内蒙古林科院树木园油松人工林蒸散特征

林分蒸散是森林水量平衡的主要组成部分,以内蒙古林科院树木园油松人工林为研究对象,同步监测树干液流、树干茎流、林内穿透雨和气象因子,分析了油松人工林蒸散及其组成.结果表明:整个生长季林分蒸散、冠层蒸腾、冠层截留、林地蒸散分别为392.53 mm、83.68 mm、68.90 mm和239.95 mm,分别占同期降水量的1...     

山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及其与环境因子的关系

为探明山旱塬区苹果园耗水规律以及影响果树耗水的主导因子,确定水分承载力,合理配置有限的水资源,于2014~2015年采用SF-L树干茎流仪和Watch Dog 2900ET自动气象站对山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及环境因子进行了连续观测,分析了花牛苹果树干茎流速率的变化规律及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,在果树生长周期,各月份根据日均茎流速率由大到小排列依次为5月、6月、7月、8月、9月,随着月份的递增,茎流峰值出现时间逐渐延迟;5~9月份苹果树干茎流速率变化规律表现为昼高夜低,7:00~9:00树干茎流速率开始急速上升,12:00~15:00达到最大值,17:00~18:00开始逐步下降,21:00趋于稳定;不同天气条件下苹果树干茎流速率为晴天大于雨天;对茎流速率与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,太阳辐射强度、相对湿度、空气温度、饱和水气压差、露点温度与树干茎流速率呈极显著性相关,风速对茎流速率也有一定影响。     

蒸腾抑制剂对扁桃水分利用效率及茎流速率的影响

为研究蒸腾抑制剂对扁桃水分利用效率以及茎流速率的影响,用14种蒸腾抑制剂对扁桃幼苗进行处理,通过CI-340光合系统测定扁桃的净光合速率和蒸腾速率,从而得出不同叶面处理的扁桃平均水分利用效率,筛选出效果最优的叶面处理方式。将最优的叶面处理方式应用于扁桃树上,测定其茎流速率的变化。结果表明,‘坪安’蒸腾抑制剂对提高扁桃的水分利用效率最佳,但喷施蒸腾抑制剂对降低扁桃茎流速率的效果不明显。日变化曲线测定结果表明,扁桃净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈现明显的"双峰"曲线,具有"午休"现象。晴天扁桃茎流速率日变化表现为双峰曲线,多云天气则表现为多峰曲线。     

雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究

应用热脉冲法对雷州半岛4年生尾叶桉单株树干液流时空的动态变化及与各环境因子的关系进行观测研究.研究结果表明(1)形成层以内木质部不同深度的茎流密度不同,其中靠近形成层部分液流速度较快,但各层都具有相同的日变化趋势,中午12点至1点达到最大;夜间因根压作用影响各层仍有微弱上升液流;各深度日平均茎流密度11.6 L·m-2·d-1,最大为15.3 L·m-2·d-1(晴天),最小仅为5.4 L·m-2·d-1(雨天);(2) 不同直径尾叶桉的日茎流密度具有相似日变化趋势,胸径与高度相近其茎流密度相同,大树较小树快,这主要与树木根系吸收土壤水分的能力有关;(3)热脉冲法与整树容器法对2年生幼树耗水量的同步测定结果相一致,误差仅为3.4%;(4)树干茎流量与饱和蒸气压差和太阳辐射相关性特别显著.     

枣树蒸腾速率变化与气象因子的关系

为了提高水分利用率,以7年生壶瓶枣为材料,利用热扩散式茎流仪,结合对土壤和气象因子的同步检测,动态地研究枣树单木整株的蒸腾耗水规律.结果表明,枣树蒸腾速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,13:00达到最大值,夜间枣树树干也有微弱的茎流,其大小在0～18.64 g/(株·h).枣树在晴天、多云天、阴雨天的平均蒸腾速率分别为436.4...     

