Effects of exogenous cyanide on root physiology and metabolism of peach seedlings北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Peach (Prunus persica) is an economically important fruit crop worldwide. With the increasing demand and the reduced cultivated land acreage of peach, replant problem (also known as replant disease) has become increasingly prominent, and has been causing severe economic losses. Autotoxicity is a special kind of allelopathy, and is considered to be a major factor resulting in the prevalence of peach replant problem. Cyanide (CN-) is a major autotoxin that causes peach replant problem, but the information on physiological and metabolic responses of peach plants under CN- treatment is quite limited. Thus, the specific responsive mechanisms of peach plants to CN- are worthy of in-depth exploration. The study aimed to investigate the effects of CN- treatment on the morphological, physiological, and metabolic parameters in roots of peach seedlings, so as to provide new insights into the response mechanisms of peach plants to CN- treatment. 【Methods】The natural root environment of dead and living trees was investigated in the peach orchard of Huazhong Agricultural University. The effects of exogenous CN- treatment on root growth and seed germination were assessed on peach germinatedseeds (treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol•L-1 CN-) and lettuce seeds (treated with 0 and 0.5 mmol•L-1 CN- ). The peach root tips treated with 0 and 0.5 mmol • L-1 CN- were subjected to anatomical assessments using paraffin sectioning and staining (including transverse and longitudinal sections). The contents of H2O2 and MDA, as well as the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD from 0 and 0.5 mmol•L-1 CNstressed peach roots were detected. The expression levels of CAT, POD, and SOD-encoding genes were tested using qRT-PCR. To further understand the CN- -induced metabolic changes, peach roots treated with 0 and 0.5 mmol • L-1 CN- for 5 d were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. 【Results】The CN- was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer, and the content was significantly higher in the soil with dead trees than with living trees. The CN- content in soil was predominantly detected adjacent to peach roots, and gradually decreased with the distance from peach roots. The CN- contents showed an upward trend year by year in the bulk soils with the dead and living trees, where the dead trees contained more CN- than the living trees. The CN- contents varied in different size of peach roots, the fine roots (Φ < 5 mm) contained more CN- than the middle size (5 mm ≤ Φ ≤ 10 mm) and the large size roots (Φ > 10 mm). We evaluated the effect of different CN- concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol•L-1) on the growth performance of peach germinated-seeds. The result showed that 0.25 mmol • L-1 CN- treatment boosted root growth, while 0.5 and 1.0 mmol • L-1 inhibited root growth with decreased root length and lateral root numbers. The allelopathy sensitivity index indicated that the effects of CN- treatment on peach growth in a concentration-dependent manner, showing low concentration promoted growth but high concentration inhibited it. Additionally, with 0.5 mmol•L-1 CNtreatment, the transverse and longitudinal sections of the root tip showed a severely wrinkled root epidermis, ruptured root cortex cells, and larger intercellular spaces. 0.5 mmol•L-1 CN- treatment also significantly inhibited lettuce seed germination and biomass. The contents of H2O2 and MDA in peach roots significantly increased, and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, as well as their respective encoding genes expression, significantly increased with 0.5 mmol•L-1 CN- treatment. The GC-MS analysis showed that 0.5 mmol • L-1CN- treatment dramatically increased contents of numerous amino acids, including proline, glycine, serine, asparagine, alanine, glutamate, GABA etc. Moreover, CN- treatment significantly affected carbohydrate levels in peach roots. 【Conclusion】The CN- contents were associated with the distribution and size of plant roots, and the decomposition of plant residuals. Exogenous CNsupply markedly retarded peach root growth. CN- feeding also gave rise to oxidative stress, reflecting by the increased ROS and MDA levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities. CN- supplementation also induced metabolic reprogramming, displaying a disorder of amino acid and carbohydrates metabolism. © 2022, Office of Journal of the Fruit Science. All right reserved.     

