The effects of spatial variability of land use on stream water quality in a costal watershed

Researchers generally accept that land use types within a watershed closely relate with the water quality characteristics of streams. Despite numerous studies investigating the relationships between water quality and land use, there are increasing concerns about the geographical variation and lack of spatial integration in previous studies. We investigated the relationships between land use and water quality characteristics including biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and Escherichia coli in the Wha-Ong estuarine reservoir watershed in Korea, which has spatially integrated land uses. Residential and paddy areas appear to be positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with degraded water quality. The spatial variations of these relationships were also examined using zonal analysis. Some results contrasted with those of previous studies that were conducted mostly in developed Western countries and may reflect the different land use intensities and agricultural practices in Korea. Relationships across zones, distinguished by distances from streams, were inconsistent and erratic, suggesting that the relationships between remote land uses and water quality may be affected more significantly by sub-basin characteristics than by the land use itself. The geographical differences and spatial variations found in this study indicate that caution must be taken in generalizing the relationship between land use and water quality.     

Soil water dynamics,herbage production and water use efficiency of three tropical grasses: Implications for use in a variable summer‐dominant rainfall environment,Australia

In the moist mid‐latitudes of eastern Australia, soil water dynamics, herbage production and water use efficiency (WUE) were monitored during 2006–2008, for five perennial pastures: digit grass (Digitaria eriantha), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), forest bluegrass (Bothriochloa bladhii), native grass (Bothriochloa macra and Rytidosperma bipartita dominant), lucerne (Medicago sativa); and two forage crops: oat (Avena fatua) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Ground cover formed more quickly in Rhodes grass and lucerne (>70% ground cover in 120 and 175 days after sowing [DAS] respectively) than in forest bluegrass and digit grass (245 and 365 DAS respectively). Values of maximum extractable water (MEW) for Rhodes grass and lucerne were similar (180–242 mm), while values for digit grass and forest bluegrass (129–175 mm) were equal to or greater than those for native grass, and two annual forage crops (77–144 mm). Lucerne expressed the maximum root depth (1.46 m), while values for the tropical grasses (0.96–1.39 m) were greater than native grasses and forage crops (0.87–0.96 m). Native grasses (6.5–12 t DM/ha) had the lowest herbage production, which resulted in values of WUE that were significantly less than most other treatments (16–21 vs. 23–43 kg DM ha^?1 mm^?1). Digit grass (33–34 kg DM ha^?1 mm^?1) had higher WUE compared with the other tropical grasses (20–27 kg DM ha^?1 mm^?1). The data collected here suggest that a forage system comprising digit grass, lucerne and forage oat would provide high production and WUE in this environment.     

Effects of integrated pest management, biological control and prophylactic use of insecticides on the management and sustainability of soybean

This study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic use of insecticides (PUI) in comparison with integrated pest management (IPM) and biological control (BC) strategies. Five replicated experiments were carried out independently in two Brazilian soybean-producing states, Goiás and Paraná, where those pest-control strategies were evaluated during two consecutive growing seasons. The evaluated treatments were integrated pest management (IPM); prophylactic use of insecticides (PUI), a practice that has been increasingly adopted by soybean growers in Brazil as well as in other Latin American countries; biological control (BC) and the control (C), which involved no pest treatment. Although the pest infestation rates in the BC and IPM treatments were higher than that in the PUI treatment, crop productivity, in general, was similar among these treatments and differed only from the control with no pest treatment. These results indicate that the prophylactic use of insecticides on soybeans does not result in higher productivity in the field and that this practice merely requires larger amounts of pesticides, which can impair the sustainability of the soybean crop. Therefore, the use of IPM still remains the best alternative for pest management in soybean fields.     

