四种豆科牧草的种植及生产性能比较试验

2007~2008年对拉巴豆、184柱花草、羽叶决明、圆叶决明四种豆科牧草进行了生长性能及营养成分的测定及比较试验。经过2年观察测定,四种牧草均能适应本试验区的环境条件,拉巴豆的鲜草产量最高达3 405.2kg/亩,比184柱花草、圆叶决明、羽叶决明分别提高33.1%(P〉0.05)、37.5%(P〈0.01)和43.8%(P〈0.01)。试验结果表明,拉巴豆苗期生长快、再生性好、鲜草产量高、粗蛋白质含量高,有望成为我区乃至南方地区新的豆科牧草品种。     

利用体外产气法测定高山牧草和灌木的干物质降解率

用体外产气法测定了几种牧草和灌木的产气量,以及利用PEG测定了缩合单宁对产气量的影响作用。试验发现12h的产气量与48h的干物质降解率之间呈正相关关系,牧草与灌木的相关系数分别为0．814(P＜0．01)和0．378(P＞0．05)。产气量与缩合单宁含量呈不显著的负相关关系。当添加PEG后,样品12h和24h的产气量显著增加(P＜0．05)。添加PEG后,牧草24h(r＝0．993,P＜0．01)和36h(r＝0．956,P＜0．05)的产气量提高率与缩合单宁含量之间呈正相关关系。灌木产气量的提高率与缩合单宁含量也呈正相关关系,但不显著。说明植物中的缩合单宁对牦牛瘤胃微生物有一定的影响作用。     

三种豆科决明的干物质与氮磷钾含量变化动态研究

参试的巴拉圭羽叶决明，墨西哥圆叶决明，巴西圆叶决明适宜在南方红壤区作为豆科牧草种植。其产量表现为迟开花的墨西哥圆叶决明产量最高，最早开花的巴西圆叶决明产量最低。决明的茎叶比在各生育期波动较大，巴拉圭羽叶决明，巴西圆叶决明分别在盛花期和结荚期比值最小，而墨西哥圆叶决明在成熟期比值最小。决明叶片的氮，磷，钾，粗蛋白，粗脂肪含量均高于茎秆，且随着成熟度的提高而下降。决明在结荚期至成熟期刈割，获得的营养价值最高。     

2种决明属牧草不同生育期营养成分在肉牛瘤胃降解动态研究

采用瘤胃尼龙袋法,研究威恩圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv.Wynn)和闽引羽叶决明(C.nictitans cv.Minyin)2个豆科牧草初花期和结荚期干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗蛋白质(CP)等养分在肉牛瘤胃内0～72 h降解动态变化,并建立瘤胃降解模型参数。结果表明:不同生育期决明属牧草各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性有着不同差异,牧草初花期的DM,NDF和CP在肉牛瘤胃72 h的有效降解率均高于结荚期。2个牧草品种的DM和NDF的慢速降解部分b值均随着生育期的延长而逐渐降低,但牧草DM的有效降解率差异并不显著。闽引羽叶决明初花期NDF的有效降解率(20.31%)显著高于结荚期(13.01%)(P<0.05);威恩圆叶决明初花期NDF的有效降解率(11.84%)比结荚期(9.12%)高出29.82%,但差异不显著。闽引羽叶决明初花期的CP快速降解部分a值和慢速降解部分b值均显著大于结荚期(P<0.05),有效降解率分别达到65.99%和58.76%;威恩圆叶决明初花期和结荚期CP的快速降解部分a值、慢速降解部分b值及有效降解率均无显著差异。不同品种、不同生育期DM和CP的有效降解率均要高于NDF的有效降解率。此外,从品种间营养成分的瘤胃降解特性综合比较,闽引羽叶决明在瘤胃的降解效果要优于威恩圆叶决明。     

6种热带亚热带豆科牧草抗寒性及营养品质比较

为了筛选华南地区适宜的优质冬季青饲料草种,本研究比较了旋扭山绿豆(Desmodium intortum)、大叶山蚂蟥(Desmodium laxiflorum)、异果山绿豆(Desmodium heterocarpum)、显脉山绿豆(Desmodium reticulatum)、糙毛假地豆(Desmodium heterocarpum var.strigosum)和柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis)6种热带亚热带豆科牧草在广州越冬期的抗寒性及营养品质。结果表明,除柱花草外,其它5种豆科牧草均能保持青绿越冬,其中旋扭山绿豆和大叶山蚂蟥的叶绿素含量均显著高于其它牧草(P0.05)。旋扭山绿豆的净光合速率最高(P0.05),其次是大叶山蚂蟥(P0.05),因此这两种牧草具有相对较强的抗寒性;与其它牧草相比,旋扭山绿豆在冬季能保持较高的粗蛋白含量(15.99%~20.26%)(P0.05)以及较低的洗涤纤维(NDF 27.92%~30.89%、ADF 23.96%~27.06%)和缩合单宁含量(6.05~11.95mg·g~(-1))(P0.05),因而具有较高的营养价值。因此,旋扭山绿豆可以作为华南地区冬季豆科青饲料的潜在优选草种。     

施氮对杂交苏丹草植株硝态氮累积及产量的影响

研究2个施氮水平(中氮300 kg/hm²和高氮600 kg/hm²)和2种施肥方式(一次基施和平均3次分施)对皖草2号植株茎杆、叶片硝态氮(NO₃-N)累积及产量的影响。结果表明:皖草2号叶片NO₃-N含量显著低于茎秆(P<0.05),其第3次收获草(H3)茎杆和叶片中NO₃-N含量最高;施氮处理植株茎秆、叶片NO₃-N含量均高于对照(N0)。同种施肥方式下,各茬收获草(H1、H2、H3)的NO₃-N含量随施氮量增加而升高。所有氮素处理硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均高于对照,且随收获次数的增加NR活性升高。一次性基施处理,鲜干物质产量随施氮量增加而降低;分次施肥处理,鲜干物质产量随施氮量的增加而升高;相同施氮量分次施用(N3和N4)产草量显著高于一次性施用(N1和N2)(P<0.05)。施氮处理粗蛋白产量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中N4处理产量最高,达到5218 kg/hm²。随施氮量的增加干物质生产效率、粗蛋白生产效率和氮肥吸收利用率等降低。干物质生产效率和氮肥吸收利用率变化情况是相同施氮量分次施肥处理高于一次性基施处理,即:N3>N1,N4>N2,粗蛋白生产效率是高施氮量分次处理高于一次基施处理。     

柠檬酸添加剂对圆叶决明青贮饲料营养品质与发酵特性的影响

以圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)作为原料,分别添加0 (CK)、0.1%(Ⅰ组)、0.3%(Ⅱ组)、0.5%(Ⅲ组)、1.0%(Ⅳ组)柠檬酸(citric acid, CA)进行青贮调制,青贮时间分别为30、45和60 d,对圆叶决明青贮营养成分和发酵品质进行测定分析,旨在探究CA和发酵时间对圆叶决明青贮品质的影响。结果表明:1) CA对圆叶决明青贮料干物质(dry matter, DM)和水溶性碳水化合物(water soluble carbohydrates, WSC)含量影响较小;2)试验组粗蛋白(crude protein, CP)和乳酸(lactic acid, LA)含量显著高于CK组(P 0.05),中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber, NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber, ADF)和丙酸(propionic acid, PA)含量、pH、氨态氮/总氮(NH_3-N/TN)显著低于CK组(P 0.05),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组效果更佳,但Ⅲ组的乙酸(acetic acid, AA)含量显著低于其他组(P 0.05);3) CA和发酵时间的交互作用对NDF和ADF含量、NH_3-N/TN及PA含量影响显著(P 0.05),对其他营养指标和发酵指标无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,不同CA水平及发酵时间对圆叶决明青贮营养品质和发酵特性均有改善作用。其中,青贮时间为30 d、CA添加量为0.5%(FM)时改善效果最佳。     

施肥水平对菊苣"奇可利"产量和品质的影响

摘要：通过N[375(N1)、600(N2)、825(N3) kg/hm2]、P[300(P1)、450(P2)、600(P3)kg/hm2]、K[120(K1)、150(K2)、180(K3) kg/hm2]不同配比施肥对菊苣“奇可利” (Cichorium intybus cv. Barckoria)产量和品质影响的研究,为“奇可利”栽培和综合利用及解决西南地区养殖业春天和伏天青饲料紧缺矛盾提供实践依据。结果表明,各施肥水平对“奇可利”牧草产量、粗蛋白产量、粗蛋白含量、钙含量和粗灰分含量的影响顺序分别为N＞P＞K、N＞P＞K、N＞K＞P、K＞P＞N和N＞K＞P;对其粗纤维和粗脂肪含量影响不显著(P＞0.05)。同时,“奇可利”牧草产量和粗蛋白产量均随施N或施P量增加而极显著增加（P<0.01）,N3P3K2处理的牧草和粗蛋白年产量极显著高于其他处理（P<0.01）,N2P2K3处理的粗蛋白含量和钙含量最高,N3P1K3处理的粗灰分含量最高。综合比较得知,N3P3K2处理是产量最高且品质较好的施肥处理,适于生产实践。     

饲草中缩合单宁的研究进展

 饲料中高浓度的缩合单宁会降低动物对营养物质的消化利用率,影响自愿采食量,甚至损伤肠胃。适宜含量的缩合单宁,又能阻止臌胀病、肺水肿的发生,降低寄生虫病害的影响,改善肉质品味,提高动物的生产性能。论文概述了缩合单宁的营养作用、抗营养作用,影响饲草缩合单宁含量的因素,以及控制缩合单宁含量的方法,以便在实践中合理应用缩合单宁。     

16种山蚂蝗属种质资源营养价值评价

山蚂蝗属(Desmodium)是世界上重要的热带豆科牧草，目前国内仅有一个国审品种，无法满足南方草牧业发展对种质资源品种多样化的需求。国外安全引种是增加我国南方牧草品种多样化的有效途径。本研究以国审品种‘热研16号’卵叶山蚂蝗(D. ovalifolium ‘Reyan No.16’)为对照，从粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维含量等10个指标评价了从国际热带农业中心引进的16个山蚂蝗种质资源的营养品质。结果表明，光滑山蚂蝗、变色山蚂蝗、乳突叶山蚂蝗、楔叶山蚂蝗、威格斯山蚂蝗、斜茎山蚂蝗、粗毛山蚂蝗、木豆叶山蚂蝗、柳叶山蚂蝗9份山蚂蝗资源的综合评分高且单宁含量显著低于(P<0.05)对照或者与对照无显著差异(P>0.05)，可作为优质的山蚂蝗牧草品种资源；其余7份单宁含量较高且资源综合评分不高，可作为绿肥或者覆盖作物品种资源。本研究为南方山蚂蝗属牧草资源培育提供了新的种质材料，有利于满足我国南方草牧业发展对优质牧草的多样化需求。     

Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) forage growth stage, forage allowance, time of day, and commercial condensed tannins (CT) on steer bloat dynamics and in vitro ruminal gas production. Twenty-six crossbreed steers (Angus x Hereford x Salers; average initial BW = 194 +/- 26 kg) were used. Wheat forage allowances were either 18 kg (high forage allowance) and 6 kg (low forage allowance) of DM/(100 kg BW.d). In each bloat observation period, fresh wheat forage samples were hand-clipped to ground level in all study pastures for nutrient and in vitro ruminal gas production analyses. In vitro ruminal gas accumulation was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 h. Commercial CT was added at 0, 10, 15, and 20 mg of CT/g of DM. Bloat was scored once per week on two consecutive days at 0800 and 1500 during the vegetative stage and once every 2 wk during the reproductive stage of wheat development. Mean bloat score was calculated for each steer by time of day, stage of plant growth, and forage allowance. Bloat was detected in 65.8% of the observation periods. Average bloat scores were four and 2.5 times greater (P < 0.05) in cattle grazing at a high forage allowance than at a low forage allowance in the vegetative and reproductive growth phases of wheat, respectively. Rate of gas production was greater (P < 0.001) in the vegetative stage than in the reproductive stage. Steer bloat score was positively correlated with forage CP (r = 0.22; P < 0.05) and IVDMD (r = 0.32; P < 0.05). Rate of ruminal gas production was positively correlated (P < 0.01) to forage CP (r = 0.48), NPN (r = 0.40), soluble protein (r = 0.32), and IVDMD (r = 0.47). Conversely, negative correlations were found for forage DM (r = -0.20; P < 0.05), insoluble protein (r = -0.40), NDF (r = -0.69), and forage height (r = -0.49; P < 0.01) on the rate of ruminal gas production. Addition of CT at levels greater than 10 mg of CT/g of DM decreased (P < 0.05) the rate of in vitro ruminal gas and methane gas production after 5 h of incubation. Wheat pasture bloat is a complex disorder that varies across an array of forage and environmental conditions. Condensed tannins have the potential to decrease bloat by altering ruminal gas production and soluble protein digestibility from wheat forage.     

不同氮源添加低水平缩合单宁对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵特性及降解率的影响

试验旨在研究不同氮源饲粮基础上添加低水平缩合单宁（CT）对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵参数及降解率的影响,以期筛选出缩合单宁的最佳添加比例及利用率更高的氮源,为缩合单宁作为反当动物功能性添加剂提供科学依据。试验选用4头延边黄牛（体重452.3 kg±27.1 kg）提供瘤胃液,以不含缩合单宁的6种饲料为氮源（大豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、紫花苜蓿、红三叶及山野豌豆）,在每种氮源饲料中分别添加不同水平（0（对照组）、0.1%、0.5%、0.9%）缩合单宁,共24组,每组3个重复。采用体外培养法测定不同组合饲粮延边黄牛瘤胃体外发酵pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、产气量以及干物质有效降解率、粗蛋白质有效降解率、中性洗涤纤维有效降解率。结果表明,各试验组的pH、NH₃-N与VFA均在正常范围内变化并且可以满足瘤胃微生物的正常代谢,牧草类0.5%缩合单宁添加组（以下简称0.5%组）与饼粕类0.9%组以上各指标相对较好,且与各自对照组相比,产气量较低;大豆粕0.9%组、菜籽粕0.5%组以及红三叶0.1%组干物质有效降解率均较各自对照组略低（P>0.05）。棉籽粕0.5%组粗蛋白质有效降解率较对照组降低（P<0.05）,3种牧草类0.9%组粗蛋白质有效降解率均低于对照组（P>0.05）。除红三叶0.1%组外,其余5种氮源缩合单宁添加组的中性洗涤纤维有效降解率均显著低于各自对照组（P<0.05）。综合考虑,饼粕类0.9%组、牧草类0.5%组更有利于优化瘤胃发酵环境,可降低瘤胃粗蛋白质降解率,能有效保护过瘤胃蛋白,其中山野豌豆、棉籽粕效果更优。     

喀斯特山区特征灌木 白刺花的青贮效果

为合理开发利用贵州喀斯特山区资源,促进其生态畜牧业可持续发展,以该区域特征灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii)为研究对象,开展单独青贮与添加剂青贮(乳酸菌、纤维素酶、乳酸菌+纤维素酶、甲酸、蔗糖和乳酸菌+纤维素酶+甲酸+蔗糖)研究,以探讨其可青贮性与最优青贮技术,为贵州岩溶山区粗饲料资源的开拓及贮存提供可借鉴的方法与技术支持。结果表明,白刺花青贮饲料感官品质较好,pH值(3.97～4.73)和氨态氮/总氮(3.76%～12.23%)较低,纤维和单宁总体下降,酸性洗涤纤维(30.70%～42.16%)、中性洗涤纤维(48.37%～61.84%)和单宁(0.63%～0.89%)较低,蛋白质下降幅度不大或略有上升,含量(16.83%～20.10%)较高,品质较好;添加剂处理可改善其感官品质,降低pH值、氨态氮/总氮(降幅8.26%～69.26%)与酸性洗涤纤维含量(降幅7.78%～27.18%),提高青贮品质;其中蔗糖(3% FM)处理感官品质最好,pH值(3.97)和氨态氮/总氮(5.67%)较低,蛋白质(19.89%)较高,青贮品质最好,是白刺花青贮的最适添加剂。     

Degradation characteristics and tannin bioassay of some browse forage from Kenya harvested during the dry season

The potential nutritional value of six species of browse forage from Kenya harvested during the dry season were evaluated by chemical composition, in sacco dry matter (DM) degradation and in vitro gas production technique. The effect of tannins on the rumen fermentation of the forage was evaluated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an in vitro study. The chemical composition of the species of browse forage differed significantly (P < 0.05). The content of organic matter ranged from 846.7 to 946.5 g/kg DM. The forage had a high crude protein content (155.5–280.9 g/kg DM) and variable content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 236.2–682.8 g/kg DM). The content of total extractable tannins was generally low (0.6–38.5 g/kg DM). At 24 h of incubation, the in sacco DM disappearance ranged from 31.2% to 84.2%. The effective DM degradability also ranged from 29.7 to 73.5%. The gas production after 96 h incubation ranged from 17.5 to 44.2 mL/200 mg DM. Use of PEG indicated that tannins had an inhibitory effect on rumen microbial fermentation and this is dependant upon the amount and activity of the tannins present. The estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased numerically with the PEG addition. The result of this study indicates that such species of browse forage have the potential to be used as feed supplements for ruminants, especially during the dry season.     

Condensed tannins from Botswanan forage plants are effective priming agents of γδ T cells in ruminants

The potential impact of extracts from forage plants on γδ T cell activity in ruminants was evaluated using an in vitro immunoassay. This study investigated whether plant extracts could prime γδ T cells via up-regulation of CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor alpha). Purified Sephadex LH-20 fractions, isolated from Viscum rotundifolium, Viscum verrucosum, Tapinanthus oleifolius and Grewia flava, were screened against γδ T cells on kid, lamb and calf peripheral blood lymphocytes. Condensed tannins (CT) from G. flava significantly primed γδ T cells in kids up to 64.75% at 10 μg/mL, which was statistically significant relative to the negative control at 22.66% (p=0.004). CT from T. oleifolius also induced priming of γδ T cells in kids, while fractions from V. rotundifolium and V. verrucosum induced minimal priming of γδ T cells. In contrast, there was no significant priming of γδ T cells from lambs and calves for any of the tested fractions (p>0.05). These findings suggest that CT from a selected range of Botswanan forage plants can stimulate the immune system in vivo in selected ruminant species and may participate in enhancing host innate immune responses.     

Effects of Plant Secondary Compounds on Nutritional Carrying Capacity Estimates of a Browsing Ungulate

Carrying capacity estimates based on digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE) are useful in comparing effects of land management practices or the ability of different vegetation communities to support herbivores. Plant secondary compounds that negatively affect forage quality would be expected to change nutritionally based estimates of carrying capacity. We evaluated the effect of plant secondary compounds on nutritionally based carrying capacity estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) in Tamaulipan thorn scrub of northern Mexico. Forage biomass, nutrient concentration, and tannin concentration (protein-precipitating capacity) were measured for 23 forage items during spring and summer in three replicate pastures. Nitrogen in phenolic amines was estimated for the two principal woody browse species in deer diets and was assumed to be unavailable for amino acid synthesis. Carrying capacity estimates were calculated based on three dietary concentrations of DP and DE. Nutritional carrying capacity estimates that accounted for antinutritional compounds were reduced 50 ± 6%, 28 ± 8%, and 0 ± 0% (mean ± SE) for diets of high, medium, and low DE concentration, respectively, compared to estimates from models that ignored the effects of these compounds. Accounting for effects of plant secondary compounds reduced DP-derived carrying capacity estimates 4 ± 3%, 47 ± 9%, and 9 ± 8% for diets with high, medium, and low concentrations of DP, respectively. High variation in percent reduction in carrying capacity estimates occurred because of site and seasonal variation in plant species composition and biomass, making application of a single correction factor to account for plant secondary compound effects on carrying capacity infeasible. Protein-precipitating capacity of tannins accounted for > 98% of the reductions in carrying capacity estimates based on DP. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to consider effects of tannins on ungulate carrying capacity estimates based on DP and DE. Estimates can be further refined by accounting for nonprotein nitrogen and other antinutritional compounds in all forage items.     

Energy utilization,nitrogen balance and microbial protein supply in cattle fed Pennisetum purpureum and condensed tannins

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) on feed intake, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen balance, supply of microbial protein to the small intestine and energy utilization in cattle fed a basal ration of Pennisetum purpureum grass. Five heifers (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) with an average live weight of 295 ± 19 kg were allotted to five treatments consisting of increasing levels of CT (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% CT/kg DM) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (p > 0.05) between treatments containing 0, 1, 2 and 3% of CT/kg DM and it was reduced (p < 0.05) to 4% CT (5.71 kg DM/day) with respect to that observed with 0% CT (6.65 kg DM/day). Nitrogen balance, purine derivatives excretion in urine, microbial protein synthesis and efficiency of synthesis of microbial nitrogen in the rumen were not affected (p ≥ 0.05) by the increase in the levels of condensed tannins in the ration. Energy loss as CH₄ was on average 2.7% of the gross energy consumed daily. Metabolizable energy intake was 49.06 MJ/day in cattle fed low‐quality tropical grass with a DMI of 6.27 kg/day. It is concluded that concentrations of CT between 2 and 3% of DM of ration reduced energy loss as CH₄ by 31.3% and 47.6%, respectively, without affecting intakes of dry and organic matter; however, digestibilities of dry and organic matter are negatively affected.     

Effects of different fresh-cut forages and their hays on feed intake, digestibility, heat production, and ruminal methane emission by Boer x Spanish goats

Twenty-four yearling Boer × Spanish wethers were used to assess effects of different forages, either fresh (Exp. 1) or as hay (Exp. 2), on feed intake, digestibilities, heat production, and ruminal methane emission. Treatments were: 1) Sericea lespedeza (SER; Lespedeza cuneata), a legume high in condensed tannins (CT; 20% and 15% in fresh forage and hay, respectively), 2) SER supplemented with polyethylene glycol (SER-PEG; 25 g/d), 3) alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a legume low in CT (ALF), and 4) sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor), a grass low in CT (GRASS). Experiments were 22 d, which included 16 d for acclimatization followed by a 6-d period for fecal and urine collection, and gas exchange measurement (last 2 d). Intake of OM was 867, 823, 694, and 691 g/d (SEM = 20.1) with fresh forage, and 806, 887, 681, and 607 g/d with hay for SER, SER-PEG, ALF, and GRASS, respectively (SEM = 46.6). Apparent total tract N digestion was greater for SER-PEG vs. SER (P < 0.001) with fresh forage (46.3%, 66.5%, 81.7%, and 73.2%; SEM = 1.71) and hay (49.7%, 71.4%, 65.4%, and 54.8% for SER, SER-PEG, ALF, and GRASS, respectively; SEM = 1.57). Intake of ME was similar among treatments with fresh forage (8.24, 8.06, 7.42, and 7.70 MJ/d; SEM = 0.434) and with hay was greater for SER-PEG than ALF (P < 0.03) and GRASS (P < 0.001) (8.63, 10.40, 8.15, and 6.74 MJ/d for SER, SER-PEG, ALF, and GRASS, respectively; SEM = 0.655). The number of ciliate protozoa in ruminal fluid was least for SER with fresh forage (P < 0.01) (9.8, 20.1, 21.0, and 33.6 × 10(5)/ml; SEM = 2.76) and hay (P < 0.02) (6.3, 11.4, 13.6, and 12.5 × 10(5)/ml for SER, SER-PEG, ALF, and GRASS, respectively; SEM = 1.43). Methane emission as a percentage of DE intake was lower (P < 0.01) for SER vs. ALF and GRASS with fresh forage (6.6, 8.3, 9.4, and 9.2%; SEM = 0.64) and hay (4.3, 4.9, 6.4, and 6.7% for SER, SER-PEG, ALF, and GRASS, respectively; SEM = 0.38). In summary, methane emission in this short-term experiment was similar between a legume and grass low in CT as fresh forage and hay. The CT in SER markedly decreased N digestibility and elicited a moderate decline in ruminal methane emission. Supplementation with PEG alleviated the effect of CT on N digestibility but not ruminal methane emission, presumably because of different modes of action. In conclusion, potential of using CT-containing forage as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emission requires further study, such as with longer feeding periods.     

Effects of condensed tannins supplementation level on weight gain and in vitro and in vivo bloat precursors in steers grazing winter wheat

Research was conducted to determine the effects of level of supplementation with quebracho condensed tannins (CT) on in vitro ruminal fluid gas production, in vivo ruminal fluid protein fractions, bloat dynamics, and ADG of steers grazing winter wheat. Two experiments were conducted to 1) enumerate the effect of ruminal fluid from steers fed quebracho CT (0, 1, and 2% CT/kg of DMI) on in vitro gas and methane production from minced fresh wheat forage; and 2) quantify the influence of CT supplementation on ruminal protein characteristics, biofilm complexes, bloat potential, and ADG of steers grazing wheat pasture. Eighteen ruminally cannulated steers (386 +/- 36 kg of BW) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments that included a control (water infusion) and 2 CT treatment levels (1 or 2% CT/kg of DMI). Treatments were administered daily (63 d) through the rumen cannula as pre-mixes with warm water (approximately 30 degrees C). Rumen contents were collected 2 h postinfusion (at 1030 to 1130) on d 0, 20, 40, 50, and 60. Bloat was visually scored daily for 5 d each wk. In Exp. 1, supplementation of CT decreased the rate of in vitro gas production in a dose-dependent response. In Exp. 2, ADG increased (P < 0.04) at both levels of CT supplementation. Mean bloat score across stage of growth and replicates decreased linearly with increasing CT supplementation; bloat scores were greater (P < 0.001) for the vegetative than for the reproductive stage of plant growth. Biofilm production and rumen fluid protein fractions varied among CT treatments and stage of growth. Addition of CT reduced the severity of bloat, principally through reducing microbial activities, biofilm production, and ruminal gas production. Quebracho CT is potentially a value-added supplement that can decrease the impacts of frothy bloat and increase BW gains in stocker cattle-wheat systems.     

饲料中添加缩合单宁对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加缩合单宁对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。选择初体重约为1.38 g的凡纳滨对虾600尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾。5组对虾投喂缩合单宁添加量分别为0 (CT0组,作为对照组)、0.5 (CT0.5组)、1.0(CT1组)、2.0(CT2组)、4.0 g/kg DM(CT4组)的5种等氮等脂试验饲料,试验期56 d。结果表明：随着饲料中缩合单宁添加量的增加,凡纳滨对虾的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率呈线性增加的趋势(0.050.05)。饲料中添加缩合单宁对凡纳滨对虾体成分、肌肉氨基酸含量和血清生化指标均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。与CT0组相比,饲料中添加1.0～2.0 g/kg DM缩合单宁显著增加了血清过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低了血清丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。CT4组凡纳滨对虾血清过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化...