我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状与趋势分析

植物免疫诱导技术是近年来发展十分快速的新领域,本文从具有植物免疫诱导作用的蛋白质、壳寡糖和微生物诱导菌等方面介绍了我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状,阐述了植物免疫诱导剂的作用机理及诱导和提高植物免疫抗病的作用,分析了植物免疫诱导剂蛋白质生物农药、壳寡糖生物农药及微生物诱抗剂的发展趋势及应用前景。     

壳寡糖诱导植物抗病性研究进展

壳寡糖是由2-10个氨基葡糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的低聚糖,具有多种生物学活性。本文对壳寡糖诱导的植物抗病性及其诱导植物抗性机理进行了评述。     

β-葡寡糖诱导植物抗病性的研究进展

β-葡寡糖作为一种植物激发子,可高效诱导植物产生抗病性,因此被普遍认为是一种病原物相关的分子模式.其作用的发挥主要是通过与细胞膜上的受体相互识别,引起受体构象改变产生跨膜信号,再经过一系列的胞内信号传导,调控防卫基因的表达,积累次生代谢产物,诱导植物抗性来实现.诱抗活性不仅受到寡糖聚合度和化学修饰基团的影响,而且植物对于结构上有差异的β-葡寡糖激发子的识别也是大相径庭.本文就β-葡寡糖诱导植物产生抗病性的研究进展进行了综述.     

寡糖诱导植物防卫反应的信号转导

寡糖作为一种生物类激发子,可以诱导植物产生防卫反应,提高植物的抗病性,从而抵御病原物的入侵。本文就寡糖的种类、特点及诱导植物防卫反应信号转导等方面作一评述。     

植物病原细菌Ⅲ型效应子的双向作用

病原细菌Ⅲ型效应子对寄主植物防卫反应的抑制和诱导决定了互作中植物抗(感)病性状。本文概述了植物病原菌Ⅲ型效应子抑制和诱导寄主植物防卫反应的双向作用,所涉及的抑制和诱导作用主要包括植物过敏反应、植物细胞壁介导的防卫反应以及植物抗病信号介导的抗性反应等。本文还对植物病原菌Ⅲ型效应子双向作用的研究和应用进行了展望。     

具有农业生物活性壳寡糖的研究进展

壳寡糖是一类由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖或氨基葡萄糖通过β-(1,4)-糖苷键连接起来的低聚合度水溶性的糖类,在食品、医药、化妆品等方面具有广泛用途。主要评述了壳寡糖在植物生长调节(诱导抗性)、杀菌作用以及杀虫活性方面的应用,表明壳寡糖是一种对环境友好的、良好的生物源农药。     

木寡糖提高拟南芥抗病性

木寡糖是一种植物源寡糖,对动物体的生理功能多且显著,而其是否作为寡糖素诱发植物防卫尚不明确.本文分析了不同浓度木寡糖诱导拟南芥植株对不同营养型病原的抗性.结果表明,木寡糖能诱发拟南芥对半活体病原细菌丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种、活体病原烟草花叶病毒和死体病原真菌核盘菌的抗性,且具有剂量依赖效应,随着木寡糖浓度的提高到100...     

几丁类寡糖构效关系及植物免疫诱导活性研究进展

自然界中产量巨大的几丁质降解得到的几丁类寡糖,已被发现具有多样生物活性,在农业、健康、食品等诸多行业已有诸多应用,尤其在植物保护方面,相关产品展现出良好免疫诱导抗病、抗虫、抗逆活性,结合其天然无毒、环境友好的特点,符合国家"双减"政策需求,农业生产应用潜力巨大。随着对几丁类寡糖研究及寡糖结构分析技术的不断发展,其结构的复杂性逐渐被揭示,特定结构与生物活性的关系日渐明确。伴随生产工艺技术水平的提高,现有几丁类寡糖产品存在的生产工艺落后、构效关系不明确等问题亟待研究解决。具有明确结构特征、更高生物活性的寡糖将成为下一代产品的开发方向。本文从几丁类寡糖分类定义、生产工艺、植物免疫诱导活性和构效关系等四个方面,介绍近年来几丁类寡糖的研究进展。     