水肥优化管理对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

为筛选出适合渭北旱塬冬小麦生产的高产栽培技术模式,通过田间试验,以只施磷钾肥处理为对照,设置2种农户模式和5种水肥优化模式,研究优化施氮、补灌、秸秆覆盖、配施有机肥等措施集成的水肥管理模式对渭北旱塬冬小麦群体动态、干物质积累、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,冬小麦由苗期开始群体数量不断增加,至返青期达到最大值,然后开始下降。小麦干物质积累呈"慢-快-慢"变化趋势,以拔节至灌浆期积累最快。优化模式的全生育期干物质积累量较农户模式、对照分别提高21.8%和31.0%。在8个处理中,优化模式3-2[基施纯氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)、有机肥分别为87、120、45和30 000kg·hm-2,拔节期追氮43kg·hm-2,秸秆覆盖为4 500kg·hm-2,拔节初期灌水65mm]产量最高,为6 372.42kg·hm-2,比农户模式和对照分别增产23.5%和85.6%,是渭北旱塬南部有限灌溉条件下最适宜的冬小麦栽培技术模式。优化模式的有效穗数和穗粒数比农户模式分别增加5.8%～18.8%和3.6%～19.1%,是其增产的主要原因。     

寒地水稻稻瘟病和褐变穗综合防治效果研究

为更有效的防治水稻稻瘟病和褐变穗,特进行此试验,结果表明,防治效果最好的药剂为2%加收米液+3.5%多抗霉素+25%咪鲜胺,并通过降低此类病害的发病率达到增产的目的,采用2%加收米液+3.5%多抗霉素+25%咪鲜胺的处理实际产量为658.9 kg/667 m~2,较空白对照增产10%。     

优化栽培模式对水稻根-冠生长特性、水氮利用效率和产量的影响

【目的】探明优化栽培模式对水稻根冠发育以及产量与肥水利用效率的影响。【方法】以甬优1540(三系籼/粳杂交稻)为材料,设置3个处理：0N(空白)栽培模式、当地农户习惯栽培模式(对照)以及优化栽培模式。【结果】优化栽培处理两年的平均产量为11.5 t/hm²,与对照差异不显著;但其氮肥偏生产力、产谷利用率以及水分利用率较对照显著提高。与对照相比,优化栽培处理改善了水稻根系形态与生理特征,降低了根系生物量与根-冠比,提高了深根比与比根长,增加了齐穗期与灌浆中期根系活跃吸收表面积,提高了灌浆中后期根系氧化力与根系伤流液中玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)的浓度。此外,与对照相比,优化栽培处理显著提高了灌浆中后期剑叶净光合速率、叶片中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性。【结论】优化与集成现有栽培技术,可以改善水稻根系形态与生理特征,提高地上部生理活性,进而实现肥水利用效率的提高。     

Limited impacts of extensive human land use on dominance,specialization, and biotic homogenization in boreal plant communities

Background

Niche theory predicts that human disturbance should influence the assembly of communities, favouring functionally homogeneous communities dominated by few but widespread generalists. The decline and loss of specialists leaves communities with species that are functionally more similar. Evenness of species occupancy declines, such that species become either widespread of rare. These patterns have often been observed, but it is unclear if they are a general result of human disturbance or specific to communities that are rich in species, in complex, spatially heterogeneous environments where the problem has often been investigated. We therefore tested whether human disturbance impacts dominance/evenness of species occupancy in communities, specialism/generalism of species, and functional biotic homogenization in the spatially relatively homogeneous, species poor boreal forest region of Alberta, Canada. We investigated 371 boreal vascular plant communities varying 0 – 100% in proportion of human land use.

Results

Rank species occupancy curves revealed high species dominance regardless of disturbance: within any disturbance class a few species occupied nearly every site and most species were found in a low proportion of sites. However, species were more widespread and displayed more even occupancy in intermediately disturbed communities than among communities of either low or high disturbance. We defined specialists and generalists based on turnover in co-occupants and thereby assessed impacts of human disturbance on specialization of species and community homogenization. Generalists were not disproportionately found at higher disturbance sites, and did not occupy more sites. Communities with greater human disturbance were not more functionally homogeneous; they did not harbor communities with more generalists.