Analysis the efficiency of inter and intra-specific hybridization of new cultivars of sweet cherry and chinese cherry北大核心CSCD

【Objective】To explore the rules of intra-specional and inters-pecific cross breeding of some new sweet cherry cultivars and improve the efficiency of cross breeding of sweet cherry in the area where winter is warm and summer is hot and moist.【Methods】The intraspecial and interspecifichybridization test of sweet cherry was carried out by using sweet cherry as the mother,using sweet cherry and chinese cherry as the father. The rate of fruit set,embryo,embryo abort of the cross and quality of the F0 fruit were investigated in order to analysis the efficiency of the cross.【Results】The four cultivars of sweet cherry‘Jiangnanhong’‘Chaoyang-1’‘Changfeng-1’and‘Van’were taken as the mother. Five sweet cherry cultivars or selections‘04-8’‘04-11’‘Chaoyang-1’‘Van’‘Lapins’and five cultivars of chinese cherry‘Chaozaohong’‘Duanbing’‘Gejiawu’‘Heizhenzhu’‘Zijing’were taken as the male parent. Among them‘Jiangnanhong’and‘Zijing’are newly identified cultivars in Zhejiang province,and‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Changfeng-1’are new selections. After pollination for 1 week,the fruit setting rate was relatively high and significant decrease in the 4 weeks and mature stages in intra and inter- species with the development of fruits. In the mature stage,all the fruit setting of the other cross of intra-species were higher than 5%,except that of‘Jiangnanhong’ב04-11’was 1.85% lower than 3%,and that of‘Changfeng-1’בLapins’was 4.35% lower than 5%,which indicates the basic affinity between the cross of intra-specific sweet cherry. The fruit setting rate of intraspecific cross was higher than that of interspecific cross. The fruit setting rate of‘Chaoyang-1’was the highest in both intraspecific and interspecific hybridization. The interspecific hybrid combination of‘Changfeng-1’had the lowest fruiting rate. The embryo rate and abortion rate of the intraspecific cross were higher than those of interspecific cross when the female parent is same. The abortion rate is high when hybrid embryos mature,and only 4 crosses group can obtain non-abortion embryos,which are the hybrid cross of‘Jiangnanhong’with‘04-8’‘Lapins’‘Chaozaohong’,and the cross of‘Changfeng-1’with‘Van’. The abortion is lower when the hybrid embryos immature. The embryo rate was lowest and the abortion degree was the highest of the cross of‘Jiangnanghong’in immature embryo stage. The cross with the mother of‘Chaoyang-1’was the best with high setting rate,high embryo rate and low abortion rate in immature embryo stage,so‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female parent in this test.‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Zijing’were the better fathers in the ten test male parents for the cross with them had a high embryo rate (65.84% and 75.21%,respectively),and most of the embryos were bright white and full with good development in the immature embryos stage. ‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female and male parent in this test. The cross between‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Van’shows‘Chaoyang-1’is the better female than male parent. The ripening stage of F0 fruit was delayed,and the color and shape of F0 fruit showed the same col- or and shape of open pollination of parent fruit. The soluble solid of interspecific hybrid fruit was lower than that the intra-specific hybrid,and they all lower than that of the open pollinated female fruit. In order to obtain hybrid offspring,the author suggests three methods could be used in the area where is warm in winter,hot and moist in summer: one is selecting hybrid offspring which comes from the main producing areas,which means making cross and getting hybrid offspring in the main producing areas but select it in future planting area. The other is using embryos rescue technology after getting immature fruit; the third one is using mixed pollen for open pollination.【Conclusion】The fruit set and embryo development have significant differences among the different cross group in the area where winter is warm and summer is hot and moist. The fruit set is higher and the embryo abort is lower of intraspecific cross than that of interspecific cross when the mother is the same sweet cherry.‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female and male parent in this test when making cross. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

四个红菇科菌株的rDNA ITS序列分析和系统发育研究

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of four edible and medicinal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, collected from the Lishui mountainous area of Zhejiang Province, were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons with sequence data in GenBank were undertaken using BLAST, and the four ITS sequences, together with 15 reference sequences obtained from GenBank, were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. rDNA ITS sequences of the four strains ranged from 673 to 766 bp in length and between 47.4% and 49.48% in GC content. Phylogenetic data indicated strain R57 to be Russula cyanoxantha. Differences in the size and GC content of ITS sequences from strains R32 and R57 (R. cyanoxantha) and strain L37 (Lactarius sanguifluus) were significant, whereas the corresponding differences between strains R32 and R57 were relatively small. A close kinship, with only small detectable differences in their respective ITS sequences, existed between R. mustelina, R. virescens and R. parazurea. A similar situation applied to strains of L. sanguifluus and L. salmonicolor.     

