基于高光谱遥感的苹果树冠层叶片全氮量估测

【目的】快速准确获取大面积果园冠层叶片全氮含量（LNC ,Leaf Nitrogen Content）是实现现代精准农业的基本要求。【方法】本试验通过无人机高光谱成像仪（391.9nm ~ 1006.2nm）采集了甘肃省静宁县两个典型果园的果树冠层光谱图像,包括人工灌溉的苹果示范园与自然降雨的苹果园,综合比较两区共160份冠层叶片样本的原始光谱反射率（OD）、倒数光谱（RT）、对数光谱（LF)、一阶微分光谱（FD）,构建任意两个光谱波段集组合的差值植被指数（Difference spectral index,DSI ）、土壤调节植被指数（Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index ,SAVI）、归一化光谱指数（Normalized Different Spectral Index, NDSI）,分析三种光谱指数与叶片氮含量的相关性,利用一元线性回归模型与光谱指数构建两区最佳苹果冠层LNC估测模型。【结果】研究表明：人工灌溉区的FD-SAVI(825,536）、自然降雨区的LF-SAVI(854,392)与LNC的相关性最强,并基于FD-SAVI、LF-SAVI构建一元线性回归模型。人工灌溉区构建的FD-SAVI-ULRM估测模型精度最高,验证集R2和RMSE为0.6601和0.0678;自然降雨区构建的LF-SAVI-ULRM估测模型精度最高,验证集R2和RMSE为0.6746和0.0665。本试验采用LNC模型绘制出两个试验区的苹果树冠层叶片LNC估测图,实现对果园叶片全氮含量的精准掌握及精细化管理。     

无人机多光谱数据可靠性分析与冬小麦产量估算研究

无人机多光谱遥感用于冬小麦产量预测中捕获的数据准确性不高,为指导田块尺度下冬小麦产量的精准预测,需构建高精度的冬小麦产量估算模型。本研究利用校正后的近地面高光谱数据(Field-Spec 3型野外光谱仪获取)验证低空无人机多光谱遥感数据(大疆精灵4型多光谱相机获取),将通过无人机多光谱影像计算的植被指数与经验统计方法结合,采用一元回归和多元线性回归分别对抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期冬小麦进行基于单一植被指数和多植被指数组合的产量估算,其中多植被指数包括归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、优化的土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、绿色归一化差值植被指数(GNDVI)、叶片叶绿素指数(LCI)和归一化差异红色边缘指数(NDRE)。结果表明,基于单一植被指数的冬小麦估产模型,一元二次回归模型精度最高,而基于5种植被指数的多元线性回归模型在3个生育时期的拟合效果均优于单植被指数模型。一元或多元回归模型在抽穗期的拟合效果最好。冬小麦基于GNDVI指数的一元二次回归估产模型建模集的决定系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.69、428.91 kg/hm²,验证...     

基于PROSAIL模型偏差补偿的水稻叶绿素含量遥感估测

以东北水稻为研究对象,以提高叶绿素估测精度和模型可解释性为目标,提出了一种混合建模方法。以PROSAIL辐射传输机理模型为基础,模拟水稻冠层光谱,建立叶绿素含量的查找表,初步估测叶绿素含量,并采用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)建立误差模型,对PROSAIL模型偏差进行补偿,弥补PROSAIL建模时产生的误差。为验证模型的估测能力,选取13种与作物叶绿素关系较为密切的植被指数,通过不同统计模型的模拟分析,筛选出4种较优的植被指数,分别建立单因子输入的最优预测模型(GNDVI、RSI、(S_(Dr)-S_(Db))/(S_(Dr)+S_(Db))的乘幂模型及MCARI的指数模型)。以4种植被指数作为输入,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、LSSVM回归法、BP神经网络及本文提出的混合建模方法分别构建水稻叶绿素含量多因子预测模型,并进行估测和验证。结果表明,相比单因子输入的最优预测模型,混合模型具有较低的预测偏差,其建模集R~2=0. 740 6,RMSE为0. 985 2 mg/dm~2,验证集R~2=0. 733 2,RMSE为1. 084 3 mg/dm~2。与采用其他多因子预测模型相比,本文方法具有较高的估测精度和良好的鲁棒性。另外,混合建模方法以PROSAIL模型为基础,物理意义较为明确,提高了预测模型的可解释性。本文可为作物叶绿素含量估测提供新的思路和方法,为诊断水稻氮营养含量和监测水稻长势提供参考。     

