我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用三十年回顾(上篇)

本文参阅了从1985-2014近30年有关我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用发表的文献,尤其是发表在中国生物防治学报的文章。从天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放、与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略等方面的研究与应用进展进行了简要回顾。期望此文能使读者了解近30年来我国生防前辈所作出的贡献,和后辈继往开来的创新成就;认识农业害虫天敌昆虫在我国农林业生产曾发挥的作用。由于此文篇幅较长,分上、下两篇发表。天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放归为上篇,与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略研究归为下篇。     

中国草蛉科天敌昆虫及其生防应用研究进展

草蛉是一类重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在蚜虫、介壳虫、粉虱、蓟马和螨类等农业害虫的生物防治中发挥着积极作用。虽然利用草蛉进行生物防治在我国已有近50年的历史,但针对不同农业生态系统及不同害虫物种,有关草蛉优势天敌物种的精准开发利用仍受到分类鉴定、生物学习性和捕食潜能等基础科学问题研究不足的制约。本文总结了草蛉科的基础生物学习性、地区优势物种与栖境选择、捕食潜能、草蛉与猎物及植物的互作关系和田间应用现状,提出了改善草蛉生防应用成效中的关键问题,对我国具有生防应用前景的草蛉种质资源发掘进行了评述,以期为推动我国草蛉天敌物种的发掘及其在生物防治中的应用提供参考。     

苹果园害虫-天敌群落优势种组成及变化和果园IPM决策的研究

本试验于1987年在中国农科院兴城果树所综防示范点——辽宁省金州三十里堡苹果园进行。此文应用主分量分析方法研究苹果树不同生长阶段害虫-天敌群落中优势种的组成和季节性变化。结果表明,综防区的防治策略有利于保护天敌优势种。常规防治区凭经验用药,忽视了优势种间的食物网联系,导致杀伤天敌,害虫抗药性增加,而再度猖獗。     

国外天敌引种与外来有害生物的持续控制

国外天敌引种与外来有害生物的持续控制陆庆光（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所北京１０００８１）在生物防治的实践中，天敌的应用一般有３种方式：天敌引种，保护利用和大量释放。天敌引种是指由害虫原产地引进有效的天敌，防治由国外传入的有害生物，这种技术常可达到持...     

肿腿蜂的应用研究进展

本文对天敌昆虫--肿腿蜂的种类、生物学特性、人工繁殖技术及防治害虫方面进行概述,为更好地利用肿腿蜂提供参考。     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

利用天敌昆虫防治设施园艺害虫

近２０年,利用天敌昆虫,防治设施园艺害虫,进展迅速,近３０种天敌昆虫正实用化。放饲面积稳定增加。现将主要用于防治设施园艺害虫的天敌昆虫（包括螨）概述于下１、小蜂类网纹小蜂广泛用于防治番茄温室粉虱,此外,也防治黄瓜、茄子、西瓜、甜瓜、花卉与尝叶植物的害...     

我国昆虫病原线虫的田间试验研究进展

作为害虫的自然天敌,昆虫病原线虫的寄生特性引起了人们的重视,认为是生物防治中的一支新的力量。自从八十年代引进国外大量繁殖技术以来,我国有关研究得到很大的发展,已有不少单位进行了田间应用试验,初步打开了应用研究的局面.主要情况是:1.利用线虫在土壤中比较活跃的特性,大量开展防治某个虫态生活在土中的害虫的试验,取得了防治桃小食心虫大面积试验的良好效果。桃小食心虫在我国主要为害苹果,造成重大经济损失.该虫产卵在果实表面,卵孵后幼虫钻入果心取食,幼虫老熟时随烂果落地入土化蛹。1981～1983广东省昆虫研究所和中国农科院郑州果树所根据该虫在果园土壤中化蛹、虫源地比较集中和昆虫病原线虫     

昆虫病原线虫的应用近况

昆虫病原线虫(Entomopathogenic nematodes)是害虫的天敌,是害虫生物防治中的一个重要因子。它的研究应用从30年代发现距今已有50多年的历史,其中携带共生细菌的斯氏线虫属Steinernema Travassos和异小杆线虫属Heterorhabditis Poinar是在害虫生物防治中最有潜力的类群。各国科学家已发表了不少线虫的生物学、生态学、大量繁殖方法和防治效果的研究报告。利用昆虫病原线虫防治害虫有以下优点:①线虫的寄主范围广,可以利用线虫防治多种害虫;②可以人工培养基大量繁殖线虫;③线虫可以主动地寻找寄主,对土栖和隐蔽的钻蛀害虫效果高;④线虫体内带有共生细菌,具高的杀虫能力,能在16至48小时内杀死寄主昆虫;⑤线虫对环境安全,有一定的抵抗力,可与一些杀虫剂混用。本文拟就日前线虫的生产、应用,影响线虫效用的因素和线虫应用的前景浅淡。     

我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的前景分析

天敌昆虫的扩繁及其利用是害虫可持续综合治理的手段之一。农业生产的精品化、无公害化的发展趋势对天敌昆虫产品有强烈的市场需求。主要天敌昆虫人工饲养规模化、商品化生产的研究已有许多成功的经验,且形成产业的时机已经日趋成熟。天敌昆虫产品的产业化是使传统的植物保护工作优化升级的新型产业。本文就天敌昆虫产品产业化发展的技术与市场需求、产业化的技术基础与成熟度、产品多样化的生产模式与技术体系等方面进行了论述与分析,以期促进我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的发展。     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods

During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity.     