Conclusions

We unexpectedly did not observe strong linkages between species specialism/generalism and disturbance, nor between community homogenization and disturbance. These results contrast previous findings in more species rich, complex or spatially heterogeneous systems and ecological models. We suggest that broad occupancy-based intercommunity patterns are insensitive to human land use extent in boreal vascular plants, perhaps because of ubiquity of generalists, low species richness, and history of natural disturbance. The poor sensitivity of these metrics to disturbance presents challenges for monitoring and managing impacts to biodiversity in this region.     

氮水运筹对苏北平原稻茬麦干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用的影响

为明确苏北平原稻茬麦的最优氮水运筹模式,以淮麦30为材料,在大田测土施肥条件下,设置0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、270 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮量和生育期不灌水（W₀）、灌拔节水（W₁）、灌拔节水+孕穗水（W₂）3个灌水处理,研究小麦干物质积累与转运、产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对不同氮水运筹的响应。结果表明,小麦干物质积累量、转运量和转运效率,氮素积累量、转运量和转运效率,花后干物质贡献率及氮素贡献率均随施氮量和灌水次数的增加而增加,各处理均以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥和灌水次数的增加对小麦成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量、氮素收获指数与氮素利用效率均有显著促进作用,以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量增加而降低,以N₁W₂效果最佳;在相同氮肥水平下,灌水处理的上述三个指标较不灌水处理高。对本试验条件下各测定指标,氮肥在氮水运筹中起主导作用,且氮肥和灌水有显著的互作效应。综上,在苏北平原稻茬麦区,施氮量180 kg·hm^-2结合浇灌拔节水和孕穗水（W₂）的氮水模式可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运与分配、促进增产的同时,提高氮肥利用效率,从而实现节氮增产的目标。     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

Mineral nutrition and water use patterns of a maize/cowpea intercrop on a highly acidic soil of the tropic semiarid

Due to global warming, water is expected to become scarce especially in semiarid regions. Therefore, there is a need to increase the efficiency in water use by crops under rainfed agriculture. The effect of nutrient availability on the growth, production, root development, water relations and water use efficiency (WUE) by the intercrop maize/cowpea was investigated in 2 contrasting years (dry and wet) in the semiarid region of Brazil. The crops were grown on a strongly acidic, sandy soil with three treatments: (i) application of NPK fertilizers plus lime (NPK + lime), (ii) application of NPK fertilizers (NPK) and (ii) control (Contr.) in low and high input regimes. The soil water balance was calculated with the crop model EPICSEAR. Application of fertilizers and lime increased biomass production and grain yield of the intercrop up to 400% and 550%, respectively, and maize suffered more from the effects of low nutrient availability and soil acidity than cowpea. The root development of both crops was strongly improved by the application of NPK and lime and cowpea developed a deeper root system which enabled this crop to keep a higher transpiration rate in the dry year. As a consequence of the shallow root system, maize was prone to water stresses caused by the dry spells and its harvest index was reduced when dry spells occurred during flowering and grain filling.     

Rice spikelet rot disease in China - 2. Pathogenicity tests, assessment of the importance of the disease, and preliminary evaluation of control options

In recent years, a rice panicle disease—rice spikelet rot, occurred seriously in large rice-growing area in China, causing the rice grains discolor, unfilled and deform. It does not only influence the rice yield, because of the colored pathogens and toxigenic, but also changes the appearance of the rice and reduces its quality. Spikelet rot disease influences on the rice production and market price, and causes harm to the safety and health of human and livestock. This paper makes effort to elucidate the occurrence, epidemic regularity of the disease, the pathogenicity of isolates. Fungicides to control the disease were preliminarily selected in lab and control efficiency test were conducted in field. The investigation results indicate that japonica varieties and their hybrid combination, tighten panicle varieties are easier to be infected by the disease than that of the indica rice varieties with loosen panicles. It was propitious to the disease occurrence and epidemic when rice late booting to flowering period met the overcast, rainy (high humidity) and warm (25-33 °C) climate. Indoor selection results showed that ketotriazole shows very good restraint effect on the pathogens. Seed treating with fungicide, spraying ketotriazole, carbendazim + thiram mixture or tricyclazole at later booting and/or flowering stage can reached over 70% control efficiency to the disease.     

