四川主要干果经济林产品安全性初步研究

摘要：从核桃、板栗、银杏主产区分别采集样品,对其砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、氟（F）、乐果、杀螟硫磷等重金属、农药残留及其它有害物质进行检测,并参照国家无公害水果要求进行分析比较,结果表明四川主要干果经济林产品总体安全性好。多数地区的核桃产品安全,所检测项目均符合国家无公害产品要求,但有一个样品中（Cd）的含量为国家无公害产品标准要求上限的203.3%;板栗的氟（F）含量3个样品均超出国家标准无公害水果的最大限量要求,平均为最大限量的156%,最高为178%,但是低于四川无公害粮食产品的最大限量要求;银杏的各项检测指标均低于国家无公害产品要求。     

巴基斯坦进口干果重金属含量的测定与评价

为了解进口干果产品的安全现状,保障食用安全,为对外贸易的发展提供科学依据,从巴基斯坦进口的松籽、蜜枣、巴旦木等6种干果,采用石墨炉、火焰原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光法对其镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)等元素的含量进行测定,并参照国家《GB2762-2005食品中污染物限量》[1]比较,结果表明,巴基斯坦进口的松籽、密枣、杏干、葡萄干、巴旦木、核桃总体安全性好,但巴旦木、核桃样品中各有一份样的铬(Cr)和铜(Cu)均超标,除了核桃、巴旦木以外,松籽、密枣、杏干、葡萄干等,4种样品各项检测指标均低于《食品中污染物限量》要求,初步认定巴基斯坦进口的干果产品在有害重金属含量方面的安全性能好,符合我国国家强制标准要求。     

丹参主要产地的土壤及药材重金属污染评价

为对丹参主要产地土壤及药材重金属污染进行评价,对丹参资源的重金属安全提供理论依据。以丹参主产地进行取样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱对药材和土壤的铜、铅、镉、砷、汞进行限量检查,并进行污染指数评价及相关分析。结果表明：丹参主要产地土壤环境质量基本达到国家二级标准,基本不受各种重金属的污染;药材中As、Hg含量不高,处于质量安全级别内,Cd、Pb含量个别超标,而Cu含量超标现象相对普遍;综合评价结果表明：陕西山阳高坝镇与山东沂水诸葛镇等所产丹参属于轻度重金属污染,其余产区药材均为重金属质量安全;丹参Cu含量与土壤本底Cu含量有着显著的正相关,重金属在丹参中的积累存在着协调积累的效应。说明丹参资源生产中应严格执行国家二级土壤环境标准降低土壤本底Cu含量对药材的积累,降低含As类农药的使用避免As对Cu、Pb、Hg的协同累积。     

钝化材料组合对酸性土壤镉铅砷和中微量元素有效性的影响

采用土壤培养试验的方法，研究了在同等剂量下（6 g/kg土）海泡石(S)、铁锰矿粉(F)和生物炭(B)及其组合对酸性土壤镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)有效性的影响，以期筛选出同步钝化酸性土壤镉铅砷且对中微量元素锌铁锰有效性影响小的钝化材料组合。结果表明：海泡石、铁锰矿粉、生物炭及其组合均在一定程度上提高了土壤pH，降低了土壤中Cd、Pb和As的有效态含量，组合处理降低了土壤Cd、Pb和As有效性的效果均优于单施处理。3种钝化材料及其组合在一定程度上降低了土壤中Zn的有效态性，3种钝化材料及其大多数组合降低了土壤Fe和Mn有效性。S5F1B0组合同步钝化土壤Cd、Pb和As效率均较高，该处理土壤有效态Cd、有效态Pb、有效态As和有效态Zn含量比CK分别降低了30.9%、84.5%、60.2%和32.5%，有效态Mn含量上升了19.9%。土壤中有效态Cd、Pb、Zn和Mn含量与pH均显著负相关。S5F1B0组合同步钝化复合污染土壤Cd、Pb、As的效率均较高，可适当提高土壤Mn的有效性，应用时需适当补充Zn元素。     

稻蟹种养田环境及稻蟹质量监测与评价

稻蟹种养具有较高经济价值和生态效益。本研究对辽宁省盘锦市盘山县稻蟹种养基地的大气、灌溉水(养殖水)和土壤污染元素含量进行检测分析,并根据《绿色食品产地的环境质量条件》(NY/T391-2000)规定,进行环境质量评价。结果证明,该生产基地的环境质量符合绿色食品水稻和河蟹生产的要求。同时对其产出的水稻和河蟹,按照绿色食品大米(NY/T419-2007)和无公害食品淡水蟹(NY/T5064-2005)标准要求进行检测和评价,结果证明,该基地所生产大米符合绿色食品大米(NY/T419-2007)标准规定的要求;因重金属镉超出限量(镉<0.05mg/kg),所产河蟹没有达到绿色食品蟹(NY/T841-2004)标准的要求,但达到了无公害食品淡水蟹(NY/T5064-2005)标准。     