基于Hyperion高光谱影像的冬小麦地上干生物量反演

在黄淮海粮食主产区选择河北省衡水市深州市为试验区,以冬小麦地上干生物量为研究对象,以作物冠层高光谱和EO-1 Hyperion高光谱卫星数据为主要数据源,在分析冠层高光谱构建的窄波段植被指数(N-VIs)与实测冬小麦地上干生物量间相关性基础上,提出了利用拟合精度R2极大值区域重心确定冬小麦干生物量敏感的光谱波段中心的方法,并运用该方法确定了冬小麦生物量敏感波段中心。在此基础上,以敏感波段中心筛选结果为指导,利用窄波段植被指数及相关波段开展Hyperion高光谱卫星遥感区域冬小麦干生物量遥感反演和精度验证。最终,按精度最高原则优选区域冬小麦地上生物量反演结果。其中,研究采用了冬小麦孕穗期Hyperion数据,涉及的植被指数包括窄波段归一化植被指数(N-NDVI)、窄波段差值植被指数(N-DVI)和窄波段比值植被指数(N-RVI)。结果表明,通过与实测冬小麦地上干生物量对比,利用冠层高光谱冬小麦地上干生物量反演敏感波段筛选结果及其相应波段构建的Hyperion窄波段植被指数进行孕穗期作物干生物量估算取得了较好结果,其精度由大到小为:NNDVI、N-RVI、N-DVI。其中,以波段B18(波长528.57 nm)、波段B82(波长962.91 nm)构建的Hyperion N-NDVI估算区域冬小麦地上干生物量精度最高,相对误差(RE)和归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为12.65%和13.78%。     

杨树叶片叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型研究

以盆栽107号杨树为研究对象,在验证杨树叶片的SPAD值可作为衡量其叶绿素含量指标的基础上,基于最佳指数-相关系数法(OIFC),提取了杨树叶绿素特征波段(中心波长350、715、1 150 nm),建立了以该组合波段原始光谱数据为自变量的杨树叶片叶绿素含量估算模型;利用相关系数法,提取了杨树叶绿素归一化植被指数的计算波段(中心波长705、953 nm)与一阶光谱导数的叶绿素特征波段(中心波长647、691、721 nm),且分别建立了基于归一化植被指数、叶面叶绿素指数、一阶光谱导数为自变量的杨树叶片叶绿素含量估算模型;比较分析所建立的模型精度,筛选出杨树叶片的叶绿素含量最优估算模型。结果表明:化学法测得杨树叶片叶绿素含量与其对应的SPAD值之间具有显著的幂函数关系,R2可达0.902 3。利用OIFC法提取的叶绿素最佳三波段组合的高光谱数据为自变量,与叶片叶绿素含量构建的模型预测值与实测值具有显著的线性关系,决定系数为0.944 5;相比其他模型,该模型的精度最高且均方根误差最小。可见,基于OIFC法构建的杨树叶绿素高光谱模型具有较高的精度,是估算杨树叶片叶绿素含量的最优模型。     

基于优化光谱指数的土壤有机质含量估算

基于高光谱数据快速监测土壤有机质含量对于评价土壤肥沃程度具有重要意义。本文试图寻求估算土壤有机质含量的最佳光谱参数,实现土壤养分无损监测。使用ASD Field-Spec3高光谱仪对野外采集的土壤样品进行室内光谱测定,并通过重铬酸钾氧化容量法测定土壤样品有机质质量比;利用两波段优化算法对构建的新算法(SOM_(CI/ND))进行波段优化,筛选基于不同光谱数据(原始光谱反射率及其对应的4种数学变换)运算下的最敏感波段组合,从而建立土壤有机质质量比高光谱估算模型。结果表明:通过归一化光谱指数(I_(ND))和概念指数(I_(CI))比值构建的新算法(SOM_(CI/ND))优化后与土壤有机质质量比之间的相关性显著提高,在光谱原始数据及其平方根、倒数变换形式下,相关系数绝对值达到0.82,且敏感的组合波段集中在2220 nm～2240 nm和2160 nm～2195 nm。基于平方根波段优化的估算模型效果最佳,估算精度为R_p~2为0.84,RMSE_P为2.24 g/kg,RPD为2.89。因此,对光谱数据的适当数学变换有利于优化光谱指数更好地估算土壤有机质质量比,进一步实现土壤有机质质量比高精度动态监测。     

