缓/控释尿素在稻田土壤中养分释放与转化特点及脲酶响应

采用田间应用试验方法,研究利用3种生化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)或3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMP)和N丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对尿素氮转化的协同作用、结合氮肥增效剂多肽(PA)或丙烯酸树脂包膜制成的缓/控释尿素肥料在北方粳稻土壤中养分释放与转化特点,明确肥料在北方稻田土壤中的缓/控释性能。结果表明:所用肥料在水田土壤中尿素态氮都能保持到水稻灌浆期,尿素有效性至少可达82d,2种生化抑制剂结合包膜肥料可达146d,完全可以满足水稻整个生长期的氮素供给,脲酶抑制剂NBPT及包膜层具有显著的缓/控释作用效果;而多肽活性物质在稻田土壤中无明显抑制尿素转化作用。在水稻生长前、中期,土壤铵态氮含量很高,完全能满足水稻对铵态氮的吸收,硝化抑制剂DCD或DMP和水田淹水土壤生态环境共同作用使土壤中铵态氮大量存在、硝态氮较少,总体上DMP作用效果优于DCD;所有肥料对水田土壤脲酶活性影响差异不大,PA没有起到保持土壤中大量的氮素养分和减少氮素损失的显著作用。     

缓释尿素氮肥在玉米苗期的养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验，模拟田间生态环境，研究施用不同种缓释氮素肥料玉米苗期上壤的尿素态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量。结果表明，施用硝化和脲酶抑制剂（DCD/NPBT）涂层尿素肥料的尿素态氮含量最高，为14．37mg／kg，延缓尿素转化效果明显；施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮含量最高，为102．08mg／kg。2种膜材料包膜硝化抑制剂（DCD）涂层尿素、包膜DCD／NPBT涂层尿素肥料的铵态氮含量都很高，在56．38～60．22mg／kg之间，而硝态氮含量都很低，DCD／NPBT涂层尿索肥料的硝态氮含量也很低，在28．0mg/kg左右。包膜抑制剂涂层尿素肥料对氮素养分的缓释效果优于只包膜尿素，包膜涂层2种抑制剂优于一种抑制剂，涂层2种抑制剂优于只涂层一种抑制剂；丙烯酸树脂包膜肥料的缓释性能强于醋酸酯淀粉包膜。     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤硝化、反硝化功能菌的影响

[目的]在农业生产中,脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)与硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)常作为氮肥增效剂来提高肥料利用率。本文研究了在我国南方红壤稻田施用脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂后,土壤中氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)以及反硝化细菌的丰度以及群落结构的变化特征,旨在揭示抑制剂的作用机理及其对土壤环境的影响。[方法]试验在我国南方红壤稻田进行,共设5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI),3次重复。脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂分别为NBPT[N-(n-butyl)thiophosphrictriamide,N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺]和DMPP(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate,3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)。通过荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)研究水稻分蘖期与孕穗期抑制剂对三类微生物标记基因拷贝数的影响,并分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮与三种菌群丰度的相关性;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DenaturingGradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)分析抑制剂对土壤AOB、AOA以及反硝化细菌群落结构的影响,并对优势菌群进行系统发育分析。[结果]1)荧光定量PCR结果表明,施用氮肥对两个时期土壤中AOB的amoA基因与反硝化细菌nirK基因的拷贝数均有显著提高,而对AOA的amoA基因始终没有明显影响;AOB与nirK反硝化细菌的丰度与两个时期的铵态氮含量、分蘖期的硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关,与孕穗期的硝态氮含量相关性不显著;DMPP仅在分蘖期显著减少了AOB的amoA基因拷贝数,表明DMPP主要通过限制AOB的生长来抑制稻田土壤硝化过程;NBPT对三类微生物的丰度无明显影响;2)DGGE图谱表明,在分蘖期与孕穗期,施用氮肥均明显增加了图谱中AOB的条带数,而对AOA却没有明显影响;氮肥明显增加了孕穗期反硝化细菌的条带数;与氮肥的影响相比,抑制剂NBPT与DMPP对AOA、AOB以及反硝化菌的群落结构影响甚微;系统发育分析结果表明,与土壤中AOB的优势菌群序列较为接近的有亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺菌。[结论]在南方红壤稻田中,施入氮肥可显著提高AOB与反硝化细菌的丰度,明显影响两种菌群的群落结构,而AOA较为稳定;NBPT对三类微生物的群落结构丰度无明显影响;硝化抑制剂DMPP可抑制AOB的生长但仅表现在分蘖期,这可能是其缓解硝化反应的主要途径;这也说明二者对土壤生态环境均安全可靠。     