Detection and differential analysis of fruit organic acids among different local wrinkled papaya varieties(Chaenomeles speciosa ) by GC-MS北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Organic acid plays a key role in affecting fruit flavor by changing acid-sugar ratio. And GC-MS is also an important detecting platform to inspect fruit organic acids due to its stable, sensitive and accurate features. With methyl ester derivatization, the objective organic acids could be effectively detected for their reduction of ingredient polarity. To provide the basic data for Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai fruit quality improvement, the the organic acid inspection of the fruit sampleswas carried out from 10 main producing areas in China and their compositions and contentswere disclosed by extracting with methal, derivating with methyl esterification and detecting by means of GC-MS.【Methods】In this study, 10 local varieties were used as materials that were collected from 10 main producing areas in China. After methanol extraction and methyl-ester derivatization, the compositions and contents of organic acids with each sample were comprehensively determined by GC- MS. The derivatives were analyzed by a Shimadzu GC-MS 2010 Qplus with a Rxt-5MS weak polar capillary MS column(30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm, Shimadzu Technology). Helium was used as the carrier gas at 0.87 mL · min- 1 with a split ratio of 53:1 for the testing solution. The GC-MS detecting time was 35 min. Qualitative retrieval was conducted with similarity searching in NIST08 and NIST08S coupled with Kovats Reservation Index(RI value) matching and quantitative analysis was performed by an external standard method and the ingredient peak responding value was adjusted according to the n-alkanes mixed standards that came from USA O2Si calibration standards company. The difference in objective organic acids of all the 10 local variety samples was done through the Excel 2007 software and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA) of organic acid composition among different samples was completed with SPSS20.0.【Results】Six standards for organic acids including malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid and oleic acid as well as their gradient regression equations showed that there was a high correlation between the standard concentration and their component peak area(R2 ≥ 92.9%). All baselines of the TICs were stable and all the component peaks were evenly distributed during the detecting period and their resolution was high. So the method for extracting by methanol, derivating by methyl ester and detecting by GC-MS was stable and reliable. A total of 43 organic acids including 9 short-chain carboxylic acids, 22 long-chain fatty acids, 4 aromatic dicarboxylic acids, 4 mono-basic phenol acids and 2 amino acids were identified from the 10 fruit samples of different producing areas in China. The top 10 organic acids with the highest contents were dl-malic acid, citric acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, (+/-)-10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, levulinic acid, stearic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and benzoic acid, respectively. There were 33 common ingredient peaks among the total 10 local varieties and their total contents of organic acids were between 85.02-170.76 mg·g-1. From high to low content, it showed like this: Linyi of Shandong > Jinghong of Yunnan > Zheng’an of Guizhou > Chun’an of Zhejiang > Qijiang of Chongqing> Changyang of Hubei > Xuancheng of Anhui > Yilong of Sichuan > Nanning of Guangxi > Baihe of Shaanxi. The total organic acid content had an extremely significant positive correlation with the long-chain fatty acids, mainly including hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid; a significant positive correlation with the short-chain carboxylic acids, mainly consisting of dl-malic acid and citric acid; a negative correlation with the aromatic carboxylic acids, mainly containing benzoic acid. Analysis of the cluster according to 33 common components showed that all the fruit samples were classified into 4 categories when their clustering distance was 5: Yilong of Sichuan, Xuancheng of An’hui, Baihe of Shaanxi, Nanning of Guangxi, and Changyang of Hubei were clustered into the first group; Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were clustered into the second branch. Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong were clustered into the third group, and Jinghong of Yunnan was alone clustered into the fourth group. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) coupled with the total organic acid content showed that Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong belonged to the high-acid varieties, Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were the middle-acid varieties, and Yilong of Sichuan, Baihe of Shaanxi and Nanning of Guangxi belonged to the low-acid varieties.【Conclusion】Compared with the acid-base titration method and HPLC, GC-MS method not onlywas more stable, sensitive and accurate, but also could realize a qualitative identification of more chemical components. So it was much better to be used in the determination of total organic acid contents in fruits and their derived products. The results showed that there was a small difference among the different local varieties and an obvious difference existed in organic acid compositions and contents among the samples from different producing areas in China. And dl-malic acid and citric acid were the main components in most of C. speciosa fruit samples from 10 producing areas in China. Therefore, it belonged to the fruit type of malic acid accumulating mode. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Breeding of a new grape rootstock cultivar‘Zhenghan No. 1’北大核心CSCD

