采矿活动和气候变化对煤矿区生态环境损失的影响

系统评价煤矿区生态环境损失驱动因素的相对作用力,对矿区土地资源配置和生态环境治理具有重要指导作用。该文从生态学的角度,以徐州矿区为例,选择植被净初级生产力作为统一气候变化和采矿活动对矿区生态环境损失的衡量指标,通过该指标实现气候变化和采矿活动对矿区生态环境损失的可比性。研究结果表明:1)矿区植被净初级生产力NPP变化是气候因素和采矿因素综合作用的结果,气候变化对NPP的影响范围为0.111～3.333g/(m2·月)(以每月每平方米植被生产的C计)之间,采矿活动对NPP影响的范围为90.525～107.892g/(m2·月),采矿活动对NPP的影响大于气候变化对NPP的影响,NPP变化对采矿活动具有敏感性。2)气候变化推动NPP是向正向发展,采矿活动推动NPP向负向发展。1987-1998年采矿活动是推动NPP变化的主导因素,1998-2005年气候变化是推动NPP变化的主导因素,2005-2008年采矿活动成为推动NPP变化的主导因素,同时,随着采矿活动的加剧,采矿活动对NPP推动变成主导因素,并且推动NPP向负向发展的比例在增大。3)在采矿活动破坏区内,采矿活动对矿区生态环境的影响具有主导作用,主要表现为耕地NPP的大幅下降,通过土地复垦措施增加林地的NPP,可改变矿区生态环境的发展方向;在采矿活动的影响区内,气候变化对生态环境的影响具有主导作用。     

采矿迹地生态重建研究实例

探讨了采矿迹地生态重建的途径，首先分析了采矿迹地的水土流失特性，并根据研究区域的特点设计了沉沙池来测定采矿迹地的土壤蚀模数，最后设计出生物和工程措施对采矿迹地进行治理，结果表明，通过生物措施和工程措施相结合对采矿迹地进行治理，大大降低了该区的年土壤侵蚀量，年土壤侵蚀模数由原来的41905．33－5443．41t/(km^2.a)，降低至694.32t/(km^2.a)，已接近无明显流失状态，生物措施和工程措施相结合对采矿迹地水土流失进行治理是一个很有效的方法，不过生物措施只强调种草种树是不够的，而要在其上真有一定经济价值的果树，这样才能促进治理者对该区的持续治理。     

基本农田保护区内采矿废弃地的生态重建

首先区别了矿区废弃地恢复、复垦和生态重建3个概念;随后探讨了采矿废弃地生态重建的目标和措施;在分析中国现行技术存在问题的基础上,探讨了现阶段生态重建技术的研发与示范;最后提出了为进一步保护矿区内现有的基本农田和重建因采矿破坏的基本农田,还应加强矿区开采沉陷监测与预警的系统研究,构建采矿废弃地生态重建的政策保障体系,及探讨以土地整理项目促进采矿废弃地生态重建的可推广模式。     

兖济滕矿区地表塌陷遥感信息解译研究

采矿塌陷地的动态监测是矿区资源管理的重要方面,从遥感图像中提取采矿塌陷地是遥感应用于矿山资源环境监测的重要研究课题。根据兖济滕地区的各种塌陷地的特点,充分利用光谱特征、地学特征等信息,采用了波段阈值法、地理信息系统、模型法以及监督分类法等技术方法,建立了研究区塌陷动提取的技术体系。并对研究区进行遥感图像处理与专题信息提取,有效完成对兖济滕矿区塌陷地信息的提取和评价。     

矿区复田与农业生产和环境治理

通过在陕西省安康金矿和山西省中条山铜矿的复田试验，研究了工业采矿后水稻田特有土体构型的恢复措施和矿砂旱地不同覆土厚度及施肥措施对馥田后作物产量的影响，从而解决了工业采矿与农业生产和环境治理间的矛盾，具有广泛的推广价值。     

