马铃薯花色苷生物合成与调控研究进展

花色苷是植物中一类由花青素与单糖结合形成糖苷类物质,因其抗氧化功能而具有较高的营养保健价值。马铃薯花色苷在薯皮、薯肉、匍匐茎、花、根、茎、叶中均有分布,主要存在于细胞的液泡中。研究表明,不同品种马铃薯块茎中花青素种类和含量存在差异,主要有6种:天竺葵素、矢车菊素、芍药色素、飞燕草素、锦葵色素和矮牵牛素。目前,花色苷合成途径已经清楚,其中涉及两类基因:一类是结构基因,其编码生物合成途径中所需的酶;另一类是调节基因,其编码的转录因子调控结构基因表达的强度和程度,影响花色苷的时空积累。该综述对马铃薯花色苷生物合成、相关基因克隆、功能及其应用研究进行详细介绍,并对彩色薯的育种研究提出了可行性建议。     

彩色马铃薯花色苷研究进展

彩色马铃薯色彩丰富,薯形美观,营养全面,其功能成分花色苷,被公认为是人类健康饮食中的天然抗氧化剂来源。文章概述了彩色马铃薯花色苷的类型、含量、分布以及提取,重点阐述了彩色马铃薯花色苷合成路径的结构基因和调控基因,对彩色马铃薯的应用前景进行展望,以期为马铃薯天然色素资源开发利用和彩色马铃薯育种提供参考。     

荔枝LcMYB1异源表达促进矮牵牛和番茄花色苷的积累

为分析荔枝LcMYB1的功能,以白色‘W115’矮牵牛和‘Micro-Tom’番茄为材料,利用农杆菌介导法将LcMYB1在矮牵牛和番茄中异源表达,观测转基因植株表型。结果表明：与‘W115’相比,转基因矮牵牛的叶片和花瓣中积累了花色苷,且矮牵牛花色苷生物合成结构基因PhCHS和PhDFR、调控基因PhAN1的表达显著上调;与野生型‘Micro-Tom’番茄相比,转基因番茄的叶片和花药中积累了花色苷,且相应组织花色苷生物合成结构基因SlDFR、调控基因SlAN1和SlJAF13的表达显著上调,虽然果实中没有积累花色苷,但SlAN1和SlJAF13表达也显著上调。LcMYB1在矮牵牛和番茄中异源表达时通过上调花色苷生物合成关键结构基因和调控基因bHLH的表达诱导花色苷积累。因此,荔枝LcMYB1是花色苷生物合成中的关键转录因子,具备异源转化利用的潜力。     

黑米花色苷调节脂质代谢作用及其分子机制研究进展

近年来大量体内外实验研究证实花色苷具有调节脂代谢作用。黑米种皮富含花色苷,是天然花色苷重要的来源之一。本文综述了黑米花色苷对脂质代谢的调节作用,并分别从调节脂肪酸和胆固醇代谢相关酶及其基因的表达的角度总结了其作用机制,分析了研究中存在的主要问题,提出了下一步深入研究的重要方向,旨在为黑米精深加工和功能食品开发提供理论依据。     

荔枝果皮花色苷生物合成及调控机理研究进展

荔枝是无患子科荔枝属的亚热带常绿果树,具有很高的商业价值。荔枝果皮色泽由多种色素决定,是影响消费者需求的重要品质性状。果实着色是花色苷积累的结果,荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成是一个复杂的过程,主要由遗传背景决定,同时受内外环境影响。本文重点介绍荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成途径,从外界环境、生理生化以及分子生物学等方面,对花色苷积累的调控机制进行综述,并展望该领域的研究方向,为提升荔枝果实的色泽品质提供重要参考。     

兰花花色化学及相关功能基因研究进展

总结近年来蝴蝶兰、石斛兰、文心兰等几类重要兰花的花色表型、花色素化学成分、参与花色素生物合成的功能基因的分离和功能研究等方面的研究进展。探讨转录组测序(RNA-Seq)和病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术在兰花花色功能基因研究中的应用前景,并提出一种兰花花色相关功能基因研究策略。     