模拟多光谱卫星宽波段反射率的冬小麦叶片氮含量估算

基于多年大田和小区试验下的实测小麦冠层高光谱信息,利用传感器光谱响应函数模拟Landsat 8、SPOT 6、HJ-1A、HJ-1B、GF-1和ZY-3卫星可见光-近红外波段的冠层光谱反射率,构建基于光谱指数的全生育期叶片氮含量(Leaf nitrogen concentration,LNC)估算模型。结果表明,基于不同传感器模拟的宽波段光谱反射率、光谱指数之间存在差异,但差异不显著;所有筛选的光谱指数和叶片氮含量都在P0.01水平显著相关,基于各光谱指数所构建的全生育期叶片氮含量估算通用模型均通过显著性检验;基于综合指数(TCARI/OSAVI)、转化叶绿素吸收反射指数(TCARI)、比值植被指数(RVI)的叶片氮含量估算模型具有较高的敏感性,噪声等效误差(NE)均小于1.6,其中以TCARI/OSAVI建立的叶片氮含量估算通用模型具有最好的拟合、检验精度和适用性,模型决定系数为0.62,NE为1.26。     

基于高光谱和机器学习模型的冬小麦土壤含水率监测研究

为及时获取大田作物根区土壤含水率(Soil moisture content, SMC),实现精准灌溉,运用高光谱技术,通过连续2年(2019—2020年)田间试验采集了冬小麦拔节期不同土层深度SMC及高光谱数据,构建了3类植被指数(蓝、黄和红边面积等三边光谱参数,与冬小麦根区SMC相关性最高的任意两波段植被指数和前人研究与作物参数相关性较好的经验植被指数)并筛选与各土层深度SMC相关系数最高的植被指数,随后将筛选后的植被指数作为模型输入,分别采用随机森林(Random forest, RF)、反向神经网络(Back propagation neural network, BPNN)和极限学习机(Extreme learning machine, ELM)构建冬小麦拔节期不同土层深度SMC估算模型。结果表明,绝大部分三边参数、任意两波段植被指数和经验植被指数在深度0～20 cm土层的SMC相关系数较20～40 cm和40～60 cm更高,在深度0～20 cm土层两波段组合构建的光谱指数与SMC的相关系数最高,均超过0.8,其中RI与SMC的相关系数最高,为0.851,其波长组合为675...     

基于SVR算法的苹果叶片叶绿素含量高光谱反演

为实现苹果叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱反演,分析了多种光谱参数与实测SPAD值的相关性,并将归一化光谱参数值及SPAD值进行多项式回归及支持向量回归。其中以归一化植被指数为变量的SVR(Support vector regression)反演模型在建模及模型检验中决定系数分别为0.741 0、0.891 4,均方根误差分别为0.133 2、0.125 6,具有较高的精度及良好的预测能力。与多项式回归相比,SVR具有更好的反演效果,可以作为叶绿素高光谱反演的优选算法。     

基于平稳小波变换的冬小麦覆盖度高光谱监测

在2010与2011年度冬小麦生长季,通过大田小区试验,实测了冬小麦冠层的高光谱反射率与覆盖度。分析了不同覆盖度下的冬小麦冠层光谱特征以及不同生育期冬小麦冠层光谱反射率与覆盖度的相关性,建立了基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)与比值植被指数(RVI)、小波能量系数的不同生育期冬小麦覆盖度估算模型。结果表明:覆盖度越大,冬小麦光谱反射率在可见光波段越小,在近红外波段越大。在可见光波段,光谱反射率与覆盖度负相关,在"红边"处,由负相关变成正相关。在返青期、拔节期,NDVI估算效果好(R2为0.835 9、0.805 7);在抽穗期、灌浆期,RVI估算效果好(R2为0.803 1、0.829 4)。在返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期,以高频、低频小波能量系数为自变量的冬小麦覆盖度估算模型的R2分别达到0.911 2、0.895 4、0.880 2、0.927 5。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

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