Impact of long-term frozen storage on the dynamics of water and ice in wheat bread

Frozen storage of bread has a substantial impact on the dynamics of water and ice in the crumb and crust. In this study, the impact was characterized using wheat bread stored at −18 °C for a long term of ∼4 months. The frozen bread incurred a considerable loss of the crumb water that migrated out and formed ice crystals on the bread surface. Such a moisture decrease underwent more rapidly for the bread stored without intact crust, suggesting the specific role of crust during frozen storage. Moisture also redistributed significantly within the frozen crumb, resulting in an elevated crumb heterogeneity of freezable water. This redistribution of freezable water was accompanied by a progressive recrystallization of the crumb-borne ice crystals, which were measured to grow into bulk sizes using a modified calorimetric procedure for analyzing the crumb samples at their as-frozen states.     

不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦田耗水特性及水氮利用效率的影响

为给滴灌超高产冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,采用水、氮两因素三水平的田间裂区试验(灌水量设1 125、2 250和2 700m3·hm-2三个水平,分别用W_1、W_2和W_3表示;施氮量设0、180和270kg·hm~(-2)三个水平,分别用N_0、N_1和N_2表示),研究了9个水氮处理对麦田0~140cm土层耗水量、冬小麦品种新冬41号群体叶面积指数、干物质和产量及水、氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,增加滴灌量直接提高了0~60cm土层含水量,间接减少了小麦对60~140cm土层储水的消耗量,增加了麦田总耗水量;施氮量对土壤含水量影响不显著。在相同水分条件下,增加施氮量提高了小麦产量;而仅在N_2条件下,滴灌量显著影响产量,W_2和W_3的产量均显著高于W_1,但W_2和W_3间差异不显著;加大滴灌量或施氮量均增加孕穗至成熟期间群体叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累量,减少花前营养器官储存物质的转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率,增加花后物质生产对籽粒产量的贡献率和产量,降低灌溉水利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率;适宜水氮组合较单灌水或单施氮处理增产更显著,并同时提高水、氮利用效率,以W_2N_2、W_3N_2组合产量较高(9 051.9、9 189.6kg·hm~(-2))。综合产量和成本,春季总滴灌量2 250 m~3·hm~(-2)(拔节期、孕穗期、开花期各750m3·hm-2)、总施氮量270kg·hm~(-2)(拔节期90kg·hm~(-2)、孕穗期180kg·hm~(-2))的水氮组合为北疆滴灌冬小麦超高产田水氮运筹的适宜模式。     

Comparing the interactive effects of water and nitrogen on durum wheat and barley grown in a Mediterranean environment

The understanding of the interactive effect of water and N availability, associated with the ability of crops to efficiently use these resources, is a crucial issue for stabilizing cereal production in Mediterranean areas. A 3-year side by side experiment on durum wheat and barley, under different water regimes and nitrogen levels, was carried out in a typical Mediterranean environment of Southern Italy, to identify the outstanding features of these species that contribute to enhanced grain yield and improved water and nitrogen use efficiency.     

辽西半干旱区膜下滴灌条件下对花生田土壤微生物量碳、产量及WUE的影响

在辽西半干旱区膜下滴灌条件下,以花生品种阜花12号为材料,研究膜下不同水肥滴灌量对花生土壤微生物量碳、产量及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌可适当提高土壤微生物量碳含量;苗期灌水1次,花针期和饱果期分别灌水3次时,在整个生育期水肥滴灌量偏多,其产量低于较之灌水量少的两个处理,且WUE较低;苗期不灌水,仅在花针期和饱果期分别灌水1次时,其产量与WUE相对较高。说明本地区膜下滴灌量应根据当年降水量灵活掌握,雨水相对偏多的年份可少量滴灌,分别在花针期与饱果期滴灌一次（10m^3／667m^2）,并随水追肥满足花生生育中后期的营养需求;在春早年份苗期也可滴灌一次达到保全苗的目的。     