‘Zhenghan No.1’was newly selected from hybrids of the cross between‘Hean 580’(female parent) and Shan putao (male parent) in 2008,432 hybrid seeds were harvested in autumn. In March 2009,156 hybrid seedlings were obtained by sowing hybrid seeds through sand accumulation treatment. Through selection and elimination,120 hybrid seedlings were preserved until 2011. In 2012,46- 8- 4 showed the characteristics of high cold resistance and salt-alkali resistance,and was designated as a superior cold-resistant rootstock line. In 2013,regional test sites were established in Weishi county in Kaifeng,Changyuan county in Xinxiang,Mengzhou county in Jiaozuo and Yanqing county in Beijing,and main varieties such as Sunshine Rose,Xiahei Seedless and Hutai No.8 were grafted. Regional test showed good grafting compatibility. The cultivar is high resistant to salinity tolerance,wide adaptability and high yield. It has good grafting affinity with common varieties in production.‘Zhenghan No. 1’ has strong growth potential,strong branch growth,few bad branches,good maturity of branches,and can yield 10 250 meters per mu. The relative conductivity and recovery growth of branches were measured after freezing at different temperatures. The semi- lethal temperature of‘Zhenghan No. 1’ was -30.78 ℃ ,‘Beida’was -28.88 ℃ ,‘Zhenghan No. 1’had higher cold resistance than‘Beida’,and the germination rate of‘Zhenghan 1’was also higher than‘Beida’. In spring,18 rootstocks of one-year- old‘Kangzhen No. 3’‘Kangzhen No. 1’‘HuajiaNo.8’‘DogRidge’‘Saltreek’‘Cloire’‘Beida’ ‘SO4‘’3309C‘’1103‘’5BB‘’SandyGrape‘’5C‘’775P‘’110R‘’420A‘’Zhenghan No. 2‘’Zhenghan No. 1’were cut into branches. Cuttings with 3-5 buds were cultured in laboratory. After the cuttings had grown a small number of roots,they were cultured with 1/10 Hoagland nutrient solution until the branches had grown a large number of roots. Treated with different concentrations of Nacl and saturated lime water. The results showed that‘Zhenghan No. 1’could tolerate 0.3% NaCl + 18% saturated lime water under hydroponic conditions,while Beida could only tolerate 0.2% NaCl + 15% saturated lime water. Compared with the commonly used cold-resistant rootstock‘Beida’,there was no obvious effect on the economic characters of the scion varieties such as‘Summer Black seedless’‘Hutai No.8’and‘Sunshine rose’. The survival rate of‘Zhenghan No. 1’grafted with‘Summer Black Seedless’and‘Hutai No. 8’was 90.0% and 86.6%,respectively; the yield of‘Sunshine Rose’grafted with‘Zhenghan No. 1’ could reach 646 kg in the second year and 2 132 kg in the third year. It can be seen that ‘Zhenghan No. 1’ had good affinity with the main varieties ‘Summer Black seedless’‘Hutai No. 8’and‘Sunshine Rose’. It began to germinate in early April,blossom in early May,branch began to aging in early July,leaves began to fall in early November,and the whole year’s growth period was about 216 days in Zhengzhou. ‘Zhenghan No. 1’had no leaf and branch diseases throughout the year,and no chemical control was needed. ‘Zhenghan No. 1’showed good plantability in different producing areas. It could grow normally in the areas such as Changyuan with low temperature in winter and Boai with cloyed ground. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

A new pest in vineyard under grass management model: study on the biological characteristics and control of Smaragdina nigrifrons北大核心CSCD

【Objective】For many years, our team have been working on organic cultivation management and pest control of wine grapes. Ground cover management model has been a new green management model currently implemented in the northern orchards. However, under the grass-covering system, new or secondary pests and diseases may increase in the orchards if the pasture type and planting and management models are not carefully chosen. These pests and diseases might become a new problem in fruit production. For example, a serious insect pest of wine grapes, Smaragdina nigrifrons (Hope) (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae) was found in the vineyard in Changli, China for the first time. This pest is highly harmful and occurs continuously in grass-covered orchards. In order to understand the occurrence and damage of the pest, the authors conducted field and lab investigations for three consecutive years. Its morphological characteristics were described, and its living habits, damage, and occurring pattern were observed, and the control methods were suggested.