植物寄生线虫效应子研究进展

植物寄生线虫是一类专性活体营养寄生物,在植物根部维管束细胞附近诱导形成取食位点,与植物形成稳定的寄生关系,严重影响植物的生长发育,最终导致植物大幅度减产,甚至绝收。为长期、有效地防控植物寄生线虫,对线虫寄生、致病机制及其与植物的相互作用模式进行研究显得尤为重要。效应子在线虫整个寄生阶段中起着关键作用。近些年,线虫效应子的鉴定、功能、线虫效应子与植物相互作用模式等方面的研究取得了重要进展。本文主要针对病原物与寄主植物的相互作用模型、植物寄生线虫效应子鉴定、功能及线虫效应子与寄主植物的相互作用等方面的研究进展进行简单概述。     

首届中国植物保护学会科学技术奖获奖成果介绍 农作物重要病害新型生物农药应用基础研究（二等奖）

本项成果是我国自主研制的植物激活蛋白、壳寡糖、纹曲宁、木霉菌微生态菌剂、内生芽孢杆菌微生态制剂5种新型生物农药近年应用基础研究成果。5种生物农药均具有诱导植物产生抗病性的功能,分别对我国目前农业生产上难以控制的花叶病毒病、保护地和蔬菜苗期枯萎病、水稻纹枯病和稻曲病、作物重茬病等病害表现出良好的控制效果。为了发展诱导植物抗性生物农药,优化这5种新生物农药产品的质量,     

植物组成型防御对植食性昆虫的影响

植物在长期适应复杂生境的过程中,形成了多种自身固有的防御机制.对于植食性昆虫而言,植物固有的防御系统主要涉及植物的形态特性和次生代谢产物,其防御机制包括了组成防御机制和诱导防御机制.本文从植物的毛、蜡质、叶型、叶色等几个方面探讨了植物形态特性对昆虫的影响,以及挥发性次生代谢物和非挥发性次生代谢物对植食性昆虫的影响,阐释了植物组成型防御与植食性昆虫的关联性及其机理.最后,对植物组成型防御在生产上的应用前景进行了探讨.     

组蛋白修饰调控植物水杨酸信号转导的研究进展

真核生物中组蛋白翻译后共价修饰直接影响染色质空间结构变化,调控相关基因表达,在植物胁迫应答过程中起重要作用。水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)作为植物中关键信号分子,诱导多种病毒、真菌及细菌病害抗性。本文简要介绍了植物细胞对病原菌的感知、转导信号产生与防御系统激活机制,着重阐述了组蛋白甲基化、乙酰化、SUMO化修饰、组蛋白变体H2A.Z等如何参与调控水杨酸转导途径应答基因的转录表达。     

蚜虫唾液主要成分及其在寄主和害虫互作中的作用

刺吸式害虫唾液里的某些成分通常是植物诱导反应中一些共有的或特异性诱导信号物质。本文综述了蚜虫取食、唾液的主要成分和取食诱发的植物防御信号传导途径,例如水杨酸途径、茉莉酸/乙烯途径,以及唾液诱导使植物防御因子上调效应的分子检测方法;同时还展望了蚜虫唾液研究的应用前景。     

Application of Rhizobacteria for Induced Resistance

This article provides a review of experiments conducted over a six-year period to develop a biological control system for insect-transmitted diseases in vegetables based on induced systemic resistance (ISR) mediated by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Initial experiments investigated the factors involved in treatment with PGPR led to ISR to bacterial wilt disease in cucumber caused by Erwinia tracheiphila. Results demonstrated that PGPR-ISR against bacterial wilt and feeding by the cucumber beetle vectors of E. trachiphiela were associated with reduced concentrations of cucurbitacin, a secondary plant metabolite and powerful beetle feeding stimulant. In other experiments, PGPR induced resistance against bacterial wilt in the absence of the beetle vectors, suggesting that PGPR-ISR protects cucumber against bacterial wilt not only by reducing beetle feeding and transmission of the pathogen, but also through the induction of other plant defense mechanisms after the pathogen has been introduced into the plant. Additional greenhouse and field experiments are described in which PGPR strains were selected for ISR against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato mottle virus (ToMoV). Although results varied from year to year, field-grown tomatoes treated with PGPR demonstrated a reduction in the development of disease symptoms, and often a reduction in the incidence of viral infection and an increase in tomato yield. Recent efforts on commercial development of PGPR are described in which biological preparations containing industrial formulated spores of PGPR plus chitosan were formulated and evaluated for use in a transplant soil mix system for developing plants that can withstand disease attack after transplanting in the field.     

