg2+、Fe2+、K+、Ca2+对该酶有激活作用,Co2+、Cu2+、Na+、Mn2+对该酶有抑制作用,Mn2+的抑制作用最强,蔗糖对酶液的保护效果比较好。     

硅藻土共固定化淀粉酶和糖化酶的研究

以糖化酶和α-淀粉酶为双酶体系、硅藻土为载体,用吸附法同时固定了这两种酶,得到的最适的共固定化条件为硅藻土(g):糖化酶(U):淀粉酶(U)=1:100:160,pH值4.5～5.0,温度5～15℃左右,缓冲液为柠檬酸缓冲液。共固定化酶的性质为:最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为55℃;米氏常数Km=16.830mg/ml;最大反应速率Vmax=1.500mg(/ml·min),其稳定性良好。     

产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的诱变和酶学性质研究

为提高芽孢杆菌产纤维素酶的活性,以实验室保存的产纤维素酶枯草芽孢杆菌作为出发菌株,利用紫外线对其进行诱变处理,采用刚果红染色法初筛和3,5-二硝基水杨酸法进行复筛,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究.结果表明:诱变后突变株的纤维素酶活力较出发菌株提高4.476倍.该纤维素酶的最适pH为6.0,且在pH 5.0～7.0酶活力较稳定;该酶的最适酶促反应温度为60 ℃,在无底物保护且水浴30 min的条件下,酶活力在30～65 ℃保持稳定;此外,金属离子K+和Ba2+对酶活力有激活作用,相对酶活分别为108.11％和105.43％,而金属离子Ca2+和Cu2+对酶活性有抑制作用,二者的相对酶活分别为93.80％和89.08 ％.     

纤维素酶的酶学性质研究

本试验采用DNS法对一种微生物产纤维素酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明:酶作用的最适温度和pH值分别为37℃和5.5。该酶是一种耐热酶,在有底物保护条件下,酶的热稳定性可大幅度提高。酶的pH稳定性范围为5.0～7.0。金属离子Ba2 、K 对酶都有激活作用,Cu2 、Ca2 、Fe3 、Mn2 、Zn2 、Fe2 对酶起抑制作用。该酶对纤维素类底物具有较强的分解作用,对茶叶多糖分解能力较弱。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产酶条件的探究

试验旨在探究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产纤维素酶的最适条件.试验采用DNS法测定纤维素酶和滤纸酶活.结果 显示,接种量为8％时,纤维素酶和滤纸酶活性最高;在发酵时间72 h、温度45℃、环境pH值6.6条件下,纤维素酶活最高;以纤维二糖作为碳源营养时,纤维素酶的酶活性达最大值;在发酵时间48h、温度45℃、环境pH值5.4条件下,...     

青海高原产纤维素酶康氏木霉的酶促动力学研究

对分离自青海省东部土壤的产纤维素酶康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)0143p株进行产酶条件优化及酶促动力学特性研究。结果表明，T.koningii 0143p菌株在麦麸为碳源、尿素为氮源、起始pH值为7．0、28℃培养6d的条件下产酶量最高。在此产酶优化条件下，0143p菌株的湿固体发酵物滤纸酶活力(FPA)可达32pmol／min，为原产酶条件的1．6倍；酶作用的最适温度为50～55℃，最适pH4．8。T.koningii 0143p菌株可作为纤维素酶解饲料的酶源菌，具有良好的饲用前景。     

耐高温β-葡聚糖酶产生菌株的酶学性质的研究

从云南安宁温泉周围土壤中筛选到一株热稳定性能较好的β-葡聚糖酶产生菌W-9,并对其发酵条件及酶学特性进行初步研究。该菌株发酵72h在pH6.0,70℃条件下酶活性为82.64U/mL。对W-9所产β-葡聚糖酶的酶学性质进行研究,结果显示,β-葡聚糖酶的最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为70℃,70℃条件下保温时,酶活基本稳定。     

一株高产内切纤维素酶贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析

试验旨在对一株杜仲树皮内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的内切纤维素酶(CMCase)进行产酶条件优化及酶学性质分析,为探究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CMCase的相关特性提供参考依据。采用单因子试验设计,分别优化pH、接种量、温度、时间、碳源和氮源等发酵条件,并探讨温度、pH、底物专一性、金属离子及表面活性剂对CMCase的影响。结果表明,以玉米秸秆为碳源(30 g/L)、豆粕为氮源(30 g/L)、3%接菌量、pH 7.0的条件下37℃培养48 h,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的CMCase最高可达(5.14±0.18) U/mL。经CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157的最适酶反应温度为60℃,最适pH为5.0;温度稳定性试验发现,在40和50℃时,相对剩余酶活力均高于80%,随着温度的升高,酶活力逐渐降低,当温度高于55℃,相对剩余酶活力约为50%;pH稳定性试验发现,在pH 5.0～10.0之间耐受性良好,相对剩余酶活力均高于90%,随作用时间的延长,相对剩余酶活力变化不大。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase属于典型内切型纤维素酶。Na^+、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺可促进贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase酶活力,而Co²⁺、Hg²⁺、Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺和SDS抑制CMCase酶活力;表面活性剂Tween-80、Tween-20、Triton X-100对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase无影响。本试验通过对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157进行产酶条件优化及CMCase酶学性质分析发现,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌157 CMCase具有产酶量高,耐受pH范围广的特点,在饲料添加剂、洗涤剂和造纸领域中具有一定的应用价值。     

大理弥渡热泉耐热脂肪酶产生菌的筛选及其酶活性研究

从云南大理市弥渡县石夹泉热泉的43℃底泥中筛选到1株高温脂肪酶的高产菌,进行显微形态及生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其初步鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)的一株菌,命名为Acinetobacter sp.Lip-43。对其生长条件及酶学性质进行了研究,结果表明:该菌株耐高温性较好,菌株在55℃仍能生长,菌株最适生长温度为37℃。所产脂肪酶最适酶活温度为45℃,最适反应pH为5.0。在37℃以下,能保持良好的稳定性,Zn^2+和Ca^2+对该酶有一定的抑制作用,Mn^2+、K^+、Mg^2+、Fe^2+、Cu^2+均对该酶活力起到促进作用,其中Mn2+的促进效果最为明显。     

脂肪酶产生菌的筛选、诱变及产酶条件的研究

从长春市油脂厂采集的土壤样品中分离到1株脂肪酶活力较高的白地霉1522(其发酵液酶活力为35U/mL)。以此为出发菌株,经紫外线、氯化锂、盐酸羟胺、亚硝基胍等诱变筛选后,获得1株高活力脂肪酶产生菌N79(其发酵液酶活力达80U/mL)。对诱变株N79最适培养条件的研究表明,其最适培养基组成为:蛋白胨4%,山梨醇0.75%,橄榄油0.5%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%;产酶最适发酵条件是,培养液起始pH为6.0～6.5,发酵温度为26～30℃,通气量为每250mL三角烧瓶中盛培养液30mL,发醇时间为32～36h。在量适培养条件下,其发酵液酶活力可达到105-115U/mL。白地霉N79的发酵液经硫酸铵盐析制得脂肪酶粗制品,它在聚乙烯醇橄榄油乳化液系统中,水解橄榄油的最适pH为7.8,最适温度为42℃,在pH4-8、4℃下存放24h及pH7.5、40℃下保温15min,酶活力不变。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein