《水产动物营养与饲料学》课程理论与实验教学的改革与思考

为了激发学生对《水产动物营养与饲料学》课程的学习兴趣,提高教学效果,对该课程的教学内容、教学方法和考核方式进行了探索和教学实践。在教学内容上,引入该学科的研究进展和新技术,调动学生的主动性;应用多媒体网络技术,增强教学的直观性;开设开放性实验内容,提高学生的创新能力;改变考核方式,激发学生学习动力。     

动物科学专业《淡水养殖学》课程教学的探索与思考

为了激发学生对《淡水养殖学》课程的学习兴趣,提高教学效果,对该课程的教学内容、方法及考核方式进行了探索和实践。在教学内容上,引入该学科新的进展和新技术,调动学生的主动性;应用多媒体网络技术,增强教学的直观性;开设开放性实验内容,提高学生的创新能力;改变考核方式,激发学生学习动力。通过对该课程的教学改革,不仅提高了学生的学习积极性和兴趣,同时也提高了教学质量。     

对高校青年教师讲授动物解剖学课程的思考与建议

根据高校人才培养目标,结合本科生学习的心理特点,对高校青年教师讲授动物解剖学课程的教学内容和教学方法进行了思考。从动物解剖学课程的特点出发,从改革讲授内容的重点、提高教师自身的教学能力和素质、改善实验教学条件、利用多媒体技术和网络平台以及考核方法改革等方面对课程教学建设提出了相应的建议,以期能够提高高校青年教师讲授动物解剖学课程的水平,激发学生对课程的学习兴趣,最终达到提高本科教学质量的目的。     

《畜牧微生物学》课程教学改革的探索

为提高《畜牧微生物学》课程的教学效果,激发学生的学习兴趣,对该课程的教学内容、方法及考核方式进行了探索和实践。在理论教学上,精选课程内容,引入现代教学手段和技术,使教学内容直观化;实验教学上,理顺实验内容的顺序,灵活实验课的时间,增设学生的创新环节;建立新型全面的考核制度,激发学生的学习动力。通过各种改革,增强了学生学习的主动性和兴趣,同时也提高了教学质量。     

《家畜病理生理学与解剖学》实验教学改革探析

《家畜病理生理学与解剖学》在整个动物医学专业课程当中起着承前启后的桥梁性作用,其中实验部分是该课程的重要组成部分。加快推进《家畜病理生理学与解剖学》课程实验教学改革对该课程的教学改革起着重要作用。针对《家畜病理生理学与解剖学》课程的特点,在实验课程教学过程中,可通过大体标本观察、讲述病理变化、病理切片阅读竞赛、实验课考核改革等方法来激发学生学习该课程的兴趣和积极性,进而达到提高课程教学质量的目的。     

《动物检疫》课程教学改革初探

《动物检疫》是动物医学专业一门涉及多个学科的综合性专业技术课程。动物检疫作为一项重要的动物防疫技术行政措施,在国家动物防疫工作中具有突出的地位和作用。根据《动物检疫》的课程特点以及社会对动物医学专业技能人才的需求,笔者在《动物检疫》的教学过程中,在教学内容、教学方法和考核方式等方面进行了一系列的探索,并取得了一定的成效,激发了学生的学习兴趣,提高了学生解决实际问题的能力。     

参与式教学法在《动物生理学》课程教学中的应用

《动物生理学》是动物医学和动物科学专业重要的专业基础课之一。为了提高本科生《动物生理学》课程的教学质量,针对目前教学现状和存在的问题,初步探讨了“参与式”教学法在该课程教学设计中的重要性,并从教学内容、课堂讨论和教学评价模式等方面进行“参与式”教学法改革和探索,以期激发学生学习兴趣,积极参与到课堂教学中来,提高学生自主创新学习的能力。     

绘图训练法和粘土模型训练法对动物解剖教学的促进作用

<正>动物解剖学是一门枯燥难学的课程。为了提高学生的学习兴趣,促使学生增加学习时间,增加学生学习中的探索性活动,我们在动物解剖教学中采用了绘图训练法和粘土模型训练法,提高了学生在动物解剖学学习过程中的学习时间,激发了学习兴趣,不仅使学生学习成绩有很大的提高,而且增加了学生对动物解剖学内容的更深一层的体验和感悟。1动物解剖及其教学(1)动物解剖学一直以来被认为是枯燥难学的一门     

改革教学与考核方式提高动物营养与饲料实验教学质量

《动物营养与饲料学》实验课程综合了《动物营养学实验》与《饲料学实验》的内容。根据人才培养目标的要求,调整教学内容,结合视频教学材料、实践教学和科学研究条件,紧密围绕饲料行业生产实际模拟实验教学,创新改革实验教学和考核方式,充分调动学生学习积极性,提高学生动手能力以及激发其创新思维。     

《兽医药理学》课程教学改革探析

为了提高学生学习兽医药理学的兴趣和实效性,对教学内容、教学方法和考核方式等方面的兽医药理学教学进行了探析。从合理规划教学重点、扩展教学内容、运用赏识教育、seminar教学法、网络平台以及丰富考核方法等方面对课程教学提出了建议与尝试,激发了学生的学习兴趣,提高了兽医药理学的教学水平和教学质量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.