华北落叶松树干液流的个体差异和林分蒸腾估计的尺度上推

2005年6-10月在宁夏六盘山南侧的西峡林场,选择比较均匀的坡面(坡度45°),布设了20m×20m的华北落叶松固定标准地,应用热扩散茎流计连续测定13株树木的树干液流.结果表明:不同径级树木的树干日液流量存在较大差异,在6-7月,其值变化在11.17～24.46kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.298(n=5);在8-10月,其值变化在5.01～22.25 kg·d-1,变异系数CV为0.454(n=13).方差分析表明,胸径和液流密度是2个显著影响树干日液流量变异的因子,前者主要通过决定树干边材面积来控制树干液流量大小,它可以解释变异方差的56.9%;树干液流密度可以解释变异方差的34.7%.相关性分析表明,树干液流密度与与林木个体的生长指标(树高、胸径、冠幅和边材面积)无显著相关关系,但与林木的空间指标--树冠重叠度呈显著线性负相关(r=-0.668),即树干液流密度随树冠重叠度增加而降低,说明树干液流密度主要受其林木所处的空间位置及周围树木遮荫影响而发生变化.最后,利用树干液流密度与树冠重叠度之间的关系,提出基于林木空间差异估计华北落叶松林分蒸腾量的方法,并与常用的基于边材面积的尺度转换方法进行对比.结果表明,2种方法估计的林分日蒸腾量的数值变化趋势基本相同,但基于林木空间差异的方法估计的华北落叶松林分平均日蒸腾量为1.15mm·d-1,而基于边材面积的方法的估计值为1.32mm·d-1,前者低于后者13.13%,说明不考虑林木空间特征可能会导致林分日蒸腾量估计值偏大.     

白桦和新疆杨树干茎流变化规律及与环境因子的关系

对白桦和新疆杨在7～10月的树干茎流速率变化规律及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,结果表明：白桦的茎流日变化过程呈现单峰曲线,且变幅大,而新疆杨则呈现多峰曲线;茎流速率与环境温度呈显著正相关,与环境湿度呈显著负相关,与大气气压无显著相关性。两树种树干茎流到达峰值的时刻均表现为秋季比夏季晚约1 h,且新疆杨比白桦到达峰值的...     

三峡库区莲峡河小流域马尾松水文生态效应

2004年,在三峡库区莲峡河小流域马尾松林地进行了大气降水、林内透雨、树干茎流的测定,进行了林下枯落物和土壤对降雨影响的研究.结果表明:观测期,马尾松林内透雨占大气降水总量的76.70%,林冠层截留量占降雨总量的23.03%,树干茎流占降雨总量的0.27%;林下枯落物的最大持水量为3.40 mm,林地0～40 cm层土壤饱和蓄水量为183.60 mm;林内透雨、树干茎流、林冠截流与大气降水量以及降雨强度具有显著的二元线性相关关系.     

不同遮荫强度对几种苗木生长的影响

以黄金榕、花斑垂叶榕、乳斑榕的苗木为试验材料，探讨不同遮荫强度对3种容器苗木生长、水分利用、苗木生长环境及土壤温度的影响。试验表明：一层遮荫网处理的苗木比无遮荫网和二层遮荫网处理的苗木在株高、冠幅、干径以及叶片数目等方面均增长较快；苗木的地下部分、叶和茎含水量均较低。无遮荫处理利用较多水分，土壤温度在14：00点左右明显高于所有遮荫处理。     

宽窄行栽植下毛白杨不同方位树干液流的差异

毛白杨Populus tomentosa是我国北方主要速生用材树种,在华北地区多采用宽窄行模式栽植。该模式下,不均匀的生长空间可能会引起不同方位树干液流速率(F_d)的差异,从而影响对林木蒸腾耗水的准确估计。为探究宽窄行栽植下毛白杨不同方位F_d的变异特征及其与气象因子的变化关系,采用热扩散式液流探针和自动气象站,对9株不同胸径样树4个方位(东、南、西、北)的F_d及林地气象因子进行监测和分析。结果表明:所有样树不同方位的F_d均具有显著差异,平均变异系数(CV)为15.1%±9.2%。其中,西方位为优势方位,其F_d显著大于或与其他方位无差异,而其它三个方位F_d大小次序无明显规律。各方位F_d在不同气象条件下均具有相同的日变化趋势,且下午(12:00—24:00)的F_d显著高于上午(0:00—12:00)。林木各方位F_d受光合有效辐射(PAR)影响强烈,多重回归分析结果表明PAR几乎为各方位F_d的主要驱动因子,而水汽压亏缺(VPD)和空气温度(T_a)仅在个别方位对F_d具有一定驱动作用。不同方位F_d的CV和相对偏差(RD)与PAR、VPD不具有显著相关关系,表明F_d的方位差异并未受气象因子影响。综上,在研究宽窄行栽植模式下林木蒸腾耗水时,方位间F_d差异不能忽视;在液流探针数量有限的情况下,对每株样树随机选取一个方位进行F_d测定可能会获得更精确的林木蒸腾量估计。     