拓宽生物防治 持续治理虫害

本文针对我国生物防治资源极其丰富和农民经济实力薄弱的特点，结合我国生物防治成果，论述了应如何发展和拓宽具有我国特色的害虫生物防治，进一步提高综合防治水平，促进农业可持续发展。     

Impact of cold storage on the performance of entomophagous insects: an overview

Mass rearing for commercial production of high quality beneficial insects is considered as an important tool for biological control programmes worldwide, especially those based on augmentative releases. Low temperature storage is a valuable method for increasing the shelf life of entomophagous insects. Insect predators and parasitoids are used extensively in biological control programmes and, because of this, studies on cold storage started over 90 years ago. The ability to store reared biocontrol agents at low temperatures for certain duration provides an opportunity to accumulate or stockpile sufficient number of entomophagous insects for field release at proper weather conditions and make them available during high demand periods to the concerned farmers. Cold stored natural enemies can be synchronously released in the fields during critical stages of pest outbreaks. Cold storage also helps to keep viable stock of natural enemies when not needed and to minimize laboratory operations by prolonging their survival and delaying eclosion. Cold storage tolerance is highly plastic trait influenced by a range of biotic and abiotic factors experienced before, during and after cold exposure. These factors ultimately affect the development, longevity, fecundity, parasitization, sex-ratio and other fitness parameters along with morphology, behaviour and physiology of entomophagous insects. For the successful implementation of a cold storage project, knowledge of these diverse factors that cause storage and post-storage effects is essential. The potential of cold storage protocols in improving mass rearing and commercial production of bioagents is thus reviewed to access the strategies, innovations, techniques, devices and wisdom involved in the process of cold storage of entomophagous insects worldwide.     

Benefits and risks of introducing exotic macro-biological control agents into Europe1

Biological control of insects — the use of natural enemies to reduce pest numbers — has been applied on a worldwide scale for more than 100 years and its use has considerably increased during the past decades as it offers a sustainable, economical and environmentally attractive alternative to chemical pest control. In biological control, locally occurring natural enemies are used or alien species are imported. Until now, introductions of hundreds of species of insect natural enemies have not led to environmental problems when a procedure of selection, importation and release was carefully applied. In contrast, many intentional and unintentional introductions of plants and phytophagous animals have resulted in very negative effects on the environment. Several early biological control introductions, mostly of generalist, large predators (e.g. vertebrates, birds and toads) and usually not supervised by biological control experts, led to unintended negative effects on native species. For insect biological control executed by experts, examples of unintended, harmful effects are not known. Selected natural enemies are usually specific, mono- or oligophagous species of parasitoids and predators. To prevent making mistakes in the future, pre-introductory evaluation of natural enemies is advocated, including a step where their potential negative effects are studied. Examination of the literature, taxonomic research and host acceptance experiments are used in such studies to estimate negative effects.     

捕食性天敌控害能力评价方法进展

生物防治在害虫治理中的作用日益凸显,捕食性天敌对害虫猎物的捕食作用作为生物防治的主要组成部分,其捕食效果评价不可或缺。定性或定量评价捕食性天敌的控害作用是生物防治研究的一项重要内容。传统的捕食性定量方法研究大都局限于室内开展,与田间昆虫天敌的实际捕食量有所出入。昆虫分子生物学技术的发展为昆虫定量评价提供了支持,本文全面总结了农业生产科学研究中常用的捕食性昆虫定量评价方法,详细阐述了这些评价方法的原理、方法及应用实例,并进一步提出在未来的研究中应该扬长避短,根据试验对象的生物习性、试验条件的影响因素、试验目的的要求,将不同方法结合起来发挥各自优点,使捕食者捕食猎物的定量评价结果更能接近田间发生的实际情况。这些方法和技术将有助于更好地发挥自然天敌的控害作用,有效开展害虫生态调控,进一步推动生物防治相关方法的创新与应用。     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

Biological control of exotic pests in Italy: recent experiences and perspectives1

In Italy, successful application of classical biological control began in the 20th century, when Berlese released the predator Rodolia cardinalis in 1901 and the parasitoid Encarsia berlesei in 1906. Later, the ‘inoculative’ method was applied many times, limiting the misuse of insecticides and therefore achieving very positive effects for both the agricultural economy and environmental protection. When the establishment of new natural enemies failed, some exotic pests continued to damage important crops, sometimes disrupting any possibility of applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In other cases, new associations between exotic pests and native natural enemies occurred spontaneously and the importation of new species was not necessary: when no broad-spectrum plant protection products are applied, some palaearctic parasitoids, such as Diglyphus isaea, naturally control the imported American leafminers Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis and some native predators (mainly Orius spp.) often control the exotic western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. However, the introduction of natural enemies from the area of origin of the exotic pest is often the only alternative to chemical insecticides. Since its introduction in 1979, the American Flatid, Metcalfa pruinosa, has been spreading annually into new areas of the Mediterranean, causing severe damage to many crops because none of the indigenous natural enemies are sufficiently effective. Therefore, only the introduction of exotic natural enemies, such as the parasitoid Neodryinus typhlocybae, may reduce the outbreaks.     

诱虫作物在害虫治理中的应用

诱虫作物主要从物理特性和化学特性两个方面形成比主栽作物更强的引诱力,使主栽作物得以保护。诱虫作物在生产中主要用来诱集害虫、给天敌提供避难和繁殖场所,其作用效果与诱虫作物的品种、播期和田间管理、害虫行为、对天敌的调控、与其他害虫防治方法的有机配合等有重要关系。采用引诱-排斥多策略相结合的方法,研究利用对害虫同时具有诱集和杀灭作用的植物作为诱虫作物,将大大增强诱虫作物在害虫治理中应用的可行性。