水氮运筹对滴灌冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为探究水氮运筹对滴灌冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的效应,于2019—2021年开展了连续2年小麦田间试验,设置2个施氮水平210（N₁）和240（N₂）kg·hm^-2,4个灌水处理W₁（不灌水）、W₂（每次30 mm）、W₃（每次45 mm）、W₄（每次60 mm）,分析不同处理小麦产量及水氮利用率相关指标。结果表明,2019—2021年,施氮量和灌水量对冬小麦抽穗期、扬花期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率的影响为极显著（P<0.01）或显著（P<0.05）,且三个生育时期均以N₂W₄ 处理最高,与N₁W₄和N₂W₃处理间没有显著差异;三个生育时期的土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均以N₂W₃、N₁W₄或N₂W₄处理最低。小麦越冬期、灌浆期和成熟期土壤铵态氮与产量和氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）均呈显著或极显著负相关;抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期土壤硝态氮与产量和NPFP均呈显著或极显著负相关。2个年度,水氮运筹较对照显著提高了冬小麦的产量和水氮利用效率,产量增幅分别为38.9%~62.0%和40.9%~68.3%,水分利用效率（WUE）增幅分别为8.0%~15.7% 和10.1%~16.4%,NPFP增幅分别为38.9%~62.0%和40.9%~65.5%;冬小麦产量和WUE均以N₂W₄处理最高,N₂W₃处理次之,两者间没有显著性差异;但N₂W₃处理的水分利用效率均显著高于N₂W₄处理。综上,在本试验条件下,施氮量240 kg·hm^-2、每次灌水45 mm（N₂W₃）为该地区滴灌冬小麦最佳水氮运筹组合,可以实现保障产量和提高水氮利用效率的目标。     

天敌对稻飞虱的控制作用及其种群田间消长规律

针对目前辽宁省稻飞虱发生频繁、为害严重等现状,通过调查研究摸清稻飞虱不同种类的危害发生规律,以及稻飞虱天敌种类及其田间消长规律。这些调查研究,可为通过生态调节增强稻田天敌的作用和控制稻飞虱的为害提供理论和实践指导,从而控制或减少稻飞虱的暴发。     

水肥耦合对干热河谷冬春番茄产量及其品质的影响

干热河谷等热区以其充足的光照及相对较高的温度为冬春季蔬菜生产提供了重要条件,合理的水肥管理是保障区域蔬菜产业可持续发展及农业环境安全的重要举措.为提高西南热区特色作物水肥管理能力,巩固北方冬春蔬菜供应链,设置不同灌溉量(4469.10、2253.60、1806.70 m3/hm2)和施氮量(240、210、180、...     

种植密度和灌溉量对西辽河平原春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

在内蒙古通辽市辽河镇浅埋滴灌水肥一体化条件下,以DK159为研究对象,设置6.0万株/hm²(D1,CK,农民常规种植密度)和9.0万株/hm²(D2)两种种植密度处理和45 mm(I₄₅)、90 mm(I₉₀)、180 mm(I₁₈₀)、270 mm(I₂₇₀)、360 mm(I₃₆₀)、450 mm(I₄₅₀,CK,农民常规灌溉量)6个灌溉量水平,研究种植密度和灌溉量对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,9.0万株/hm²密度下在360 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高的WUE;6.0万株/hm²密度下在270 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高WUE。与传统生产方式(D1-I₄₅₀处理)相比,D1-I₂₇₀处理的产量无显著降低,灌溉量降低40.0%,蒸散量减少19.7%,WUE提高25.1%;D2-I     

Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control,weed seed rain and crop yield in maize,sunflower and soyabean

Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy.