水稻雄性不育类型及不育机制的研究进展

雄性不育在水稻杂种优势利用中起重要作用，不育系繁殖是杂交水稻生产体系中的关键技术之一，目前广泛应用的不育系繁殖体系主要有以细胞质雄性不育为基础的三系法杂交水稻、以环境敏感型雄性核不育为基础的两系法杂交水稻和以普通隐性雄性核不育为基础的第3代杂交水稻的种子生产体系。介绍了细胞质雄性不育、环境敏感型细胞核雄性不育和普通细胞核雄性不育等三大水稻雄性不育类型，综述了水稻雄性不育机制的研究进展，对杂交水稻发展方向进行了展望。     

我国杂交水稻种子出口贸易发展的制约因素及对策分析

我国杂交水稻技术的研究与应用在国际上居领先地位。中国年生产与应用的杂交水稻种子高达20万t，占世界市场的95％以上，但杂交水稻种子出口发展迟缓，出口国家与地区狭窄，种子出口量少，贸易额低，创汇能力不足。分析了我国杂交水稻种子出口贸易发展的制约因素，并就如何发挥我国在杂交水稻领域的生产与技术优势，开拓杂交水稻国际市场，推动与扩大杂交水稻种子出口贸易提出了对策。     

缅甸杂交水稻现状及发展对策

介绍了缅甸水稻生产概况以及杂交水稻的发展历程、杂交水稻育种、种子生产和推广应用现状,针对缅甸杂交水稻发展存在的问题,提出了相关对策。     

二系杂交水稻制繁种中利用标记辅助去杂技术

70年代中期以来 ,杂种优势的广泛利用一直是中国水稻增产的主要手段之一 (参见 :袁隆平 ,费马尼ＳＳ 杂交水稻研究与开发状况 ,杂交水稻 )。最近以来 ,其他亚洲国家也相继利用杂交水稻增产。然而 ,杂交水稻的单产水平似乎已达到顶点 ,难以进一步提高。在野败型细胞质雄性不育 (ＷＡ ＣＭＳ)成功运用于生产前后 ,许多细胞质雄性不育材料已被用来选育新一代细胞质雄性不育系 ,但至今无一如ＷＡ ＣＭＳ那么成功。应用于籼型杂交稻生产的细胞质雄性不育系 ,有 95%以上均属ＷＡ ＣＭＳ。为了寻找产量更高的杂交稻组合 ,以及避免细胞质雄性不育可…     

长沙市两系杂交水稻的发展

１１ａ两系杂交水稻的试验、示范，表现增产显著；我市对两系杂交水稻的推广应用积累了新经验，也为我市水稻生产展示了新的发展方向。     

借鉴外省经验 加快福建省两系杂交稻的发展

1全国两系杂交稻发展概况两系法杂交水稻是继三系法杂交水稻之后在水稻遗传育种上又一重大技术革新，具有生产程序简化，制种成本低，配组自由，杂种优势强等优点。1987年被列入国家“863”计划，开始了全国性的协作攻关，10多年来经过科学家们不懈努力，两系杂交水稻研究...     

湖南推广应用杂交水稻的成就与经验

自１９７６年湖南大面积推广杂交水稻以来，年种植面积已扩大到４１００万亩，占水稻种植面积的６０％。１８年累计推广４．３亿亩，增产稻谷３００多亿ｋｇ，对推动湖南粮食生产和农村经济的发展发挥了巨大作用。文中还总结了１８年来推广杂交水稻的经验，随着科技的进步，杂交水稻必将在农业生产中作出新的贡献。     

杂交水稻不育系的配合力分析

杂交水稻不育系的配合力分析许旭明，余永安，张爱刚，黄显波，谢小丹（三明市农科所沙县３６５５０９）水稻不育系是水稻杂种优势利用的基础。７０年代野败型不育系的选育成功，使我国杂交水稻实现了三系配套，至今珍汕９７Ａ、Ｖ２０Ａ仍然是杂交水稻生产上主要应用的不...     