LcMYB1激活荔枝花色苷生物合成关键基因LcDFR和LcUFGT1的启动子区域分析

花色苷含量是荔枝果实呈现鲜红色的重要次生代谢产物,前人研究结果表明,LcMYB1通过调控关键基因的表达而影响荔枝果皮中花色苷的积累,其中LcDFR和LcUFGT1是荔枝果皮花色苷生物合成的关键基因,但是LcMYB1如何影响基因的表达,是否与结构基因启动子结合以及具体结合区段目前还不清楚。本研究通过克隆和分析LcDFR和LcUFGT1的启动子区域并对其进行分段处理,利用双荧光素酶和酵母单杂交实验,探究LcMYB1与LcDFR和LcUFGT1的启动子的结合区域。结果表明,LcDFR起始密码子上游1927 bp和LcUFGT1起始密码子上游1584 bp的启动子上分别有3个可能的MYB结合位点;双荧光素酶和酵母单杂交实验均显示LcMYB1可以结合LcDFR基因起始密码子上游904 bp到1425 bp包含有1个MYB-CORE元件的区域,LcMYB1与LcUFGT1基因启动子结合的区域是起始密码到上游610 bp,此区域包含有2个MYB-CORE元件。研究结果进一步证实了LcMYB1通过与基因LcDFR和LcUFGT1启动子结合发挥调控作用,并缩小了结合位点的范围。     

花生白藜芦醇研究进展

在花生体内,白藜芦醇合成酶是白藜芦醇生物合成途径中的关键酶之一,也是最主要的限速酶。将花生或葡萄中的白藜芦醇合成酶基因转化到其它植物中,可以有效提高植物的抗病性。本文简要介绍了白藜芦醇一般特性,对花生中白藜芦醇的分布、诱导因素作了相关介绍,并阐述了白藜芦醇在植物体内的生物合成途径及白藜芦醇合成酶基因的克隆、诱导表达及转化。     

马铃薯花青素转录激活基因(stmyc)的克隆及表达分析

花青素(anthocyanin)为糖苷类物质,属于类黄酮色素.在花青素生物合成途径中,调控基因主要编码R2R3-MYB、bHLH和WD40转录因子,共同调控花青素合成的结构基因的表达,进而控制花青素在植物中的时空表达和沉积的模式(Holton and cornish,1995).本研究以紫色马铃薯为材料,克隆花色素合成的转录激活基因stmyc并研究其表达模式,为阐明马铃薯花色素生物合成和沉积机制提供依据.     

茶树咖啡碱生物合成相关酶基因表达研究

用半定量PCR法,分别研究了4个月幼龄茶树嫩叶、成熟叶片、茎、根以及愈伤组织中咖啡碱合成酶（TCSl）、次黄嘌呤苷-5,-单酸磷酸脱氢酶（TIDH）、s-腺苷甲硫氨合成酶（sAMS）等咖啡碱生物合成相关酶基因的差异表达。研究表明,茶树嫩叶中TCS1基因表达量高于其他部位,TIDH基因叶内表达量多于茎和根中,但sAMS表达量在茶树各个部位差异不大;在茶树愈伤组织中,幼嫩组织TCS1基因表达量也远高于老化组织。这些结果支持前人酶学与代谢学研究中咖啡碱主要在嫩叶中合成的结论,可以推测嫩叶中咖啡碱的生物合成取决于咖啡碱合成酶的较强表达。     

P、K肥及种植密度对重庆市深丘低山区马铃薯紫云1号花青素含量的影响

彩色马铃薯花青素具有重要的营养价值,但目前栽培技术对花青素含量影响的研究还比较少。本研究采用L(93)4正交试验设计,研究了P、K肥和种植密度对彩色马铃薯品种紫云1号花青素含量的影响。研究结果表明:在本试验处理水平内,重庆市深丘低山区紫云1号获得花青素含量最多的最优方案是每公顷施纯P2O5 100 kg,KH2PO4喷施浓度3‰,最合理种植密度为60 000株/hm2。     