氢醌、双氰胺组合影响稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放研究进展

稻田是大气中CH4和N2O的重要来源。大量氮肥的施入不仅影响稻田CH4和N2O排放,且易造成NH3挥发、NO2-和NO3-淋溶及N2O、N2等形式的氮损失。脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂通过缓解尿素水解及抑制硝化反硝化反应减少稻田N2O排放量,但对稻田CH4产生排放的影响报道不一。脲酶抑制剂氢醌(HQ)和硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)是近年来研究较多的组合。本文试图在前人研究的基础上,综述HQ和DCD的基本性质及作用机理,总结HQ/DCD组合在稻田生态系统的应用状况、使用效果及存在问题,并特别讨论了HQ/DCD施用对稻田CH4排放的影响机理,旨在为合理使用脲酶/硝化抑制剂、有效减缓稻田温室气体排放和提高氮肥利用率等方面提供理论依据。     

尿素氮在不同类型土壤中转化特征及其施用效果对生化抑制剂的响应

通过盆栽试验,研究脲酶抑制剂正丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)、硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)及其组合对黑土、棕壤、褐土中尿素氮素形态和玉米产量等因子的影响,为适宜黑土、棕壤、褐土的高效稳定性尿素肥料的研发提供理论依据。试验共设不施尿素(U0)、普通尿素(U)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(UN)、尿素+硝化抑制剂(UD)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(UND)5个处理。在玉米苗期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期、成熟期采集土壤样品,测定尿素氮、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO^3--N)含量,计算氮素表观利用率等指标。在玉米灌浆初期,测定玉米棒三叶叶面积和叶绿素含量,收获后考种,采集植物样品测定玉米植株生物量和全氮含量。试验结果表明,黑土中抑制剂处理较U处理玉米能够增产,且UD处理增产幅度最大,为U处理的1.50倍,氮素表观利用率提高2.12倍,黑土中NH4+-N含量显著提高62.11%～121.21%;棕壤中UN、UD处理玉米增产显著,且UD处理增产幅度最大,为U处理的0.36倍,氮素表观利用率提高2.79倍,土壤中NH4+-N含量显著提高43.13%～131.31%;褐土中抑制剂处理明显增产,且UND处理增产最多,为U处理的1.51倍,氮素表观利用率提高4.08倍,土壤中NH4+-N含量提高19.08%～262.25%。黑土和棕壤种植玉米应选择添加DCD制成的高效稳定性尿素肥料,褐土种植玉米应选择添加NPPT和DCD配施制成的高效稳定性尿素。     

硫脲在农业中的研究和应用

硫脲既是一种硝化抑制剂也是一种脲酶抑制剂。国外的一些研究表明,硫脲与尿素或硝铵尿素(UAN)配施能有效抑制土壤中尿素的水解、减少NH3挥发损失和延缓氮素的矿化过程,同时促进作物生长、增加作物产量。     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田氨挥发的影响

