蕹菜纪录虫——筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征研究

对蕹菜上新发现的害虫筒小卷蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察和研究.研究结果表明,卵粒淡黄色,较扁平;幼虫体绿色,头壳黑色;蛹为被蛹,初化蛹为墨绿色,羽化前颜色为黄褐色;成虫褐色黄色相间,翅面中央一条明显浅黄色横带.筒小卷蛾的一个世代为(34.714±1.074)d,其中卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为(4.250±0.125)d、(12.167±0.259)d、(5.917±0.130)d和(12.429±1.025)d.幼虫共5龄,1～5龄的发育历期分别为(1.583±0.142)d、(1.750±0.125)d、(1.833±0.108)d、(2.333±0.136)d和(4.667±0.245)d.低龄幼虫取食叶脉附近的叶肉,高龄幼虫卷叶取食,常伴有咬断叶柄行为.成虫羽化高峰在8:00～10:00,交配高峰在5:00～10:00.成虫羽化1～2d后进行交配,交配1～2 d后即可产卵,每雌产卵量为58～133粒.     

芦笋饲养甜菜夜蛾对其种群生长发育、繁殖力和存活的影响

研究了室内以芦笋为饲料饲养对甜菜夜蛾生长发育、繁殖力和存活的影响。结果表明,取食芦笋的甜菜夜蛾幼虫历期显著缩短1.72d,历期的天数主要集中在13d左右;蛹历期差异不显著,蛹重显著减少34.2mg,羽化率下降1.07%;雄成虫的平均寿命增加约1.47d,总的产卵前期长了0.82d;单雌产卵量下降了196.06粒,成虫雌雄比率分别为1：1.22和1：0.82;幼虫、蛹、成虫的存活率均下降;种群参数中内禀增长率分别为0.14和0.21,说明甜菜夜蛾种群数量都为上升趋势,但以芦笋饲养的种群上升趋势显著慢于人工饲料种群。     

落叶果树对橘小实蝇生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】探究在不同北方落叶果树上橘小实蝇的寄主适应性,了解不同寄主水果对橘小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在适宜橘小实蝇生存的室内条件下,以石榴（Punica granatum）、苹果（Malus pumila）、梨（Pyrus sorotina）、猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）、桃（Amygdalus persica）和枣（Ziziphus jujuba）6种寄主果实为食料,观察橘小实蝇在不同寄主上的幼虫生长情况和成虫繁殖情况,构建橘小实蝇实验种群生命表。【结果】橘小实蝇在苹果、桃、梨、猕猴桃、石榴、枣上的幼虫发育和成虫繁殖情况存在显著差异。在桃上的全世代发育历期最短,为（72.60±1.37）d;在枣上的发育历期最长,为（86.63±5.16）d。在石榴上的世代存活率较高（47.33±5.73）%,显著高于其他寄主。在石榴上产卵最多[（1 197.63±51.48）粒/雌],桃上产卵量最少[（401.50±90.24）粒/雌]。橘小实蝇种群生命表参数表明,石榴上的净增殖率最高（858.98±27.38）,苹果上最低（2...     

威剑纹夜蛾生物学及形态学特征研究

对莲藕新害虫威剑纹夜蛾的生物学特性及形态学特征进行了系统的观察与研究。研究结果表明,其卵发育历期为4~6 d,幼虫总发育历期为14~22 d,蛹期为12~16 d,成虫寿命为12~21 d;生长发育最适温区为25~31℃,当温度高于31℃时,其各虫态存活率大大下降,温度高至37℃时,存活率为零;成虫夜间活动,有趋光性,大多后半夜交配,交配当天即可产卵;初孵幼虫有取食卵壳或卵粒的习性,喜群集于卵块附近,1~3龄幼虫只取食莲叶上表皮和叶肉,4龄后开始取食全叶,5龄后进入暴食期。成虫触角丝状,翅展26.3~58.5 mm,前翅相对窄;卵圆形略扁,相互重叠呈链状,初产时为淡黄色,随后颜色不断加深至深黑褐色;幼虫共6龄,头黑褐色,腹部棕黑色,有长毛;蛹红褐色,有光泽,长12.2~15.2 mm。     

温度对粗胫翠尺蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确温度对粗胫翠尺蛾各虫态存活率、发育历期以及繁殖力的影响，为准确预测粗胫翠尺蛾发生期及提高田间防控效果提供参考依据。【方法】采用室内人工恒温饲养的方法，以荔枝嫩梢为寄主，利用年龄-阶段两性生命表，测定20、23、26、29、32℃5个温度下粗胫翠尺蛾各虫态发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及繁殖力，对其发育速率与温度的相关性进行回归分析，计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】20～32℃范围内，粗胫翠尺蛾能正常发育，发育历期会随着温度的升高而缩短。各虫态的存活率明显受到温度的影响，32℃下各虫态的存活率均明显低于其他温度，其中1龄幼虫受影响较大，存活率低于80%。雌雄成虫的寿命在32℃下最短，单雌产卵量也最少，仅为（125.20±29.38）粒。20～32℃条件下，内禀增长率r值分别为0.08±0.01、0.08±0.01、0.11±0.01、0.12±0.01和0.10±0.01，净繁殖率R0分别为139.63±7.69、142.09±10.38、176.92±8.52、107.01±9.11和45.57±5.21。各虫态发育速率与温度符合二次回归模型，利用直线回归法计算得到粗...     