Characterisation of genes isolated from a potato swellingstolon cDNA library

Summary In screening to isolate a full-length copy of a previously isolated cDNA clone, a further three cDNAs were also isolated from a library prepared from sub-apical swelling-stolon tissue of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sequence analysis showed these clones to be similar to extensin-like protein genes, acyl carrier protein thioesterase genes and high mobility group protein genes, respectively. A further cDNA, isolated by subtractive hybridisation, was similar to a tomato cDNA previously isolated on the basis of its down-regulation following nematode infection. While all the newly isolated genes were expressed in swelling stolons, for most, maximal expression was seen to be in stem tissue. Possible roles for these genes in the development of potato plants are discussed, as is the significance of gene expression in stems and stolons to the process of tuberisation.     

Inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation in the cultivated potato: A critical review

The inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation in cultivated potato was reviewed. The genes controlling the production and distribution of anthocyanin pigmentation continue to be excellent marker genes. Much greater genetic resolution is possible at the diploid level compared with the tetraploid level. Therefore, future studies at the diploid level are much more likely to result in greater knowledge of potato genetics. There appears to be little difference between the genetics of the anthocyanin pigmentation system described by Salaman forSolanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48) and the system described by Dodds and Long for cultivated diploids (2n = 2x = 24). Because the system described by Salaman and subsequently enhanced by others, has generated considerable confusion, it should be avoided. Serious consideration should be given to using the Dodds and Long system for both cultivated diploids and tetraploids There is a need for an internationally accepted nomenclature system for potato genetics. Care must be taken not to assign new gene symbols to previously described traits or to assign previously used gene symbols to newly discovered traits. Such a system should be complemented by a central repository for genetic stocks.     

Trends in Agricultural Science with Special Reference to Research and Development in the Potato Sector

This contribution highlights some developments in agricultural science in general and plant science in particular. It also describes some changes in the way society looks upon science and scientists and in the way scientists play their role in the scientific community. The paper provides a very brief overview of the achievements of potato science and the challenges ahead. It stresses the need for proper knowledge chains and scientific platforms to make better use of the resources provided to potato research. It also indicates where the European Association for Potato Research could play a significant role. The views expressed are those of the author and not based on an extensive literature review.     

紫参薯查尔酮合成酶及异构酶基因的克隆与表达分析

查尔酮合成酶及其异构酶是黄酮类化合物合成途径中的2个关键酶,为研究其在紫参薯花青素合成途径中的功能,利用RT-PCR技术从紫参薯Da56块茎中克隆到查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)和查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)基因,分别命名为DaCHS和DaCHI。结果表明:DaCHS基因包含825 bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF),预测编码274个氨基酸;DaCHI基因包含663 bp的完整开放阅读框,预测编码221个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,紫参薯DaCHS与油棕Eg CHS亲缘关系最近,氨基酸相似性达到90%;紫参薯DaCHI与野茶树CaCHI亲缘关系最近,氨基酸相似性达到67%。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,DaCHS和DaCHI基因均具有组织表达特异性,其中DaCHS在花中相对表达量最高,而DaCHI在块茎中相对表达量最高;在紫参薯块茎发育不同时期的表达分析表明,DaCHS、DaCHI均在薯块膨大期相对表达量最高。本研究通过对DaCHS和DaCHI基因全长cDNA序列的克隆与分析,为紫参薯花青素合成途径的遗传调控及花青素形成机理的研究奠定基础。     

马铃薯晚疫病抗病基因研究进展

晚疫病是危害马铃薯生产的重要病害,可导致马铃薯的大量减产。多年来研究人员对马铃薯晚疫病进行了大量的研究,取得了一系列的成果。对马铃薯晚疫病防治最有效的方法是使用抗病品种,随着分子生物学技术的发展,从野生资源中分离抗病基因,并将其转入到栽培种马铃薯中可以获得抗病特性。到目前为止,已经有十多个抗晚疫病基因被发现和图谱,且部分基因已被转入到栽培品种中。本文从晚疫病抗病基因的发现、分离、定位及克隆等方面进行了综述。     