某铅锌矿开采区土壤镉的污染及有关界面过程

本文根据不同的采样设计 ,定量推算并证实了某铅锌矿区采矿裸露岩矿的加速风化过程、堆置于土壤上的采矿碎石和尾砂的雨水淋洗过程、采矿散发的含镉物质通过大气的回降过程以及有关的界面过程的存在 ,和对该矿区土壤镉污染的重要贡献 ,表明它们对土壤健康质量的损害确实起着十分重要的作用     

信丰县修复稀土矿区生态的技术措施及效益分析

信丰是个稀土资源大县,因采矿而造成的矿区水土流失十分严重。全县每年因采矿而造成的水土流失面积达2 468 hm2,排放尾沙达5 438万t。为复垦采矿迹地,采取了水土保持技术措施对稀土矿区进行了综合治理,其中工程措施主要有修筑塘坝、谷坊、拦沙坝等,植物措施主要有种植果树、栽植甘蔗、播种牧草和栽种灌木等。治理措施实施后,不仅废渣弃土下泄量得到了有效控制,而且经济效益和社会效益十分可观,矿区水土保持生态建设加速,县域经济也得到了发展。     

山区矿山水土流失对生态安全的影响及其治理对策

对山区因采矿破坏生态环境,引发剧烈的水土流失的原因和对生态安全的危害进行了分析,提出了其防治对策。     

复垦矿区土地利用类型变化对植被碳储量的影响

分析气候变化和人为因素对煤矿区生态环境的影响,可为复垦矿区的生态效益评价提供重要指导作用。本文以济宁某矿区为例,采用改进的CASA(Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach,CASA)模型估算矿区的碳储量,然后将碳储量作为衡量气候变化、采矿活动和土地复垦对矿区生态环境损失的指标,通过该指标实现气候变化、采矿活动和土地复垦的可比性。结果表明:1)研究区碳储量以2003年为节点,1987—2003年呈增长趋势,2003—2010年呈衰减趋势,2010—2014年呈增长趋势;2003年碳储量最高,为4 645.738 t,2014年碳储量为3 764.621 t;2)矿区植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)的变化是气候因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,气候变化对碳密度的扰动范围为2.832~9.465 g?m?2,采矿活动对碳密度的扰动范围为9.897~13.435 g?m?2,采矿活动和土地复垦共同作用对碳密度的扰动范围为11.132~12.839 g?m?2,人为因素对碳密度的扰动大于气候因素;3)采煤活动破坏了矿区的耕地和生态环境,碳储量大量流失,1987—1995年碳损失量为30.503 t,1995—2003年碳损失量为38.963 t,2003—2014年碳损失量为189.709 t;4)矿区碳储量受采矿活动影响较明显,但土地复垦可以有效恢复部分流失的碳量,矿区碳损失量最大恢复4.731%,一定程度上抑制采煤活动对矿区生态的破坏。因此,土地复垦可以缓解采矿造成的生态破坏,提高土地的生产力。     

基于复合指纹法的九乡河小流域泥沙来源解析

在一个农业和采矿活动较多的小流域,分析了不同用地类型,包括农田、林地、采矿用地等潜在泥沙来源的土壤及泥沙的地球化学性质特征,利用复合指纹和多元混合模型研究了流域输出泥沙的主要来源及相对贡献。研究表明:该方法对不同泥沙来源的正确判别率最高达到87.5%,模型拟合优度达0.93。各泥沙样品中来源于农田的相对贡献为25.3%~65.2%,来源于矿山用地的相对贡献为34.8%~74.7%,来源于林地的泥沙总体上不到0.1%。指纹识别技术在地表物质均一的小流域也能有效识别泥沙的来源。     

Ethanol Addition for Enhancing Denitrification at the Uranium Mill Tailing Site in Monument Valley,AZ

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Past mining and processing of uranium ore at a former uranium mining site near Monument Valley, AZ has resulted in nitrate contamination of groundwater. The...     