【Methods】Systematic field investigation was combined with indoor feeding and observation. Morphological characteristics of the beetles were observed under Primo Star microscope, and their taxonomic status was determined. The population dynamics and occurrence pattern were monitored by yellow cards trapping technique. 【Results】 The results showed that the adult of S. nigrifrons was long ovate. Female adults were 4.5 to 5.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 3.0 mm in width; males were 4.0 to 5.6 mm in length and 1.9 to 2.6 mm in width. Their head was black, the top was highly convex, and the leading edge had a wavy fold. There was no obvious boundary between the lip base and the forehead, which was slightly raised with numerous deep points. The tentacles were short and thin. The basal 4 knots of the tentacle were yellowish brown, the other sections were brown or black, and the sections after the 5th section were jagged. The chest was red brown or yellow brown. The scutellum and the elytra were yellow brown or red brown, and the elytra had wide black transverse band. Male's abdomen penultimate web was raised and female’s was sag. The adults of S. nigrifrons do damage on the tender new leaves. They had pseudo- lethality, coming out during the day and hiding at night. Generally it damaged tender leaves on the top of the canopy, with irregular notches in the injured leaves. The damage rate of local wine grape reached 100%. The adults usually appeared in July and August and might have one generation a year. They were active during 8:00 to 11:00 and 15:00 to 18:00. They had no phototaxis but had feigned death. In addition to harming the top leaves of wine grape trees, they also harmed the inter-row weeds, and the damage in the grass growing area was significantly more serious than in the weeding area. 【Conclusion】It is speculated that the occurrence and harm of S. nigrifrons in the wine grape vine of Changli Langes Winery is closely related to the implementation of the new orchard management mode with grass cover, indicating that it has potential risk. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out a risk assessment analysis of S. nigrifrons. The occurrence and damage of S. nigrifrons in other fruit orchards in the north, especially in slopes, semi-mountainous areas and mountainous areas, needs further investigation. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

A molecular detection and identification method for papaya mealybug （Paracoccus marginatus）, the first recorded invasive pest in Fujian province of China北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink is an invasive pest with strong diffusion and fecundity. It has caused serious damage to the papaya industry in Central America, Florida (USA), Guam (USA) and India. Pa. marginatus was first discovered in Fujian Province (Fuzhou and Zhangzhou) in 2017, showing great potential risks to papaya and other fruit crops, as well as flower industry in Fujian province. Because of the small body size and similar morphological characteristics, the morphological identification of mealybugs was inefficient. Rapid molecular identification of different species could be achieved through the use of DNA barcoding technology. Therefore, a technology for rapid molecular identification of Pa. marginatus was established based on the species-specific PCR method. 【Methods】A species-specific PCR method based on ribosomal DNA-28S gene fragment (28S rDNA) was exploited to establish one technology for rapid detection and identification of Pa. marginatus. The additional 10 species of mealybugs (Phenacoccus solenopsis, Dysmicoccus boninsis, Nipaecoccus viridis, Phenacoccus solani, Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus cryptus, Planococcus lilacinus, Pseudococcus odermatti, Planococcus minor and Phenacoccus madeirensi) were collected in the fields as the contrast. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the source of DNA, the DNA templates were all extracted from one single female adult of these 11 species of mealybugs, respectively. 28S rDNA of the 11 species was amplified by a pair of universal primers (S3660/A335). The obtained partial fragments of 28S rDNA were sequenced. And the phylogenetic tree was established by using a Neighbor-joining (NJ) method. According to the obtained 28S rDNA gene partial sequence of the 11 species and 28S rDNA gene sequences of Paracoccus galzerae in GeneBank database, the sequence alignment and analysis were performed on DNAMAN. 28S rDNA species-specific primers (28S-ParF/ 28S-MarR) for Pa. marginatus were designed by selecting the sites with large differences in the sequence. And then, the specific effects, versatility and sensitivity of the specific primers were examined. 