Cloning and accumulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in developing tubers

Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids that are responsible for the pigmentation of red potato periderm. The cDNAs of two genes were cloned from ‘Norland’ periderm and, based on their sequence similarity to genes in various databases, were identified as the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes for leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.19) and UDP glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.91). The mRNA accumulation of these genes in periderm during the development of tubers was determined using RNA gel blot analyses. The mRNA of the putativeLDOX was detected in cortex tissue and microtubers, but not in periderm. While mRNA of the putativeUFGT was detected in cortex tissue and periderm of young tubers, but not in periderm of tubers weighing more than 25 g. These data suggest that accumulation ofLDOX andUFGT mRNA may limit anthocyanin synthesis as Norland tubers develop.     

茶树紫芽中花青素形成相关基因差异表达分析

花青素是一类广泛存在于植物中的水溶性色素,作为一种强自由基清除剂,它具有抗炎,抗氧化,降血压,降血糖等多种保健功能。紫芽茶树作为一种高花青素含量的特异性茶树资源,其研究与利用越来越受人们的关注。为了解茶树紫芽中花青素形成的分子机理,本研究通过对湖南农业大学自选紫芽品种9803与绿芽品种9806进行转录组测序及生物信息学分析,筛选得到42条与花青素代谢相关的unigene,其中比对到参考基因组中的有34条,未在参考基因组中登录的有8条。KEGG富集分析表明这42个基因被富集到5个代谢通路中,包括类黄酮合成途径,木质素合成途径,黄酮和黄酮醇合成途径,油菜素甾醇合成途径,以及参与转录因子的编码。通过荧光定量PCR验证,差异基因荧光定量PCR变化趋势与转录组测序结果一致,转录组测序数据可靠。本次试验在转录组水平上筛选出了茶叶紫芽花青素代谢相关的差异基因,为进一步揭示茶叶紫芽产生的分子机理奠定了基础。     

History, Statistics and Trends of the Romanian Potato Industry

This paper provides some important data on the evolution of the potato crop in Romania including aspects of research and development, differentiated on the basis of period and location. The paper also presents an analysis of the causes of the low potato yield per hectare in Romania. An analysis of the situation of the potato industry in Romania in comparison with the potato sectors of other Central and East European countries, over the period 1996–2006, reveals that—after Poland—Romania occupies the second place in terms of potato acreage and total production. Present and future objectives are described to solve the current problems of the potato crop in Romania under the prevailing economic and climatic conditions.     

紫娟茶树叶片不同发育期花青素积累及合成相关基因的表达

为明确紫娟茶树（Camellia sinensis cv. Zijuan）叶片发育中花青素积累特性及合成途径上相关基因的表达特点,利用液质联用法（HPLC-MS）、转录组测序（RNA-Seq）和数字基因表达谱技术（DGE）,分析了紫娟茶树芽、第二叶、开面叶和成熟叶4个发育期花青素的种类、含量及合成相关基因的表达水平。结果表明,花青素积累量随叶片发育先增加后减少,第二叶含量最大（9.87βmg·g^-1）、成熟叶含量最小（0.11βmg·g^-1）,与叶色表现相吻合。结构基因PAL在芽、第二叶和开面叶高表达,在成熟叶下调表达;C4H、4CL、CHS、CHI、F3H、F3'H、F3'5'H和ANS表达模式相似,表达量均随叶片发育而降低,在芽期高表达,在成熟叶全部下调表达;FLS在第二叶上调表达,在成熟叶下调表达,与花青素积累情况一致;DFR在各发育期均有上调和下调表达。GT和ACT表达模式相似,在第二叶、开面叶和成熟叶上调表达;ANR和LAR表达模式相似,在芽、第二叶和开面叶高表达,在成熟叶下调表达。bHLH、MYB和WDR在各发育期均有上调或下调表达。说明紫娟茶树叶片不同发育阶段结构基因和调控基因的表达水平不同,导致花青素积累存在差异,具有一定的时间表达特异性。