采用密闭室间歇通气法和15N标记技术研究了尿素施入稻田后氨挥发损失特征以及脲酶抑制剂(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺,NBPT)和硝化抑制剂(3, 4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐,DMPP)对稻田氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,稻田施用尿素后第4天氨挥发速率达到峰值,氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后21天内。与单施尿素处理相比,添加NBPT处理的氨挥发速率峰值降低27.04%,累积氨挥发损失量降低21.65%;NBPT与DMPP配施时,氨挥发速率峰值降低12.95%,累积氨挥发损失量降低13.58%;而添加DMPP时,氨挥发速率峰值增加23.61%,累积氨挥发损失量与单施尿素的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,地表水中铵态氮浓度和pH值与氨挥发速率均达极显著正相关,说明二者是影响氨挥发速率的主要因素,而气温、 地温和水温与氨挥发速率的相关性不显著。与单施尿素相比,添加脲酶抑制剂可显著增加稻谷产量。脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂配合施用可更有效地提高氮肥的回收率。综合降低氨挥发、 提高水稻产量及地上部氮肥回收率的效果,添加脲酶抑制剂以及脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂配施的两个处理效果较为理想,硝化抑制剂不宜单独添加。     

水田土壤氮转化相关因子对多年施用缓/控释尿素的响应

研究持续施用不同种缓/控释尿素肥料对棕壤水田基本化学性质、与氮转化相关酶以及微生物量等生物学活性的影响。采用7 a连续施用不同种缓/控释尿素肥料的水田定位试验,试验处理为单施尿素(U),添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、氢醌(HQ),硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、双氰胺(DCD)制成不同种缓释尿素肥料,以及硫包膜尿素肥料(SCU)和树脂包膜尿素肥料(PCU)。持续7 a施用缓/控释尿素肥料后,棕壤水田土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、有效磷呈下降趋势,速效钾、p H值呈上升趋势。SCU、PCU、HQ+DCD+U和NBPT+DMPP+U的铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量显著高于U,SCU、PCU和未施肥处理的硝态氮(NO3--N)含量显著高于U。未施肥处理和U的土壤脲酶活性低于其他的处理,PCU和SCU土壤硝化作用潜势大于其他处理。未施肥、HQ+U、HQ+DCD+U、NBPT+DMPP+U、PCU和SCU处理土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于U。持续施用缓/控释尿素肥料对土壤微生物量碳含量影响不大,未施肥处理土壤微生物量氮最高,持续施用缓/控释尿素肥料降低了棕壤水田土壤微生物活性。综合考虑土壤化学性质和土壤生物活性以及水田这个特殊环境,在棕壤水田中持续7 a施用SCU与PCU尿素肥料作用效果好于其他尿素肥料。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂双控过程中硝化抑制尿素分解效应

为了探明脲酶/硝化(脲酶抑制剂硼酸B/硝化抑制剂双氰胺DCD)双控过程中不同浓度的硝化抑制剂双氰胺(Dicyandiamide,DCD)对尿素分解转化的调控作用,采用室内恒温培养法,研究了脲酶抑制剂硼酸B和硝化抑制剂双氰胺DCD配合施用过程中,DCD在2%,5%,8%和13%这4个浓度时对脲酶/硝化双控剂的影响。研究表明,各脲酶/硝化双控剂处理均能不同程度减缓尿素水解,8%和13%DCD处理使尿素释放高峰期延迟7d,使NH4+-N含量从14d开始到培养结束保持较高水平,NH4+-N含量高达148.918和187.105mg/kg,有效抑制了NH4+-N向NO3--N的转化,减少硝酸盐的产生,培养结束时NO3--N含量为5.181~35.463mg/kg,作用时间可达到84d以上。其中DCD用量8%时土壤NH4+-N累积量最大,且变化平稳,NO3--N含量增幅最小,与其他处理相比缓控释效应十分理想。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂在土壤N转化过程中的作用

综述了脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对土壤氮的转化过程:尿素水解过程、硝化过程、硝酸盐淋溶过程、反硝化过程、微生物固持过程、N矿化过程及气体挥发过程的影响和抑制剂的作用机理,并提出今后研究的发展方向,为今后如何施用抑制剂来提高土壤中氮素利用率和减少环境污染提供一定的参考价值。     