枣树害虫综合防治

枣树的主要害虫有枣步曲、枣镰翅小卷蛾、桃蛀果蛾、日本龟蜡蚧、红蜘蛛等。可用以下方法防治 :1　刮树皮　由于枣镰翅小卷蛾、介壳虫、红蜘蛛均以蛹在树皮的粗皮裂缝、树洞中越冬。因此 ,在冬季或早春枣树休眠期 ,结合修剪进行人工刮除粗翘皮、堵树洞、剪虫枝 ,可有效减轻其为害。2　设障碍　枣步曲以蛹在土中越冬 ,且雌虫无翅需爬行上树产卵。因此 ,在早春成虫羽化前于主干基部设置 3道防线 (绑、撒、涂 )。绑 :在树干基部绑 1 0cm宽的塑料薄膜 ,膜下部用土压实 ;撒 :在树干周围撒敌百虫粉剂 ;涂 :在树干涂抹黏油。可有效控制其成虫和幼虫…     

杨梅绿尾大蚕蛾的防治

绿尾大蚕峨又称水青蛾、长尾月蛾、绿翅天蚕蛾等，属鳞翅目。大蚕蛾科。在浙江丽水1年发生2代，以茧蛹在近土面的树枝或灌木枝干上越冬。翌年5月中旬羽化、交尾、产卵。卵期10余天。第1代幼虫于5月下旬至6月上旬发生，7月中旬化蛹，蛹期10～15天。7月下旬至8月上中旬为第1代成虫发生期。第2代幼虫8月中旬始发，危害至9月中下旬，陆续结茧化蛹越冬。成虫昼伏夜出，有趋光性，日落后开始活动，21～23时最活跃，飞翔力强。卵喜产在叶背或枝干上，有时雌蛾跌落树下．把卵产在土块或杂草上，常数粒或偶见数十粒产在一起，成堆或排开，每雌可产卵200～300粒。成虫寿命7-12天。     

荔枝粗胫翠尺蛾的鉴定及生物学特性研究

通过对危害广东地区荔枝龙眼尺蛾的田间调查和鉴定,发现原来报道的绿额翠尺蛾[Pelagodes proquadraria(Inoue)]属种类鉴定错误,其种类应为粗胫翠尺蛾(Thalassodes immissaria Walker)。对粗胫翠尺蛾生物学特性和发生规律研究的结果表明,其幼虫分5龄,符合Dyer生长规律;成虫存在性二型现象,雌蛾触角丝状,雄蛾触角羽状;该虫主要以幼虫危害荔枝和龙眼的嫩梢嫩叶,在广东地区1 a发生7~8代,幼虫老熟后吐丝缀连相邻的叶片成苞状,并在其中化蛹;卵散产,以嫩叶叶尖和叶缘落卵最多;在室内26℃恒温饲养,卵和蛹的发育历期分别为3.64和6.67 d,1~5龄幼虫发育历期分别为2.76、2.80、3.42、3.89和5.16 d,成虫产卵前期为1.63 d。     

菇房环境对平菇眼菌蚊生长发育的影响

2 4　不同食料对平菇眼菌蚊发育的影响　不同食料对平菇眼菌蚊发育历期、幼虫脱皮次数、幼虫个体大小、蛹重、成虫寿命及产卵量均有显著的影响 (见表 4、 5 )。 4种不同的食料中 ,以平菇菌柄最适合该虫生长发育的需要。幼虫取食菌柄发育最快 ,脱皮次数最少 ,体型最大。雌蛹重及成虫产卵量也较其他食料饲喂的高 ,这正是栽培中种群数量随出菇茬数增加迅速上升的生物学原因。棉籽皮在潮湿的条件下是其他微生物的良好培养基质 ,这些微生物的活动加速了棉籽皮组分的分解 ,相对而言 ,生长较旺盛的平菇菌丝更适合其腐生习性 ,这一点与生产中常见的…     

果树害虫天敌讲座——寄生蝇

寄生蝇的成虫像一般的苍蝇．但身体较粗壮．身上有很多刚毛。有灰褐色或黑色．有的具淡色斑纹。仅有一对前翅．后翅退化为平衡棒．幼虫蛆形．体节明显．末端截状。成虫取食花蜜，常产卵在蛾蝶类幼虫体上，卵具黏性。幼虫孵化后．钻入虫体．吸食体液．有的卵产在植物叶上，害虫取食进入肠道寄生、有的直接将卵产入害虫体内取食．在害虫未死之前幼虫已发育成熟破体而出．     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.