【Results】The comparative results showed that the similarity between Pa. marginatus and Paracoccus marginatus isolate S3-668, KP692333 in the GenBank database was 100%. It was also indicated that the mealybugs were identified as Pa. marginatus by molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Pa. marginatus from Fuzhou and Zhangzhou was clustered in a clade. And that combined with Paracoccus galzerae (inter-species genetic distance is 0.058) to form a clade of the genus Paracoccus. The results of specificity tests showed that all Pa. marginatus specimens could be detected positively and a 446 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA of Pa. marginatus was obtained by the species-specific primers, while there was no cross reactions with other 10 species of mealybugs. The species-specific primers not only had a stable amplification effect on female adults, but also were proved to be applicable for the 2nd instar nymphs and the 3rd instar nymphs. Pa. marginatus from three different regions (Fuzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian province, Jinghong in Yunnan province) and six different host plants (Carica papaya, Solanum melongena, Plumeria rubra, Solanum tuberosum, Tithonia diversifolia and Duranta erecta) was also successfully detected by the species-specific primers.【Conclusion】Molecular identification of Pa. marginatus first reported in Fujian province was carried out based on 28S rDNA molecular markers. It was proved by experiments that the 28S rDNA species-specific primers had ideal and stable specificity for Pa. marginatus and could be used to identify Pa. marginatus accurately. A rapid molecular detection technique for Pa. marginatus was established based on the species-specific PCR method. The technology has the characteristics of accuracy, rapidity, sensitivity and simplicity. Our present results indicated that the rapid detection technique should be useful in quarantine at ports, in pest detection and in monitoring during transportation of papaya and other fruit tree seedlings, as well as flowers. However, in view of the fact that no other mealybugs of the genus Paracoccus has been reported in China, this study can provide a reference for the molecular identification for the closely related species of Pa. marginatus. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Risk assessment of dietary intake of pesticide residues in kiwifruit北大核心CSCD

【Obiective】Risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in kiwifruit and quantifiction of the dietary risk levels of commonly used pesticides provide references for safe production and guidance for consumption of the fruit, food safety supervision, and revision of the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of kiwifruit.【Methods】Based on detection of the residues of 66 pesticides in 61 kiwifruit samples from a major producing area, chronic dietary intake risk (%ADI) and acute dietary intake risk (%ARfD) of pesticide residues in these samples were assessed. Based on the veterinary drug residue risk ranking matrix constructed by the British Veterinary Drug Residues Committee, the risk of th epesticides and samples was ranked by integrating kiwifruit consumption and pesticide toxicity, frequency of use and residue level, and maximum residue limit estimates (eMRL) were calculated using allowable daily intake (ADI) values, large portion consumed (LP), and body weight (bw). The study will provide a reference for the regulation of the maximum residue limit (MRL) for the corresponding pesticides.【Results】(1)Among the 62 pesticides, a total of 21 pesticides were detected, and they were low-toxic pesticides except for chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin, which were moderately toxic; (2) Using the pesticide toxicology data, acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference does (ARfD), residual data and kiwifruit consumption data, the risk assessment of the 21 pestcides detected showed that the chronic dietary intake (%ADI) of each pesticide inkiwifruitranged from 0.000 01% to 0.016 04%. All the 21 pesticides detected but acetamiprid and chlorpyrifos without ARfD information had an acute dietary intake (%ARfD) ranging from 0.01% to 26.20%. The acute dietary intake risk difference between different pesticides was significantly. (3) According to the residual risk score, the 21 pesticides detected were medium- to low-risk pesticides. The risk scores for deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos were 16.5 and 16.1 ie(15≤S<20), respectively, which were in the medium-risk range. The risk scores of cypermethrin, pyrimidine, buprofezin, cyhalothrin and difenoconazole were between 12.1 and 12.4, and the risk scores of 14 pesticides including procymidone and chlorpyrifos ranged from 8.0 to 9.3 (S< 15). All of them were low-risk pesticides. Among the 61 kiwifruit samples, 45.9% of the samples were in a very low risk area with a pesticide residue risk index (RI) below 5; 34.4% of the samples were in a low risk range with a pesticide residue RI between 5 and 10; and 18.0% of the samples were in a medium risk range with a pesticide residue RI of 10 and 15; (4) At present, there were few standard pesticides in kiwifruit. Among the 21 pesticides detected, only carbendazim, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and cyhalothrin had maximum residue limit (MRL) in kiwifruit or berries and other small fruits in GB 2763—2016, while 76.2% the pesticides had not a limit value. Compared with eMRL, the MRL values of the five pesticides was a more strict parameter related to limitation of quantities. For example, the eMRL of carbendazim was 6.6 times that of MRL; the eMRL of acetamiprid was 3.8 times that of MRL; the eMRL of cyhalothrin was 10.9 times that of MRL; the eMRL of deltamethrin 21.9 times that of MRL; and the eMRL of chlorfenuron was 153 times that of MRL. Among the 21 pesticides detected, carbendazim, acetamiprid, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos had MRLs, and azoxystrobin, chlorfenapyr, malathion, and procymidone had no necessecity to formulate MRL. 12 pesticides including thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiophanate- methyl, tebuconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz, difenoconazole, buprofezin, trifloxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and chlorothalonil had no MRLs.