二乙三胺五醋酸萃取后污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cu的形态分布

以硫铜矿尾矿区域土壤和库区周边受污染的农田土壤为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取法研究了二乙三胺五醋酸(DTPA)萃取前后受污染土壤中的重金属Pb、Cu的形态变化。结果表明,两类污染土壤中的重金属Pb、Cu的形态分布各有差异,矿区土壤Pb、Cu主要以残渣态为主,农田土壤以有机结合态为主。在0.01molL-1浓度的条件下,DTPA对供试土壤Pb的萃取能力较其对Cu萃取能力强;经DTPA萃取后土壤中Pb、Cu的残渣态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、交换态的含量分别有所下降。两种类型土壤中Pb、Cu残渣态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、交换态变幅表现各异;矿区土壤和农田土壤中Cu的有机结合态含量有所增加,矿区土壤和农田土壤中Pb的有机结合态含量却表现各异,矿区土壤其含量有所增加,而农田土壤其含量却明显减少。     

生态脆弱区某铁矿采选项目生态恢复措施探讨

在介绍某铁矿采选项目的生态环境特征和生态破坏现状的基础上,提出了生态脆弱区铁矿采矿场和尾矿库的生态恢复布局要求和措施,并对铁矿生态恢复四个问题进行探讨,以供同仁参考。     

Transformation and contamination of soils in iron ore mining areas (a review)

Current concepts of soil transformation and contamination in iron ore mining areas have been reviewed. Changes of soils and ecosystems in the mining areas are among the largest-scale impacts of economic activity on the nature. Regularities in the radial differentiation, spatial distribution, and accumulation of heavy metals in soils of different natural zones are analyzed. The effects of mining technogenesis and gas–dust emissions from enterprises on soil microbial communities and fauna are considered. In zones of longterm atmotechnogenic impact of mining and processing plants, the stable state of ecosystems is lost and/or a new technoecosystem different from the natural one, with own microbial cenosis, is formed, where communities of soil organisms are in the stress state. In the ore mining regions, embriozems are formed, which pass through specific stages of technogenically-determined development, as well as technosols, chemozems, and technogenic surface formations with variable material compositions and properties. Technogenic soils and soil-like bodies form a soil cover differing from the initial one, whose complexity and contrast are not related to the natural factors of differentiation.     

钼矿开采对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白和土壤化学计量特性的影响

以不同开采程度钼矿区根际土壤为研究对象，探索了钼矿开采对土壤球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白、化学计量特性及其两者之间关系的影响。结果表明，开采区土壤碳、氮含量分别为25.30和1.00 g/kg，显著低于恢复区和未开采区土壤的碳、氮含量。开采区土壤的碳氮比达到29.36，分别是恢复区和未开采区的2.02倍和1.30倍。恢复区和未开采区土壤的总提取球囊霉素含量为2.81和3.64 mg/g，易提取球囊霉素含量为1.22和2.02 mg/g，分别是开采区土壤总提取和易提取球囊霉素的2.08倍、2.70倍和1.97倍、3.26倍。此外，土壤碳、氮含量对丛枝菌根真菌分泌球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白有显著的影响。可见，钼矿开采主要导致了土壤碳、氮的大量流失，并对丛枝菌根真菌分泌球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白具有明显的抑制作用。     

Soil and Sediment Geochemistry of the Iron Quadrangle, Brazil

Soils and sediments around gold ore deposit and mining sites in the Iron Quadrangle present positive As anomalies (median concentrations > 100 mg kg^-1) and wide ranges (< 20 to > 2000 mg kg^-1) even in densely populated areas. These anomalies can be related to geological structures, to hydrothermal ore deposits and to their continuous exploitation over the past three centuries. The paper presents new data on both As geochemistry and soil and sediment geochemistry in general, and discusses consequences of the encountered anomalies, their reasons and potential effects and how they compare with current screening and threshold values. While surface soil As-val-ues are reproducible at a given site, sediment anomalies show a strong seasonal variation that can be explained by tropical hydrologicai variances. Suggestions are presented on how to minimize the As-load in densely populated areas that might otherwise pose a potential health risk.     