不同水稻品种在Cd、As和Hg胁迫下的吸收积累特性

为筛选籽粒中Cd、As和Hg低吸收或低积累的品种或育种中间材料,采用人工添加 Cd(CdCl2·2.5H2O)、As(NaAsO2)和 Hg[Hg(NO3)2·0.5H2O]等重金属化合物的方法污粢土壤,研究不同水稻品种对Cd、As 和 Hg 胁迫的吸收积累特性.结果表明,Cd、As 和 Hg 胁迫时,水稻茎叶、稻谷和精米中均会增加相应重金属的含量;As 和 Hg 主要在茎叶中积累,而籽粒中的含量较低;精米中 Cd 的含量与稻谷和茎叶中的含量差异较小.茎叶中 Cd、As 和Hg 的含量显著或极显著高于稻谷和精米,而精米中相应重金属的含量与稻谷中含量的差异均不显著.南粳 41、金陵香糯、武育粳3号、华粳3号、02428、龙睛4号和云南新团黑谷等7个品种精米中Cd和As的含量均达到绿色食品大米标准;所有品种精米中Hg的含量均未达到无公害食品大米标准.     

浙西南竹笋主产县土壤重金属环境质量分析与评价

为了解浙西南山区主产县（区、市）竹笋基地土壤重金属的状况,保障竹笋质量安全,选择安吉、临安、余杭等8 个县44 个竹笋基地,采集132 份土壤样品进行As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn 7 种重金属的含量分析,以森林食品产地环境通用要求(LY/T 1678—2014)为依据,进行单因子污染指数、综合污染指数评价。结果表明：研究区域7 种重金属含量范围分别为0.79~24.80、0.03~1.05、7.64~316.69、0.00~4.50、2.47~232.21、5.33~542.20、38.63~436.84 mg/kg;变异系数在64.5%~268.5%之间;综合污染指数大小顺序为富阳＞安吉＞德清＞余杭＞临安＞龙游＞莲都＞遂昌。相关分析和聚类分析结果表明：Cd、Zn和As 可能具有同源性或是伴生关系;As、Hg、Cr、Cu和Pb 呈现相互伴随的复合污染现象;而Cd表现其独特的污染来源。8 个县竹笋生产基地土壤重金属环境质量总体良好;部分地区Pb、Hg和Cd处于轻度及以上污染水平,栽培和生产中应采取一定的措施防控Pb、Hg和Cd污染。     

黔产中药材太子参块根无机元素分析研究

通过对黔产道地太子参无机元素的含量进行检测分析,以评价质量现状、拟定重金属限量标准、建立元素指纹图谱和确定特征元素。采用ICP-MS测定其无机元素含量和绘制元素指纹图谱、用WM/T2-2004对重金属元素进行质量评价,借助主成分分析法确定特征元素。结果表明:太子参无机元素的含量在0.057~959 mg/kg之间、变异系数在0.134~1.478之间,90%太子参中Cd、As、Pb、Hg含量低于WM/T2-2004标准,太子参重金属限量值为:Cr≤6.5 mg/kg、Cu≤10 mg/kg、As≤2.0 mg/kg、Cd≤0.3 mg/kg、Hg≤0.15 mg/kg、Pb≤4.0 mg/kg,无机元素指纹图谱的特性可以为鉴定太子参质量和区分太子参与其他中药材提供依据,Cd、Cu、Co、Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Al是太子参的特征无机元素。黔产太子参中含有丰富的无机元素,90%样品重金属含量未超过现有评价标准,拟定太子参重金属限量值参考值、建立元素指纹图谱和确定了特征无机元素。     

杭州市典型茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的积累与来源分析

为了解杭州市茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的污染状况及其重金属的可能污染来源,选择杭州市典型茶园20个,按区位与施肥的不同分为城郊-化肥、城郊-有机肥、山区-化肥和山区有机肥等4种类型,采集了0~15、45~60 cm分层土样及茶树新叶和老叶样品,分析土样和茶叶样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co等重金属含量。结果表明,研究土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co污染程度较轻,其含量均低于土壤环境质量二级标准。除老叶样中Pb有25%样品超标外,新叶及老叶的其他重金属元素都在限值以下。城郊区茶园土壤的Pb、Cd和Hg含量普遍高于山区茶园。施用化肥的茶园土壤Cd略高于施用有机肥的茶园,施有机肥的茶园土壤Hg略高于施用化肥的茶园。施用有机肥的茶园土壤Zn和Cu明显高于施化肥的茶园。施用有机肥可轻微提高茶园土壤中Cr的积累;土壤中Co的积累受人为影响较小。研究认为,研究区茶园土壤中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的积累主要与大气沉降有关,而Zn和Cu的积累主要与有机肥料的施用有关。     

皖北地区菜地土壤铅镉铬汞污染调查与评价

通过对安徽省沿淮淮北地区菜地土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg含量分析测定,用内梅罗综合指数法评价了该地区菜地土壤的环境质量,结果表明：皖北地区菜地土壤Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg平均含量为22.5、0.247、63.2、0.040mg/kg,综合污染指数平均为0.64,皖北地区菜地土壤整体环境质量良好,少数蔬菜种植时间较长的日光温室土壤受到重金属污染,主要无机污染物是镉和汞。菜地土壤镉和汞的含量与土壤全磷、有效磷含量和菜地种植时间呈极显著相关。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...