木霉菌诱导植物抗病性研究新进展

木霉菌是广泛应用于植物病害生物防治的微生物,具有多重植物病害生物防治机制,其中关于诱导抗性的研究取得明显进展。木霉菌能产生20余种微生物相关分子模式/损伤相关分子模式(MAMPs/DAMPs)分子,植物根系有相对应的大约30种受体或响应基因。木霉菌通过定殖植物根系使MAMPs/DAMPs与植物根系受体或响应基因互作,触发水杨酸、苿莉酸/乙烯等防御反应信号长距离传导至植物叶片,诱导植物叶片防御反应基因表达。将木霉菌诱导的植物转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组变化的信息相结合,能全面反映木霉菌?植物有益互作所激发的诱导抗病性的分子机理。     

双核丝核菌诱导水稻增强广谱抗病性和防卫酶系活性

 用无致病性的双核丝核菌(Binucleate Rhizoctonia species,简称BNR)菌株2 32-CG预接种处理水稻品种IR2 6苗期植株根茎基部,可以诱导水稻增强对纹枯病(R.solani Kühn)的抗性。与未处理对照相比,BNR处理水稻植株的纹枯病害严重度明显降低。2 4 h以上的BNR处理,可以彻底保护幼苗不受立枯丝核菌侵染的危害。经BNR诱导的水稻也表现对白叶枯病(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)和条斑病(X.oryzae pv.oryzicola)的抗性。BNR可以显著地诱导水稻防卫反应中的2类关键酶——苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POX)活性提高。受BNR诱导的抗病性与PAL和POX活性呈正相关。对BNR在水稻病害生物防治中的作用进行了讨论。     

Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Plant training for induced defense against insect pests: a promising tool for integrated pest management in cotton

Enhancing cotton pest management using plant natural defenses has been described as a promising way to improve the management of crop pests. We here reviewed various studies on cotton growing systems to illustrate how an ancient technique called plant training, which includes plant topping and pruning, may contribute to this goal. Using examples from cotton crops, we show how trained plants can be brought to a state of enhanced defense that causes faster and more robust activation of their defense responses. We revisit the agricultural benefits associated with this technique in cotton crops, with a focus on its potential as a supplementary tool for integrated pest management (IPM). In particular, we examine its role in mediating plant interactions with conspecific neighboring plants, pests and associated natural enemies. We propose a new IPM tool, plant training for induced defense, which involves inducing plant defense through artificial injury. Experimental evidence from various studies shows that cotton training is a promising technique, particularly for smallholders, which can be used as part of an IPM program to significantly reduce insecticide use and to improve productivity in cotton farming. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物挥发物在寄生蜂寄主定位中的作用

植物挥发物在寄生蜂的寄主栖息地定位中起着重要作用。在自然状态下,某些健康植物能释放对寄生蜂有吸引作用的挥发物。当植物受到植食性昆虫为害后,可引起植物的间接防御,即产生对一定种类寄生蜂具引诱作用的挥发物来保护自己。此外,害虫的产卵也能诱导部分植物产生引诱天敌的物质。对于植食性昆虫取食植物诱导的挥发物研究较深入,而其产卵对植物挥发物的影响研究较少。本文主要综述近年国内外有关植物挥发物对寄生蜂寄主定位影响的研究概况,可望为害虫综合治理研究提供参考。     

Volatile 1-octen-3-ol induces a defensive response in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

1-Octen-3-ol is a major volatile metabolite produced by mold fungi. When Arabidopsis plants were treated with 1-octen-3-ol, some defense genes that are turned on by wounding or ethylene/jasmonic acid signaling were induced. The treatment also enhanced resistance of the plant against Botrytis cinerea. When the induction of defense genes with 1-octen-3-ol was compared with that by volatile methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate treatments, the induction pattern was similar to that caused by MeJA. Thus, Arabidopsis seems to recognize 1-octen-3-ol and consequently activates its defense response.