南繁秋季杂交水稻制种的气象灾害风险区划

开展南繁秋季杂交水稻制种气象灾害风险区划对降低制种农户生产风险、拓展南繁杂交水稻制种季节具有重要意义。利用海南岛国家和区域气象站1971—2020年气象资料及2011—2017年南繁秋季杂交水稻制种生产气象灾害和产量等信息，采用杂交水稻制种的气象灾害指标，构建灾害风险强度指数模型并对种植区进行了风险区划。结果表明，南繁秋季杂交水稻制种气象灾害低风险区主要分布在三亚、陵水、乐东西部、东方西部等地区，高风险区主要分布在海南岛中部、东部等地区。南繁秋季杂交水稻制种低风险区宜安排在10月下旬始穗，南部可适当延后到10月底11月初始穗。     

四川杂交水稻生产的回顾与展望

回顾１８年杂交水稻发展的历程，阐述杂交水稻推广在粮食增产中的作用，提出今后发交水稻生产发展的战略思路。     

印度尼西亚发展杂交水稻存在的问题与对策

水稻是印度尼西亚(以下简称印尼)的主要粮食作物,尽管印尼的水稻常年种植面积在1 180万hm2左右,但是水稻单产低,不能满足印尼人民的消费需求,每年须进口大米200万t左右。实现印尼稻米自给的有效途径是大力发展杂交水稻。介绍了目前印尼水稻生产的现状以及在发展杂交水稻中存在的问题和对策。     

淮北地区稻作生产现状及发展趋势

从品种（组合）和栽培技术方面分析了淮北地区稻作生产的现状，以及进一步提高本地区水稻产量所存在的主要问题，并论述了今后稻作生产的主要发展趋势。     

中国水稻杂种优势利用现状

分析了1996～1998年我国杂交水稻生产应用中主要品种的胞质类型及播种情况。现阶段,中国杂交水稻种植面积占水稻年播种面积的50％以上。生产上应用的三系杂交稻仍以野败胞质为主,其次为冈·D型和印尼水田谷型,后者的面积比重在逐年增加。两系杂交稻研究取得新突破,10余个组合通过了省级审定,培矮64S的广泛应用展示了两系杂交稻超三系杂交稻的诱人前景。我国业已育成超级杂交稻苗头组合,个别组合在部分百亩(6.67 hm2)连片示范点已经达到了日产稻谷100 kg/hm2的超级稻指标。     

利用野生稻选育水稻恢复系研究

为了利用野生稻优良基因选育强优势的水稻恢复系,从野生稻资源中筛选出抗性强、具有较好农艺性状且恢复能力强的野生稻,与传统优良恢复系远缘杂交,后代适当复交,采用“大群体、多世代”的系谱法处理杂交后代。经过17 a（1980—1997）的选育,获得了测25、测253、测258、测1012等4个优良恢复系。至2006年,用这些恢复系配组育成的14个杂交稻组合通过了省级以上品种审定,累计推广面积达693.3万hm^2。     

Making Rice a Perfect Food

Abstract

Despite a significant increase in food production during the last century, world production will need to be doubled or tripled by the year 2050 to meet the needs of an expected 10 billion global population. Fortunately, a second revolution in agriculture appears to be taking place from advances in biotechnology. Worldwide in 1999, about 40 million hectares of transgenic plants were grown, and this area is expected to increase significantly for years to come. Rice (Oryza sauva L.) is the staple food of the majority of 3.5 billion people in Asia. Increases in population in the rice growing regions of Asia will require 70% more rice in 2025 than is consumed today. In addition, rice, in its milled form, is poor in essential amino acids and a range of vitamins and micronutri-ents, which creates malnutrition. With the increasing number of genes discovered in plants and other organisms, transgenic research is being utilized to improve agronomic traits of rice, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and to increase photosynthetic efficiency which collectively increase yield. Research is also moving toward improvement of grain quality traits, including amino acids, micronutrients, and vitamins. Genome sequencing and the techniques for rice transformation have been developed. Thus, collaborative efforts in genomics, transformation, and molecular breeding of rice are expected to lead to a significant contribution to global food security. In this article, we review the current status of genetic improvement of rice. Improved methods for transgene expression in rice and potential modifications that will significantly improve yield and grain quality of rice are also discussed.     