Soil and sediment geochemistry of the iron quadrangle,Brazil the case of arsenic

Soils and sediments around gold ore deposit and mining sites in the Iron Quadrangle present positive As anomalies (median concentrations > 100 mg kg^-1) and wide ranges (< 20 to > 2000 mg kg^-1) even in densely populated areas. These anomalies can be related to geological structures, to hydrothermal ore deposits and to their continuous exploitation over the past three centuries. The paper presents new data on both As geochemistry and soil and sediment geochemistry in general, and discusses consequences of the encountered anomalies, their reasons and potential effects and how they compare with current screening and threshold values. While surface soil As-values are reproducible at a given site, sediment anomalies show a strong seasonal variation that can be explained by tropical hydrological variances. Suggestions are presented on how to minimize the As-load in densely populated areas that might otherwise pose a potential health risk.     

紫金山大型铜金矿动态开采水土保持措施补充整合探讨

针对紫金山矿区动态开采引起弃渣量、堆渣场等情况不断变化,给水土流失防治带来新困难和存在安全隐患问题,在深入调查矿区水土流失现状、特点、趋势基础上,分析了现有水土保持措施的安全有效性,提出了该矿的开采区、排土(石)场、堆浸场、道路等重点部位水土保持措施补充整合具体方案及有关建议,为该矿完善水土保持措施提供科学依据。     

Evaluation and source identification of trace element contamination of soils in the Qixia lead-zinc mining area,Jiangsu, China

Purpose

The Qixia mine is one of the largest lead-zinc mines in Eastern China and has been operational for approximately 60 years. Source identification for trace element contamination of soils in the Qixia mining area has been lacking. This report details the evaluation and source identification of trace element contamination (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Ni) of soils in this area.

Materials and methods

Thirty-three soil samples from roadsides and fields in the study area were collected and analyzed. The index of geo-accumulation (I _geo) was employed to evaluate contamination. Methods of multivariate statistical analysis were used to determine the probable sources of the pollutants.

Results and discussion

The analysis showed that the levels of contamination ranked in the following order: Cd > Pb/Zn> > As/Cu> > Hg > Cr/Ni. In the sampling area nearest the mine, soil samples collected from roadsides showed much higher levels of contamination than those collected from fields away from the roadways. Trace element contamination decreased as the distance from the mine increased. Contamination extended to a distance of approximately 700 m from mineral transportation routes, with the area of greatest impact at 200 m or less. Multivariate statistical analysis and ore composition data suggest that the Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As found in the soil samples originate from anthropogenic sources. Ni and Cr are considered to be at natural background concentrations.

Conclusions

This study distinguished between natural and anthropogenic sources of trace element contamination in the soils of the Qixia mining area. The contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As is linked to the mining activities and is likely due to the transportation of ore concentrates and tailings.     

Soil and Sediment Geochemistry of the Iron Quadrangle, Brazil The Case of Arsenic

Soils and sediments around gold ore deposit and mining sites in the Iron Quadrangle present positive As anomalies (median concentrations > 100 mg kg^-1) and wide ranges (< 20 to > 2000 mg kg^-1) even in densely populated areas. These anomalies can be related to geological structures, to hydrothermal ore deposits and to their continuous exploitation over the past three centuries. The paper presents new data on both As geochemistry and soil and sediment geochemistry in general, and discusses consequences of the encountered anomalies, their reasons and potential effects and how they compare with current screening and threshold values. While surface soil As-val-ues are reproducible at a given site, sediment anomalies show a strong seasonal variation that can be explained by tropical hydrologicai variances. Suggestions are presented on how to minimize the As-load in densely populated areas that might otherwise pose a potential health risk.