丙烯酸树脂包膜尿素肥料研制及其控释效果

采用丙烯酸树脂为包膜材料,以NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）和DCD（双氰胺）为生化抑制剂,利用流化床对尿素进行涂层生化抑制剂及包膜,制备4种包膜肥料,对这些包膜肥料在水中的控释效果进行了研究。结果表明,采用此技术制备的包膜肥料,表面成膜完整,包膜物质在成膜时分布均匀、与尿素肥心接合紧密,表面光滑。NBPT和DCD与肥心结合严密,包膜层紧覆于抑制剂的外表。包膜可有效控制尿素的溶出,在水中的控释时间为19～30d。初期溶出率远远小于15％,微分溶出率基本上在0．25％～2．5％之间;在水中尿素累积溶出特征符合一元二次方程模型,尿素释放曲线呈“S”形。     

Response of turfgrass to urea-based fertilizers formulated to reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrate conversion

Stabilized urea fertilizers are currently being marketed for use in turfgrass, as a more efficient alternative to standard urea that minimizes adverse impacts on the environment. These fertilizers have been evaluated for reducing N losses and increasing grain yield in crop plants, but their effects in turf are not well characterized. The efficacy of two stabilized urea fertilizers containing urease and nitrification inhibitors, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide and dicyandiamide or butenedioc-methylenesuccinic acid copolymer, in reducing N losses was studied for a 56-day period in a mixed stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using ¹⁵?N-enriched fertilizers. Turf responded to a 49-kg ha^?1 N input with increased color, quality, and biomass production. No benefit of nitrification and urease inhibitors compared to urea was observed for clipping production, N use efficiency, or turfgrass color and quality. Though the efficacy of urease and nitrification inhibitors has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and for row crops, inhibitors appear to be of limited value for enhancing N use efficiency in turf.     

STUDIES ON THE MINERALIZATION OF UREA, COATED UREA, AND NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR TREATED UREA IN SOIL

A laboratory incubation study was conducted with a sandy clay loam soil (pH 7.8) at New Delhi to study the mineralization of urea, coated urea (sulphur-coated urea, shellac-coated urea), and urea treated with nitrification inhibitors (N-Serve, sulphathiazole) a general purpose microbicide (coal tar), and neem (a non edible oil-seed) cake. Coated fertilizers mineralized much slower than urea; urea-N from these materials remaining in soil after z weeks of incubation being two to three times that from untreated urea. However, most N from coated fertilizers was mineralized after 4 weeks. Nitrification inhibitors were quite effective in retarding the nitrification of urea; N-serve being much more effective than sulphathiazole. Neem cake and coal tar extract were less effective than sulphathiazole in controlling nitrification of urea but they did retard the nitrification of urea for z weeks.     

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers with and without gypsum

Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg⁻¹ to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.     

氮磷复(混)合肥料的氮素肥效

研究复合肥料中氮素的利用率、残留率、损失率、肥效和残效表明:在作基肥施用的条件下,复(混)肥料对春小麦籽粒的增产效果相同。春麦对肥料氮素的吸收利用取决于氮素的形态,尿素磷铵中的铵态氮利用率为35.0％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的铵态氮为31.4％,尿素磷铵中的尿素氮为28.1％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮为24.8％。硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮具有最高的土壤残留率(48.9％),尿素磷铵中的铵氮损失率最低(22.7％)。不同复(混)合肥均有明显残效,水稻的籽粒产量都高于对照,不同复(混)合肥之间差异不明显。水稻对残留氮的利用率不同复(混)合肥之间的差异也不明显。     