Change of trunk sap flow of Ginkgo biloba L. and its response to inhibiting transpiration treatment

For this paper, GREENSPAN sap flow system was used to monitor the dynamics of trunk sap flow of Gingkgo biloba. Results indicate that sap flow velocity is significantly different among different heights, depths, and directions of the trunk. Sap flow velocity at the upper position of the trunk is higher than that of the middle and lower position, but cumulative flux is not significantly different among the upper, middle and lower sections. Sap flow velocity at 10 mm reached the most and that at 20 mm the least. However, sap flow velocity at 5 mm and 15 mm was similar and was second among the four depths. Results also showed that sap flow velocity of the south was the highest, and that of the west was next. An Automatic Weather Station of HOBO was synchronously applied to measure these meteorological parameters, and the relationship between these parameters and the changes of trunk sap flow velocity were analyzed. We found that the change of sap flow velocity was a single-crest curve on clear days and multi-crest curve on cloudy and rainy days. In addition, it is also revealed that by stepwise regression analyses photosynthetical active radiation (PAR), temperature and wind speed are the main environmental factors affecting sap flow velocity. The efficient methods of reducing water transpiration of trees, including leaf pruning, overshadowing and antitranspirant spraying, were found by investigating the effects on inhibiting transpiration, which indicated that spraying of antitranspirants, leaf pruning and overshadowing could significantly reduce transpiration but the effects of leaf pruning and overshadowing were far better than that of antitranspirant spraying. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(5): 22–28 [译自: 林业科学]     

木麻黄南北方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响

利用TDP径流计对福建沿海木麻黄南北方位的边材液流动态进行长期监测，并同步检测空气温湿度、太阳辐射等环境因子，分析南北方位液流速率的相互关系、对蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示，木麻黄南北2个方位测得的液流速率存在显著差异和线性相关。木麻黄生长季（5～10月）内单株蒸腾耗水量与日总太阳辐射和昼间平均空气水汽压亏缺的指数饱和曲线拟合效果较好。采用单方位树干液流速率测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与2个方位的测算值相差18．19％。     

Heat dissipation sensors of variable length for the measurement of sap flow in trees with deep sapwood

Robust thermal dissipation sensors of variable length (3 to 30 cm) were developed to overcome limitations to the measurement of radial profiles of sap flow in large-diameter tropical trees with deep sapwood. The effective measuring length of the custom-made sensors was reduced to 1 cm at the tip of a thermally nonconducting shaft, thereby minimizing the influence of nonuniform sap flux density profiles across the sapwood. Sap flow was measured at different depths and circumferential positions in the trunks of four trees at the Parque Natural Metropolitano canopy crane site, Panama City, Republic of Panama. Sap flow was detected to a depth of 24 cm in the trunks of a 1-m-diameter Anacardium excelsum (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels tree and a 0.65-m-diameter Ficus insipida Willd. tree, and to depths of 7 cm in a 0.34-m-diameter Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. trunk, and 17 cm in a 0.47-m-diameter Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin trunk. Sap flux density was maximal in the outermost 4 cm of sapwood and declined with increasing sapwood depth. Considerable variation in sap flux density profiles was observed both within and among the trees. In S. morototoni, radial variation in sap flux density was associated with radial variation in wood properties, particularly vessel lumen area and distribution. High variability in radial and circumferential sap flux density resulted in large errors when measurements of sap flow at a single depth, or a single radial profile, were used to estimate whole-plant water use. Diurnal water use ranged from 750 kg H2O day-1 for A. excelsum to 37 kg H2O day-1 for C. alliodora.     