我国两系杂交水稻发展的现状和建议

 我国两系杂交水稻发展迅猛,截止到2010年年底,共有427个两系杂交组合通过了省级或国家新品种审定,其中通过国家新品种审定的品种有62个。2005年至2011年,农业部冠名“超级稻”的83个品种中,两系杂交水稻占17个。据农业部全国农作物主要品种推广情况统计表的统计资料,1993年到2009年共有121个两系组合年推广面积达到或者超过6 700 hm2,累计推广面积达到2097.4万hm2(3.15亿亩)。2002年两优培九的推广面积达到82.5万hm2,荣登全国杂交水稻推广面积的榜首。此后7年,两系杂交水稻组合的种植面积6次位居第一,1次位居第二。目前两系杂交水稻占全国杂交水稻总面积的20%左右,已经成为我国水稻生产中不可或缺的类型,在保障粮食安全中发挥了重要作用。介绍了我国两系杂交水稻的现状,分析了存在的主要问题,提出了进一步发展的建议。     

The potato genetic resources held in trust by the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru

Summary Potatoes account for about half of the world's annual output of all roots and tubers, and since the early 1960s, the increase in area planted in developing countries has been higher than for any other major food crop. Annual world production currently totals 274 million tons on 18 million hectares, with China and India accounting for 22 percent of this total. In less than a generation, most of the world's potatoes will be harvested in Asia. Africa, or Latin America, where the potato is becoming an increasingly important source of food and its cultivation provides rural employment and income for the growing population. The rapid emergence of processing facilities for the fast food industry, and the indirect influence of improved rice and wheat irrigation systems have also contributed to the expansion of potato production in Asia. The demand is strongest for processing quality potatoes that supply the fast food chains in large urban concentrations where processed potato products fetch top prices. Such increasing demand is putting strong pressure on national and international breeding institutions to produce high quality processing varieties well adapted to the wide array of agro-ecological conditions, in South East Asia in particular. The lack of adequate seed systems in this region is the single most important impediment to the expansion of the cultivation of the crop. Unfavourable agro-ecological conditions interfere with the production of high quality seed in most Asian potato growing areas, and the availability of high quality seed of the right quantity at the right time remains the most consequential bottleneck to efficient potato production. The seed issue is also the principal problem of potato cultivation in the traditional potato growing areas of Central and Eastern Europe. A review of “the development of integrated systems for large scale propagation of elite plants using in vitro techniques” with specific focus on “potato seed production by tissue culture” is therefore very timely. It provides a platform for analysis and discussion of solutions for some of the most common seed problems facing the potato industry in many parts of the word. All efforts to improve the potato crop and to solve the associated seed problems begin with the right choice and use of the available genetic resources. Resistance to certain pests and diseases has a direct bearing on the success of a seed program. Multiple virus resistance, in particular, would ensure a halt to seed degeneration caused by an accumulation of viruses and thus greatly prolong the ability of seed producers and ware potato growing farmers to grow their crops at great economic benefit. This paper will therefore deal with the current status of the World Potato Collection held in trust by the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru by presenting up-to-date information on its classification, phytosanitary status and availability of the genetic material and its evaluation data to the breeders worldwide.     

籼粳杂交水稻榆杂29的选育与应用研究

滇型籼粳杂交水稻榆杂２９是用滇榆１号不育系（籼粳交偏梗型）与恢复系南２９组配 成的，具有丰产性好、抗逆性较强、适应性广的特点，１９９５年通过云南省农作物品种审定。介绍了该组合的选育经过、特征特性、栽培及繁殖制种配套技术。     

我国杂交水稻的形势与战略

我国杂交水稻从开始研究至今已有３０年历史，已为我国粮食生产作出了巨大贡献。要进一步发展杂交水稻，必须通过育种方法和材料的改进来提高组合的多样化、产量潜力、品质、抗性和制种产量。两系杂交稻正在走向成功，三系杂交稻在本世纪仍将是主力。杂交水稻国际开发前景可观。     

全球水稻生产与稻作生态系统概况

1961—2001年，全球水稻总产、面积和单产分别增长171．3％，30．9％和107．0％。在总产增长中，收获面积增加贡献27．8％，单产提高贡献72．2％，水稻总产增长主要由单产的提高所致。亚洲是主要的产稻区，其水稻总产和收获面积分别占全球的90％和91％。全球各产稻国水稻平均单产差异很大，水稻增产关键在于提高中低产国家和地区的水稻单产水平。全球稻田中，灌溉稻田、雨灌稻田、早稻田和深水稻田分别占54％，3l％，11％和4％。不同水稻生态系统的地区分布中，灌溉稻和雨灌稻主要分布在亚洲，分别占93．0％和95．5％，深水稻主要分布在亚洲和非洲，分别占67．3％和25．0％，早稻主要分布在亚洲、美洲和非洲，分别占57．1％，20．0％和19．1％。