基于水基反应成膜技术的聚合物包膜肥料的研制

以3种水基硅丙乳液(SD-528、SD-5281和GA-1710)为材料,利用水基反应成膜技术对这3种材料进行化学改性,制备了聚合物包膜肥料模型膜;研究了模型膜的养分扩散性能,在此基础上研制了水基聚合物包膜肥料;测定了包膜肥料养分释放曲线,并利用红外光声光谱对聚合物膜进行原位表征.结果表明,通过化学交联改性,硅丙基模型膜具有优良的成膜性和扩散性能,不同的乳液对包膜尿素的缓释效果影响显著;GA-1710和SD-528的缓释效果较好,在静态水中的释放时间可达到30 d,而SD-5281缓释性能较差,需要做进一步的化学改性;不同的乳液类型制备的包膜尿素的释放模式也不同,GA-1710累积释放曲线为"S"型,而SD-528为"L"型.因此,利用反应成膜技术,硅丙乳液在水基包膜肥料的研制中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Evaluation of Methods for Control of Ammonia Volatilization from Surface-Applied Nitrogen Fertilizers to Sugarcane Trash in North Queensland

Micrometeorological and microplot experiments were conducted in the field of freshly harvested green cane in Queensland,Australia.Results showed that high ammonia loss of fertilizer N could occur under relatively dry conditions when urea or commercial product of mixture of urea and muriate of potash were applied to the surface of sugarcane trash.The moisture content in the trash and the pH of fertilizer were two important factors controlling the processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization.Most of the N in the soil was transformed to the nitratel-nitrite from after 70 days of fertilizer application.No significant leaching was found.Urea-free N fertilizers had higher N recoveries compared to urea-containing fertilizers.     

Efficiency of Urea,Nitrification Inhibitor treated Urea and Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizers for Sugarcane

A field experiment conducted for two crop seasons (1976-77 and 1977-78) showed that the treatment of urea with nitrification inhibitor Nitrapyrin (also refered as ‘N-Serve’) or neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cake increased its efficiency by preventing N losses and produced significantly more cane. In one of the years sulphur coated urea (Gold N) at lower rate (75 kg N/ha) gave higher sucrose content in juice and significantly more commercial cane sugar (CCS) than uncoated urea. Considering both the cane yield and CCS production mixing or coating of urea with neem cake holds considerable promise and needs wider testing along with and in comparison to nitrification inhibitors and sulphur coated urea and other slow release fertilizers for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen applied to sugarcane.     

锌腐酸肥料对冬小麦群体、产量及品质的影响

通过大田微喷灌节水灌溉方式研究锌腐酸肥料对冬小麦群体、产量及品质的影响。采用磷肥种类为锌腐酸磷酸二铵和普通磷酸二铵;氮肥种类为锌腐酸尿素和普通尿素;不施肥为对照。结果表明:底施普通尿素和磷酸二铵处理的拔节期总茎数和单株茎数均较高;底施普通尿素和磷酸二铵,拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素产量最高,达6 730.5 kg/hm~2。拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素处理的籽粒产量均高于追施普通尿素,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;底施锌腐酸尿素和锌腐酸磷酸二铵,追施锌腐酸尿素的小麦籽粒品质指标最高,拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素的提质效果优于普通尿素。     

Ammonia volatilization from ammonium sulphate,ammonium nitrate,and urea surface applied to winter wheat on a calcareous soil

Abstract

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization losses from surface‐applied ammonium sulphate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), and urea to winter wheat and the effects of the NBPT [N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide], PG (Phospho‐gypsum), and PR (byproduct‐Pyrite) were determined in a field experiment. Effects on grain yield and protein content of the grain were also measured. Total NH₃ losses from AS, AN, and urea varied from 13.6–19.5%, 4.4–6.4%, and 3.9–12.0% depending on the compounds and their levels added to nitrogen (N) fertilizers, respectively. The compounds added to AS and AN increased NH₃‐N losses with respect to unamended fertilizers (control). On the other hand, while urea treatments with two tons of PG/ha increased NH₃ losses, the other compounds decreased the losses. The highest reductions of NH₃ loss were observed with NBPT 0.50% and NBPT 0.25% by 63.4% and 52.8%, respectively. Although the effect of nitrogeneous fertilizers on total N losses and protein content of wheat grain was found statistically significant (p<0.01), as the compounds applied with N fertilizers have had no significant effect. Also, a negative and highly significant correlation (r = ‐0.69???) was found between total N loss and protein content of the grain.