Variability with xylem depth in sap flow in trunks and branches of mature olive trees

Knowledge of sap flow variability in tree trunks is important for up-scaling transpiration from the measuring point to the whole-tree and stand levels. Natural variability in sap flow, both radial and circumferential, was studied in the trunks and branches of mature olive trees (Olea europea L., cv Coratina) by the heat field deformation method using multi-point sensors. Sapwood depth ranged from 22 to 55 mm with greater variability in trunks than in branches. Two asymmetric types of sap flow radial patterns were observed: Type 1, rising to a maximum near the mid-point of the sapwood; and Type 2, falling continuously from a maximum just below cambium to zero at the inner boundary of the sapwood. The Type 1 pattern was recorded more often in branches and smaller trees. Both types of sap flow radial patterns were observed in trunks of the sample trees. Sap flow radial patterns were rather stable during the day, but varied with soil water changes. A decrease in sap flow in the outermost xylem was related to water depletion in the topsoil. We hypothesized that the variations in sap flow radial pattern in a tree trunk reflects a vertical distribution of water uptake that varies with water availability in different soil layers.     

Nighttime water use in an irrigated Eucalyptus grandis plantation

Sap flow measurements showed that a well-watered four-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, used 0.8 mm of water between 2100 and 0500 h on the midwinter night of July 30. Sap flow ceased for 2 to 3 h after sunset before recommencing at high rates that reached a maximum of 0.3 mm per h between 0200 and 0300 h. This pattern is inconsistent with the replenishment of tissue water reserves depleted during the day. Moreover, maximum leaf conductance at night was about 20 times maximum cuticular conductance values reported in the literature, which strongly suggests that stomata were partly open and that there was substantial water loss by way of the foliage. In an 8-month period from late winter to mid-autumn, comparable rates of nighttime water use were observed on only one other occasion. However, water use at rates of 0.1 mm per h or more occurred on 24 other nights. Almost 70% of the variation in nighttime sap velocity was explained by nighttime mean vapor pressure deficit and nighttime mean wind speed. Total recorded nighttime water use of the plantation was 48 mm, or 5% of total transpiration during the 8-month study. In view of the insensitivity of heat pulse measurements at low sap flows, this value may be an underestimate of actual nighttime transpiration.     

Partition of nocturnal sap flow in Acacia mangium and its implication for estimating the whole-tree transpiration

We analyzed the partition of nocturnal sap flow into refilling of internal water storage and transpiration in Acacia mangium. Sap flow of trees was monitored continuously with Granier’s sensors for estimating the whole-tree transpiration. Possible night transpiration and stomatal conductance at the leaf level in the canopy were measured with a LI-6400 photosynthesis measuring system. For nocturnal leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance were weak, nocturnal sap flow of mature A. mangium trees was mainly associated with water recharge in the trunk. No significant change in night water recharge of the trunk was found at both seasonal and inter-annual scales. Morphological features of trees including diameter at the breast height (DBH), tree height, and canopy size could explain variances of night water recharge. Furthermore, although the contribution of nocturnal sap flow to the total transpiration varied among seasons and DBH classes, the error caused by night water recharge on wholetree transpiration was negligible. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 2007, 31 (5): 777–786 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Radial distribution of sap flux density in trunks of a mature beech stand

In a mature beech stand located in north-eastern Germany, xylem sap flux measurements were continuously performed during the 2002–2004 growing seasons. Ten representative trunks were studied using heated thermal dissipation probes. The measurements aimed at identifying principles governing radial profiles of xylem flux in beech trunks. The measurements were taken up to a trunk depth of 132 mm. The sap flow density in the pericambial xylem was found to vary among trees of different diameters, but was not considerably smaller in suppressed trees. A model for the radial distribution of sap flux density was formulated relating trunk radius and sap flow density. The model takes into account different trunk diameter. About 90% of the sap flux was found to occur in the outer two fifths of the trunk. Using this model, an adequate estimate of transpiration can be achieved at tree and stand level, even when the sap flux measurements are restricted to the outer trunk sectors.     