【Conclusion】The pesticides detected were all middle- risk or low- risk pesticides, and the acute and chronic dietary risks of the 21 pesticides were acceptable. At the same time, 98.4% of the 61 samples were at medium, low or very low risk. Therefore, the kiwifruit in the major producing area was relatively safe. It was recommended to develope the MRLs of 12 pesticides including thiamethoxam and imidacloprid for in kiwifruit. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Identification of resistance to anthracnose in leaves of grape resources and QTL localization of disease resistance genes北大核心CSCD

【Objective】 Grape anthracnose is one of the main diseases of grape, which mainly infects the fruits, young leaves and new branches of grape, causing fruit rot, shedding, or water loss and shrinkage into stiff fruits. Breeding disease-resistant grape varieties is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly long-term control strategy for the prevention of the anthracnose disease. There have been a few studies on the identification of the resistance to anthracnose and the QTL localization of relative disease resistant genes so far. The study aimed to identify the resistance to the anthracnose disease of different grape germplasms and seek for new QTL locus for the resistance and provide germplasm materials and basis for the breeding and research on the disease resistance mechanism. 【Methods】 The indoor ex vivo leaf inoculation method was used to identify and evaluate the resistance to anthracnose in 60 strains of Chinese wild grapes, 122 accessions of V. vinifera and 76 accessions of V. vinifera-V. labrusca, and the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant), and the QTL localization of grape anthracnose resistance was carried out using the genetic map constructed by SNP markers.【Results】 A total of 1 germplasm with high resistance, 43 germplasms with resistance and 75 germplasms with medium resistance were screened out, accounting for 0.39%, 16.67% and 29.07% of the total identified accessions, respectively. There were great differences in the resistance to anthracnose in different germplasm populations. 63.34% of the East Asian population 56.57% of the V. vinifera-V. labrusca population, and 31.15% of the Eurasian population had the resistance to anthracnose. In the identification of anthracnose resistance in Chinese wild grape germplasms, it was found that the resistance of different strains in the same population varied greatly, and the species with strong resistance on the whole included V. davidii, V. pseudoreticulata, V. amurensis, and V. piasezkii. The strong resistance of the strains include Shanputao &, Longyuwanfuye1 &, Duolieye-yingyu, Shanputao- shanyang1807, Mianmaoputao-chayu1955, and Ciputao0940. The resistance of the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant) were distributed in five grades. According to the normality test and single-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the resistance level distribution of the F1 population, it was found that the hybrid offsprings of Finger (susceptible) × Ciputao0940 (resistant) showed continuous variation in anthracnose resistance, which was a typical quantitative trait controlled by polygens, and the phenotypic distribution of disease resistance identification results showed a trend of partial normal distribution, which could be analyzed by QTL localization. In the positioning of QTL related to grape resistance to anthracnose, the interval or site of LOD≥3.0 was used as the threshold value for QTL, and when the above conditions were met, the site corresponding to the highest LOD value in the interval was considered to be one QTL of grape anti-anthracnose. In this experiment, a QTL interval associated with grape anthracnose resistance was detected on the 8th linkage group, and the locus with the highest LOD value in this interval was located at 140.682 cM, and the tightly linked label was Maker1675910, which could explain the 14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the gene annotation results of the QTL locus interval, 15 resistance- related genes were screened out, and they were hypothesized to play a role in grape anthracnose resistance. 【Conclusion】 The resistance level of different grape germplasms to anthracnose was clarified, one QTL site against anthracnose was located and 15 resistant-related genes were screened. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.