Evaluation of the sap flow using heat pulse method to determine transpiration of the Populus euphratica canopy

The sap flow of the sampled Populus euphratica stems at different radial depths and directions had been studied in Ejina Oasis, in the lower reaches of the Heihe River. Based on sap flow measurements, the transpiration of the entire canopy was calculated. Results showed a linear correlation between the sap flow and the sapwood area of the P. euphratica. Through the analysis of the diameter at breast height in the sample plot, it was found that the distribution of the diameters and the corresponding sapwood area was exponentially correlated, with the coefficient of correlation being 0.976,7. The calculated transpiration of the Populus euphratica canopy was 214.9 mm based on the specific conductivity method. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(7): 28–32 [译自: 林业科学]     

Estimating water use of sclerophyllous species under East-Mediterranean climate: III. Tabor oak forest sap flow distribution and transpiration

The annual course of daily transpiration and the hydrological balance of a Tabor oak forest were determined. The study was done in a representative forest within the natural geographical range of the species in the lower Galilee region of Israel. The climate is sub-humid with a rainless dry season from May to October. A partial water balance of a 0.1 ha area supporting an average of 14 trees was calculated from: (a) soil water content (SWC) measured by a Neutron Probe at depths of from 0.2 to 8 m, and (b) daylight transpiration rate measured with sap flow sensors by the heat pulse technique.Soil–bedrock complex water content (%) in the first 2 m of the profile fluctuated strongly between 5 and 20% depending on the season. The water content increased with depth from about 10% at 2.0 m depth to more than 20% at 5.0 m depth. For depths exceeding 5.5 m seasonal fluctuations in water content were negligible and water content ranged from 30 to 35%. After a dry winter, water content generally decreased within the main root zone down to about 2.0 m depth. Monthly changes in water content (mm) were greatest at depths of 0.35–1.0 m. Only minor changes in the soil–bedrock complex water content were recorded at greater depths. After a very rainy winter (2002/2003), decreases in soil–bedrock complex water content in the upper 2 m were much larger than after a dry winter. Fluctuations of soil–bedrock complex water content in deeper regions were larger in the wetter year, probably the result of drainage.Sap velocity was measured at six depths in the sapwood, from 4 to 44 mm, at 8 mm intervals. Sap velocity declined with depth, hence, sap flux density too.Based on sap velocity measurements performed during 4 years, the annual average daily transpiration (T) was 0.796 mm/day. This sums up to 239 mm during ∼300 days of leaf carriage, i.e. 41.3% of the 578 mm average annual rainfall for the area in the last 50 years. In a relatively dry year (rainfall of 432.7 mm) total water withdrawal from the 8 m soil–bedrock profile was 81% of the annual rainfall; of this amount 69% were transpired by the oak trees (239.0 mm), or 55% of the annual rainfall. In a relatively wet year (annual rainfall 801.4 mm) total water withdrawal was 67%; of this amount 45% would be transpired by the oak trees, or 30% of the annual rainfall.     

Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk of orchard-grown,mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions

Circumferential and radial variations in xylem sap flux density in trunks of 13-year-old mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees were investigated with Granier sap flow sensor probes under limiting and non-limiting soil water conditions. Under non-limiting soil water conditions, circumferential variation was substantial, but there was no apparent relationship between sap flux density and aspect (i.e., the radial position of the sensor probes on the trunk relative to the compass). Hourly sap flux densities over 24 hours at different aspects were highly pair-wise correlated. The relationships between different aspects were constant during well-watered periods but highly variable under changing soil water conditions. Sap flux density showed marked radial variation within the trunk and a substantial flux was observed at the center of the trunk. For each selected aspect on each tree, changes in sap flux densities over time at different depths were closely correlated, so flux at a particular depth could be extrapolated as a multiple of flux from 0 to 2 cm beneath the cambium. However, depth profiles of sap flux density differed between trees and even between aspects within a tree, and also varied in an unpredictable manner as soil water conditions changed. Nevertheless, over a period of non-limiting soil water conditions, depth profiles remained relatively constant. Based on the depth profiles obtained during these periods, a method is described for calculating total sap flow in a mango tree from sap flux density at 0-2 cm beneath the cambium. Total daily sap flows obtained were consistent with water use estimated from soil water balance.